2023年7月27日发(作者：)

TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版TPO40-1AncientAtriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andthheharmoniousblendingngthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,thistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughthststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.，whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly(ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers)engthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman(notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous).ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled(afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos),strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusandofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:thetyrantsweredrivenout,former,Cleisthenes,gavefinalhenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemes,whedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts,10generals,emblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly,anddemecourts,scommitteesactedasanexecutivebranch,implementingpoliciesoftheassemblyandsupervising,forinstance,de-scaleparticipationbythecitizenryinthegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticformoftheAthenianpolisfromother,ectofCleisthenes’reformswastoestablishthesuperiorityoftheAtheametime,entryintonationalpoliticsbeganatthedemelevelandgavelocalloyaltyanewfocus:enexttwocenturiestheimplicationsofCleisthenes’extcentury,however,easureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"efore,orsince,hareciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatprovidedastimulusforthebrilliantunfoldingofclassicalGreekculture.1TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版Paragraph1:riseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdblemsthatwerefacedandsolvedinAthenswerethesharingofpoliticalpowerbetweentheestablishedaristocracyandtheemergingotherclasses,andthheharmoniousblendingaph1supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsabouttheGreekcity-states?[A]Mostcity-statesfollowedthemodelprovidedbyAthens.[B]Mostcity-stateswerebasedonaristocraticrule.[C]Differenttypesofgovernmentandorganizationwereusedbydifferentcity-states.[D]aph2:Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,thistraditionalframeworktheAthenians,450B.C.,evolvedwhatGreeksregardedasafullyfledgeddemocraticconstitution,thoughthingtoparagraph2,Athenshadallofthefollowingbeforebecomingacity-stateEXCEPT[A]acouncilmadeupofaristocrats[B]anassemblymadeupofmen[C]aconstitutionthatwasfullydemocratic[D]officialswhowereelectedyearlyParagraph3:ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding,abolishingtheeconomicobligationsofordinaryAthenianstothearistocracy,andallowingtheassembly(ofwhichallcitizenswereequalmembers)engthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecenturybytheriseofatypeofgovernmentknownasatyranny,whichisaformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongman(notrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous).ThePeisistratids,asthesuccessionoftyrantswerecalled(afterthefounderofthedynasty,Peisistratos),strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusandofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:thetyrantsweredrivenout,former,Cleisthenesgavefinalingtoparagraph3,animportanteffectofmakingwealththebasisofofficeholdingwasto[A]makefewerpeoplequalifiedtobemembersoftheassembly[B]makeitpossiblefornon-aristocratstoholdoffice[C]helpthearistocratsmaintainpower[D]d“abolishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]limiting[B]eliminating[C]revising[D]graph3,theauthor'sexplanationoftheword“tyranny”indicatesthat[A]mostAthenianswereopposedtorulebythePeisistratids[B]thewordhadasomewhatdifferentmeaningfortheAtheniansthanitdoesforpeopletoday2TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版[C]thetyrantsweresupportedbythearistocracy[D]ingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingweretrueofthePeisistratids'ruleEXCEPT:[A]Anationalsystemofcoinswascreated.[B]Judgeswereappointedacrosstheregion.[C]Newfestivalswereadded.[D]d“embellishing”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]makingmoreattractive[B]providingsupportfor[C]duplicating[D]fthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.[A]Cleisthenes,areformerwhorecognizedthataristocraticcontrolhadbeendecreasingsincetheendofthepreviouscentury,finallydrovethetyrantsoutofAthensin508B.C.[B]Thetyrantsweredrivenout,henesputinplacethestructuresthatcompletedtheweakeningofthearistocracy.[C]Bydrivingoutthetyrants,Cleisthenesenabledthereformsthathadbeenunderwaysincetheendofthecenturytoreachtheirfinalformin508B.C.[D]Towardtheendofthecentury,thetyrantsweredrivenout,henessawthatitwastimetochangethestructuresthathadreducedaristocraticcontrolParagraph4:Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemeswhedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts,10generals,emblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly,anddemecourts,whichtookcareofmostjudicialmattersVariouscommitteesactedasanexecutivebranch,implementingpoliciesoftheassemblyandsupervising,forinstance,de-scaleparticipationbythecitizenryinthegovernmentdistinguishedthedemocraticformoftheAthenianpolisfromother,ingtoParagraph4,oneeffectofmakingthedemesthepointofentryforciviclifewasto[A]ensurethateveryregionhadthesamenumberofcommissioners[B]distributethepopulationmoreequallythroughouttheAthensregion[C]limitthenumberofaristocraticclans[D]ingtoParagraph4,oneroleofthenewcouncilwasto[A]determinewhatissuescamebeforetheassembly[B]preparetheagendaforthecourts[C]carryouttheassembly’spolicies[D]overseethedistributionoffoodandwaterParagraph5:TheeffectofCleisthenes’reformswastoestablishthesuperiorityoftheAtheametime,entryintonationalpoliticsbeganatthedemelevelandgavelocalloyaltyanewfocus:enexttwocenturiestheimplicationsofCleisthenes’reformswerefullyexploited.3TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版d“exploited”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]separated[B]understood[C]utilized[D]exportedParagraph6:extcentury,however,easureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"efore,orsince,hareciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatpd“stunning”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]popular[B]universal[C]impressive[D]thefoursquares[■],attheheightouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonsquare[■]ncilof500wasextremelyinfluentialinshapingpolicy.[■]Inthenextcentury,however,itwasthematureassemblythattookondecision-makingresponsibility.[■]Byanymeasureotherthanthatofthearistocrats,whohadbeenupstagedbythesupposedlyinferior"people,"efore,orsince,havesomanypeoplebeeninvolvedintheseriousbusinessofself-governance.[■]ItwaspreciselythisopportunitytoparticipateinpubliclifethatprovidedastimulusforthebrilliantunfoldingofclassicalGreekculture.[■]ions:Antethesummarybyselectentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpress450B.C.,AthenschangedthedistrChoices[A]Theriseofthecity-stateputenormouspressureonthearistocracytochangeitstraditionalwayoflifetomakeitappearmoreinharmonywiththevaluesofclassicalAthenianculture.[B]ThearistocratsstagedelaboratefestivalsthatfocusedattentiononAthensinsteadofthesurroundingvillages.[C]Cleisthenes'reformsreducedaristocraticpowerbyreorganizingthecitizenbodyandchangingtheentrypointstociviclifesothatpoliticalpowerdidnotrelyontraditionalfamilyandclanstructures.[D]Thearistocracy’smonopolyonpoliticalpowerendedwithSolon’sreforms,anditspoliticalinfluencewasfurthererodedbythecentralizationofadministrationunderthetyrants.[E]Cleisthenesgaveeachtribeanequalnumberofcouncilmembers,jurors,generals,andcommissioners.[F]Overtime,astheall-citizenassemblytookonmoreandmoreoftheactualexerciseofpoliticalpower,ordinarycitizensparticipatedinpubliclifemorefullythaneverbefore.4TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版托福阅读TPO40大师兄版解析TPO40-1AncientAthens1.【C】根据第一段第一句“heriseofthepolis,orcity-state,andeachpolisdevelopedasystemofgovernmentthatwasappropriatetoitscircumstances”（公元前800年至500年间，希腊所经历的最重要变革之一就是波利斯（即城邦）的崛起，每个波利斯都有一套适合其自身情况的政体）可知D项“不同的城邦被使用不同类型的政体和组织”正确；A项“大多数城邦效仿雅典的政体模式”错误。根据第一段中“.....theadjustmentofaristocraticwaysoflifetothewaysoflifeofthenewpolis”（从贵族的生活方式向波利斯的新的生活方式转变）可知B项“大多数城邦都以贵族统治为基础”错误。D项无法推断出。2.【C】根据第二段第一句“Enteringthepolisage,AthenshadthetraditionalinstitutionsofotherGreekprotodemocraticstates:anassemblyofadultmales,anaristocraticcouncil,andannuallyelectedofficials”（进入城邦时代后，雅典有了其他具有民主雏形的希腊城邦的传统制度：成年男性组成的公民大会、贵族议事会和一年一选的公职人员）可知C项“完全民主的宪法”错误。3.【B】根据第三段第一句“hebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding”（通过确立财富而非血统出身为任职的基础，他打破了贵族对公职的控制）可知B项“让非贵族成员担任公职成为可能”正确。A项“使得有资格成为公民大会成员的人变少了”；D项“为所有雅典公民创造经济机遇”。4.【B】词汇题。单词abolish为“废除，废止，取消”。B项eliminate“根除；淘汰；消灭”正确。5.【B】根据第三段中“aformofinterimrulebyapopularstrongmannotrulebyaruthlessdictatorasthemodernuseofthetermsuggeststous”（这是一种由某个广受欢迎的铁腕人物当权的过渡统治，而不是这个词如今让我们想起的残忍独裁者的统治）可知B项“雅典人所理解的该词的意思和如今人们所理解的该词的意思有些许不同”正确。6.【D】根据第三段中“strengthenedAtheniancentraladministrationattheexpenseofthearistocracybyappointingjudgesthroughouttheregion,producingAthens’firstnationalcoinage,andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion”（通过在全国任命法官，生产全国性钱币及增加和美化那些倾向于关注雅典而非周边地区的地方性村庄的节日，Peisistratids强化了中央行政，削弱了贵族统治）可知A项、B项和C项都是正确的，D项“增加了对当地村庄的关注”错误。7.【A】词汇题。单词embellish为“装饰，修饰，美化；润色”。A项makingmoreattractive“使…更有吸引力”正确。C项duplicating为“复制”。8.【B】本句为“Bytheendofthecentury,thetimewasripeformorechange:thetyrantsweredrivenout,former,Cleisthenesgavefinalformtothedevelopmentsreducingaristocraticcontrolalreadyunderway”（到公元前6世纪末，进行更多变革的时机成熟了：铁腕人物被赶下台，并且在公元前508年，Cleisthenes这位新改革者让各种已然兴起的削弱贵族统治的趋势发展成形）可知B项“铁腕人物被赶下台，并且在公元前508年，Cleisthens建立的政体结构完成了对贵族政治的弱化”正确。9.【D】根据第四段中“Cleisthenes'principalcontributiontothecreationofdemocracyatAthenswastocompletethelongprocessofweakeningfamilyandclanstructures,especiallyamongthearistocrats,andtosetintheirplacelocality-basedcorporationscalleddemeswhichbecamethepointofentryforallcivicandmostreligiouslifeinAthens”（Cleisthenes对雅典民主的建立所做的主要贡献就是：完成了削弱家庭和宗族结构，特别是贵族家庭和宗族的结构，以及创建了基于片区的自治机构deme，该机构成了雅典所有的民众活动和大部分宗教活动之地）可推测D项“削弱家庭联系的重要性”正确。根据“Outofthedemeswerecreated10artificialtribesofroughlyequalpopulation.”（从demes中人为划分出10个人口相等的部落）可知B项“在整个雅典以更均等的方式分布人口”错误。10.【A】根据第四段“Theassemblywassovereigninallmattersbutinpracticedelegateditspowertosubordinatebodiessuchasthecouncil,whichpreparedtheagendaforthemeetingsoftheassembly”（公民大会在所有事务上都有至高无上的决定权，但实际上，公民大会将其权力授予了它的子机构，比如议事会，该机构为公民大会会议准5TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版备日程安排）可知A项“决定公民大会要讨论什么问题”正确。11.【C】词汇题。单词exploit为“利用；开发，开采；剥削”。C项utilize“利用”正确。12.【C】词汇题。单词stunning为“极好的，极美的，令人惊叹的”。C项impressive“令人印象深刻的”正确。B项universal为“普遍的；全世界的”。13.【C】推断题。插入句为“Indeed,attheheightofAtheniandemocracytherewasnogovernmentseparatefromitscitizenry”（的确，在雅典民主的鼎盛时期，没有哪种政体是独立于其公民而运行的）。本句的indeed“的确；实际上”，表示语气上的递进。所以本句的前一句应当与本句描述同一种情况才能构成递进。本句中的关键词为“citizenry”、“government”，第四段第一句主句关键词为“council”，第二句主句关键词为“assembly”。从关键词和内容上看首先排除A项和B项。第三句和第四句中出现了关键词“democracy”、“people”、“self-governance”等，且第四句内容与本句构成递进关系。所以C项正确。14.【CDF】总结题。A项“城邦对贵族统治造成了很大的压力，促使其改变传统的生活方式，从而使其生活方式与雅典经典文化的价值观更为和谐”错误。根据第三段中“ThefirststepstowardchangeweretakenbySolonin594B.C.,whenhebrokethearistocracy'sstrangleholdonelectedofficesbyestablishingwealthratherthanbirthasthebasisofofficeholding”和“ThestrengthoftheAthenianaristocracywasfurtherweakenedduringtherestofthecentury”以及第四段中关于Cleisthenes削弱贵族统治的描写可知城邦严重削弱了贵族政治，其次，文中并没有提到“雅典经典文化价值观”。B项“贵族发起了精致的节日，这些节日关注雅典而不是周边的村庄”错误。从第二段中“andaddingandembellishingfestivalsthattendedtofocusattentiononAthensratherthanonlocalvillagesofthesurroundingregion”可知是过渡统治时期的铁腕君主“Peisistratids”增加的节日。C项从第三段第一句可以推测出。D项从第二段第一句和第二句可以推测出。E项“Cleisthenes给每个部落相同数量的议事会成员、陪审员、将军和专员”错误。根据第四段第三句“Fromthedemes,byeitherelectionorselection,came500membersofanewcouncil,6,000jurorsforthecourts”可知这些成员是来自deme而不是tribe。F项从第六段最后两句可以推测出。6TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版TPO40-2LatitudeandBiodiversityWhenwelookatthewayinwhichbiodiversity(biologicaldiversity)isdistributedoverthelandsurfaceoftheplanet,picscontaitthathigherlatitudeshavelowerdiversitiesthanthetropics?picscontainalargersurfaceareaoflandthanhigherlatitudes—afactthatisnotalwaysevidentwhenweexaminecommonlyusedprojectionsofEarth’scurvedsurface,sincethistendstoexaggeratetheareasoflandinthehigherlatitudes—andsomebiogeognalghareamaycontributetobiodiversity,itiscertainlynotthewholestory;otherwise,tivityseemstobeinvolvedinstead,onditionsaremostsuitableforplantgrowth—thatis,wheretemperaturesarerelativelyhighanduniformandwherethereisanamplesupplyofwater—picalrainforest,forexample,aversalsoalargemassofmaterial,developedbelowgroundasroottissues,lanalysisoftheabovegroundmaterialrevealsthatitisarrangedinaseriesoflayers,angementofthebiologicalmass("biomass")ofthevegetationintolayeredformsistermedits“structure”.(asopposedtoits“composition,”whichreferstothespeciesoforganismsformingthecommunity).Structureisessentiallythearchitectureofvegetation,andasinthecaseoftropicalforests,urefloodplaintropicalforestintheAmazonRiverbasin,thecanopy(theuppermostlayersofaforest,formedbythecrownsoftrees)rethreeclearpeaksinleafcoveratheightsofapproximately3,6,and30metersabovetheground;andtheveryhighestlayer,at50meters,correspondstotheveryta,sintemperatelandsoftenhavejusttwocanopylayers,sthespatialenvironmentwithinwhichananimalfeeds,movesaroundshelters,lives,affectstheclimateonaverylocallevel(the"microclimate")byinfluencinglightintensity,humidity,ofgrasslandvegetationwithverysimplestructure,forexample,hasaverydifferenteedsarelower,temperaturesarelowerduringtheday(butwarmeratnight),plexityofthemicroclimateiscloselyrelatedtothecomplexityofstructureinvegetation,andgenerallyspeaking,themorecomplexthestructureofvegetation,hplantbiomassofthetropicsleadstoagreaterspatialcomplexityintheenvironment,andthisleadstoahmatesofthehigherlatitudesaregenerallylessfavorablefortheaccumulationoflargequantitiesofbiomass;hence,thestructureofvegetationissimplerandtheanimaldiversityisconsequentlylower.7TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版Paragraph1:Whenwelookatthewayinwhichbiodiversity(biologicaldiversity)isdistributedoverthelandsurfaceoftheplanet,picscontaid“distributed”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]represented[B]collected[C]d“overall”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]consideredasawhole[B]tosomedegree[C]possibly[D]managed[D]evidentlyParagraph2:Whyisitthathigherlatitudeshavelowerdiversitiesthanthetropics?picscontainalargersurfaceareaoflandthanhigherlatitudes—afactthatisnotalwaysevidentwhenweexaminecommonlyusedprojectionsofEarth’scurvedsurface,sincethistendstoexaggeratetheareasoflandinthehigherlatitudes—andsomebiogeognalghareamaycontributetobiodiversity,itiscertainlynotthewholestory;otherwise,fthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.[A]SomebiogeographersbelievethatthetropicshavelargersurfaceareasthantheyactuallydobecauseofthedistortionsproducedbyprojectionsofEarth’scurvedsurface[B]Highlevelsofdiversityinthetropicsaresometimesattributedtothefactthatthetropicshavemoresurfaceareaoflandthanthehigherlatitudesdo,thoughdistortionsincommonlyusedprojectionsmayseemtosuggestotherwise.[C]BecausebiogeographersdisagreeonwhetherornotthetropicsarecorrectlyrepresentedinprojectionsofEarthssurface,itisdifficulttodeterminetherelationshiptheirsurfaceareahastotheirdiversity[D]Mostbiogeographersagreethatthetropicscontainalargersurfaceareaoflandthanhigherlatitudesdo，buttheydisagreeonwhetherornotthetropics’stheauthormention“KlausRohde”inthepassage?[A]Tosupporttheargumentthatlargelandmassesareusuallyricherinspeciesthansmalleronesare[B]Tointroducetheargumentthatthereareotherfactorscontributingtospeciesdiversitybesideslandarea[C]Tocastdoubtonwhetherthetropicsactuallycontainhigherspeciesdiversitythanlandathigherlatitudesdoes[D]ToemphasizethatbiogeographersandbiologistsdifferintheirapproachestobiodiversityParagraph3:Productivityseemstobeinvolvedinstead,onditionsaremostsuitableforplantgrowth—thatis,wheretemperaturesarerelativelyhighanduniformandwherethereisanamplesupplyofwater—picalrainforest,forexample,aversalsoalargemassofmaterial,developedbelowgroundasroottissues,butthisislessapparentCarefulanalysisoftheabovegroundmaterialrevealsthatitisarrangedinaseriesoflayers,angementofthebiologicalmass("biomass")ofthevegetationintolayeredformsistermedits"structure"(asopposedtoits“composition,”whichreferstothespeciesoforganismsformingthecommunity).Structureisessentiallythearchitectureofvegetation,andasinthecaseoftropicalforests,urefloodplaintropicalforestintheAmazonRiverbasin,thecanopy(theuppermostlayersofaforest,formedbythe8TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版crownsoftrees)rethreeclearpeaksinleafcoveratheightsofapproximately3,6,and30metersabovetheground;andtheveryhighestlayer,at50meters,correspondstotheveryta,sintemperatelandsoftenhavejusttwocanopylayers,fthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph3asaconditionthatbenefitsplantgrowth?[A]Hightemperatures[B]Steadytemperatures[C]Highlatitude[D]d“precise”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]exact[B]predicted[C]approximate[D]aph3mentionswhichofthefollowingascreatingthestructuralcomplexityofaforest?[A]Theheightoftheverytallesttreesintheforest[B]Thenumberoflayersofcanopy[C]Thefrequencyoffloodsalongtheplain[D]ingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingstatementsbestdescribesthedifferencebetweenstructureandcomposition?[A]“Structure”referstothearrangementofplantmaterialabovethegroundsurface;“composition”referstothearrangementofroottissuesbelowthesurfaceoftheground.[B]“Structure”referstotheageoftheforest;“composition”referstotheforest'snature.[C]“Structure”referstothearrangementofplantspeciesinanarea,“composition”referstowhichplantspeciesarepresentinthearea.[D]“Structure”referstotheshapeoftheforestcanopy;“composition”stheauthormention“maturefloodplaintropicalforestintheAmazonRiverbasin”inthepassage?[A]Todisputetheideathattropicalforestsarearrangedinlayers[B]Togiveanexampleofthecomplexarchitecturevegetationdisplaysinadensearea[C]Tosuggestthatthelayersofcanopyinsometropicalforestscanexceedtheusualthreeorfour[D]ToemphasizethatthelayersofcanopyinatropicalforestgiveevidenceofthenumberoflayersofroottissuesbelowthegroundParagraph4:sthespatialenvironmentwithinwhichananimalfeeds,movesaroundshelters,lives,affectstheclimateonaverylocallevel(the"microclimate")byinfluencinglightintensity,humidity,ofgrasslandvegetationwithverysimplestructure,forexample,hasaverydifferenteedsarelower,temperaturesarelowerduringtheday(butwarmeratnight),plexityofthemicroclimateiscloselyrelatedtothecomplexityofstructureinvegetation,andgenerallyspeaking,themorecomplexthestructureofvegetation,hplantbiomassofthetropicsleadstoagreaterspatialcomplexityintheenvironment,andthisleadstoahmatesofthehigherlatitudesaregenerallylessfavorablefortheaccumulationoflargequantitiesofbiomass;hence,thestructufthefollowingisNOTmentionedinparagraph4asanaspectofmicroclimate?[A]Temperaturerange[B]Relativehumidity[C]Lightintensity[D]Seasonalvariations9TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版nbeinferredfromparagraph4aboutaregionwithahighlevelofdiversityofanimalspecies?[A]Italsohasahighlevelofplantspeciesdiversity.[B]Ithasrelativelyfewmicroclimates[C]Itdevelopsalesscomplexstructurethandoesaregionwithahighplantspeciesdiversity.[D]d“consequently”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]usually[B]obviously[C]however[D]thefoursquares[■]mpleofsuchtropicalabundanceisfoundinPanama,whichhas667speciesofbreedingbirds一ouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonsquare[■]lookatthewayinwhichbiodiversity(biologicaldiversity)isdistributedoverthelandsurfaceoftheplanet,picscontaiemstobetrueformanydifferentgroupsofanimalsandplants.[■]Whyisitthathigherlatitudeshavelowerdiversitiesthanthetropics?[■]Perhapsitissimplyamatteroflandarea.[■]Thetropicscontainalargersurfaceareaoflandthanhigherlatitudes—afactthatisnotalwaysevidentwhenweexaminecommonlyusedprojectionsofEarth’scurvedsurface,sincethistendstoexaggeratetheareasoflandinthehigherlatitudes—andsomebiogeographersregardthedifferencesindiversityasareflectionofthiseffect.[■]Butananalghareamaycontributetobiodiversity,itiscertainlynotthewholestory;otherwise,ions:AntethesummarybyselectentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressroffactorsmayhelpChoices[A]Thoughlandareamayberelatedtoaregion'sbiodiversity,itisnotaprimarydeterminingfactor[B]Astructureofvaryingheightsisfoundinbothtropicalandtemperateforests.[C]Themorecomplexthestructureofthevegetationofaregion,themorespeciesitisabletosupport.[D]Regionspossessingconditionsthatarefavorableforplantgrowthtendtohaveabundantanddiversevegetationthatsupportsalargenumberofspecies.[E]Thedifferenceinmicroclimatebetweenaground-levelcanopyandanupper-levelcanopyisresponsibleforthenumberofspeciesthatinhabiteachcanopy.[F]Thetemperaturerangeofaregiondeterminesthenumberofanimalsthatfeed,movearound,shelterthemselves,live,andbreedinthatregion.10TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版托福阅读TPO40大师兄版解析TPO40-2LatitudeandBiodiversity1.【C】词汇题。单词distribute为“分布，散布；分配”。C项spread“传播，散布”正确。2.【A】词汇题。单词overall为“总体上，总体来说”。A项consideredasawhole“作为整体考虑”正确。3.【B】本句为“Thetropicscontainalargersurfaceareaoflandthanhigherlatitudes—afactthatisnotalwaysevidentwhenweexaminecommonlyusedprojectionsofEarth’scurvedsurface,sincethistendstoexaggeratetheareasoflandinthehigherlatitudes—andsomebiogeographersregardthedifferencesindiversityasareflectionofthiseffect”（热带地区比高海拔地区拥有更多的地表面积，但当我们查看常为人们所用的地球弯曲表面的投射图时，这个事实并不总是很明显，因为这会放大高海拔地区的实际地表面积。并且生物地理学家认为两个地区生物多样性的差别是这种放大效果的反映）。所以B项“热带地壳生物多样性丰富有时候会被归因于这样一个事实，即热带地区的地表面积要比高海拔地区多，尽管常为人们所用的地球弯曲表面的投射图的失真或许表明并不是这样子的（表明两者面积相等）”正确。4.【B】根据第四段最后两句“Butananalghareamaycontributetobiodiversity,itiscertainlynotthewholestory”（但是生物学家KlausRohde对这些数据的分析结果并不支持这种解释。尽管地表面积可能会对生物多样性有帮助，但它肯定不足以解释整个现象）以及下文描写的内容可知B项“引出这一观点，即除了地表面积外还有其他因素造就生物多样性”正确。5.【C】根据第三段中“Whereconditionsaremostsuitableforplantgrowth—thatis,wheretemperaturesarerelativelyhighanduniformandwherethereisanamplesupplyofwater”（在那些有最适宜植物生长的要素的地方——即温度相对较高和均衡、水源充足）可知C项“高海拔”没有提及。6.【A】单词precise为“精确的，准确的”。A项exact“精确的，确切的”正确。7.【B】根据第三段最后一句“Forestsintemperatelandsoftenhavejusttwocanopylayers,sotheyhavemuchlesscomplexarchitecture”（温带地区的森林常常只有两层树冠，因此他们的植物群落体系远没有热带森林的复杂）可知B项正确。8.【C】根据第三段中“Thearrangementofthebiologicalmass("biomass")ofthevegetationintolayeredformsistermedits"structure"(asopposedtoits“composition,”whichreferstothespeciesoforganismsformingthecommunity)”（植物生物量的层级式分布被称为“结构”。它和植物生物量“组成”不同，组成指的是组成植物群落的生物体的物种）可知C项“‘结构’指的是某地区植物物种的分布，‘结构’指的是哪些植物物种存在于该区域”正确。9.【B】根据第三段列举的这个例子的前后句“itcanbeextremelycomplicated”和“So,suchaforestcontainsessentiallyfourlayersofcanopy”可知B项“给出一个植被茂密地区植被分布的复杂体系的例子”正确。10.【D】根据第四段中“Itevenaffectstheclimateonaverylocallevel(the"microclimate")byinfluencinglightintensity,humidity,andboththerangeandextremesoftemperature”（植物结构通过影响光线强度、湿度和温度的范围及极限结构，甚至能影响局部性的气候（微气候））可知D项“季节变化”未提及。11.【A】根据第四段中“andgenerallyspeaking,themorecomplexthestructureofvegetation,themorespeciesofanimalareabletomakealivingthere”（总体来说，植物群落的结构越复杂，能在改群落中生存下来的动物物种就越多）可知A项“它也有一很高水平的个植物物种多样性”正确。12.【D】单词consequently为“因此，因而，结果是”。D项therefore“因而”正确。13.【A】推断题。插入句为“热带地区的这种（物种）丰富性的例子就是巴拿马，那里有667种可繁殖鸟类，是阿拉斯加地区鸟类数量的3倍”。本句中出现了指代性关键词“such”，从“suchtropicalabundance”可推测出本句的前一句必然是讲“热带物种的丰富性”，而A项前文是“Thetropicscontaiemstobetrueformanydifferentgroupsofanimalsandplants”（总体来讲，热带地区要比位于高海拔地区的与之同等大小的区域拥有更多的物种……）。所以A项正确。14.【ACD】第一段描述的是“陆地面积和物种多样性之间的关系”，其余段落的描述“植物群落的结构”，所以A项“尽管地表面积和一地区的生物多样性或许相关，但他不是主要的决定性因素”正确。B项“不同高11TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版度的结构在热带和温带森林中都能被发现”错误，本文并没有提及“temperateforests”的情况。根据最后一段中“Thehighplantbiomassofthetropicsleadstoagreaterspatialcomplexityintheenvironment,andthisleadstoahigherpotentialfordiversityinthelivingthingsthatcanoccupyaregion”（热带森林的庞大生物量造就了其环境的空间复杂性，而这更有可能使居住于该地区的生物具有多样性）可知C项“一地区的植被结构越复杂，其所能承载的物种就越多”正确。根据第三段中“Whereconditionsaremostsuitableforplantgrowth—thatis,wheretemperaturesarerelativelyhighanduniformandwherethereisanamplesupplyofwater—oneusuallyfindslargemassesofvegetation”（在那些有最适宜植物生长的要素的地方——即温度相对较高和均衡、水源充足，人们通常会发现大量的植物）可知D项正确。根据第四段中“Itformsthespatialenvironmentwithinwhichananimalfeeds,movesaroundshelters,lives,andbreeds”可知F项中“temperaturerange”与原文不一致。E项未在本文提及。12TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版TPO40-3AmphibianThermoregulationIncontrasttomammalsandbirds,amphibiansareunabletoproducethermalenergythroughtheirmetabolicactivity,whichwouldallowthemtoregulatetheir,theideathatamphibianshavenocontrolwhatsoeverovertheirbodytemperaturehasbeenprovenfalsebecausetheirbomphibiansarepoorthermoregulators,logicaladaptationscanaserancerangeinbodytemperatuciesofNorthAmericannewtisstillactivewhentemperaturesdropto-2°CwhileoneSouthAmericanfrogfeelscomfortableevenwhentemperaturesriseto41°C—lyithasbeenshownthatsomeNorthAmericanfrogandtoadspeciescansurviveuptofivedayswithabodytemperatureof-6°ertissuesareproteconally,inmanyspeciesthetolereciesthatremainexposedtothesundespitehighdiurnal(daytime)temperaturesexhibitsomefascinatingmodifiphibianskinisfullywaterpermeicansavannafrogHyperoliusviridiflavusstoresguaninecrystalsinitsskin,whichenableittobetterreflectsolarradiation,efrogPhyllomedusasauvageirespondstoevaporativelosseswithglandsecretionsthatprovideagreasyfilmoveritsentirebodythathelpspreventdesiccation(dehydration).However,ncipalelementsinbehavioralthermoregulationarebasking(heliothermy),heatexchangewithsubstratessuchasrockorearth(thigmothermy),anddiurnalandannualavoidancebehaviors,whichincludemovingtoshelterduringthedayforcoolingandhibernatingorestivating(reducingactivityduringcoldorhotweather,respectively)Heliothermyisespeciallycommonamongfrogsandtoads:itallowsthemtoincreasetheirbodytemperaturebymorethan10°eantoadBufospinulosusexposesitselfimmediatelyaftersunriseonmoistgroundandattainsitspreferredbodytemperaturebythismeans,ivesideeffectofthisapproachisthatitacceleratesthedigestionofthepreyconsumedovernight,thermyisabehaviorpresentinmostamphibians,althoughpressingagainstthegroundservesadualpurpose:ectofthigmothermyisespeciallyevidentintheAndeantoadduringrainfall:itsbodytemperaturecorrespondstoncebehavioroccurswheneverphysiologicalandmorphologicaladaptatnalactivityinamphibianswithlowtoleranceforhighaswhosehabitatliesinthetemperatelatitudesareconfrontedbylethallowtemperaturesinwinter,whilespeciesdwellinginsemi-dryanddryregionsareexposedtolongdry,fthePyreneesMountains,thenatterjacktoadoffersagoodexampleofhibernation,sely,natterjacksinsouthernSpainremainactiveduringthemildwinterscommontotheregionandareinsteadforcedintoinactivityduringthedry,estivationalsooccursbyburrowingintothegroundorhidingincool,iansarethereforehardlyatmercyofambienttemperature,sincebymeansofthemechanismsdescribedabovetheymorethanexercisesomecontrolovertheirbodytemperature.13TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版Paragraph1:Incontrasttomammalsandbirds,amphibiansareunabletoproducethermalenergythroughtheirmetabolicactivity,whichwouldallowthemtoregulatetheir,theideathatamphibianshavenocontrolwhatsoeverovertheirbodytemperaturehasbeenprovenfalsebecausetheirbodytemperaturedoesnotalwayscorrespondtothesurroundingtemperatureWhileamphibiansarepoorthermoregulators,ingtoparagraph1,whatindicatesthatamphibianshavesomecontrolovertheirbodytemperature?[A]Amphibianscanregulatetheirmetabolicratestogenerateenergy.[B]Amphibiansusethesamemeansofthermoregulationasmammalsandbirdsdo.[C]Thebodytemperatureofamphibianssometimesdiffersfromthetemperatureoftheirsurroundings.[D]Thebaph2:PhysiologicaladaptationscanaserancerangeinbodytemperatuciesofNorthAmericannewtisstillactivewhentemperaturesdropto-2°CwhileoneSouthAmericanfrogfeelscomfortableevenwhentemperaturesriseto41°C—thehighestbodytemperaturemeasuredinafree-rangingamphibianRecentlyithasbeenshownthatsomeNorthAmericanfrogandtoadspeciescansurviveuptofivedayswithabodytemperatureof-6°ertissuesareprotectedbecausetheycontainthefrost-protectiveagentsglycerinorglucoseAdditionally,inmanyspeciesthetolerastheauthormentiona“SouthAmericanfrog”speciesinthepassage?[A]Tomakethepointthatanamphibian’stemperaturetolerancedependsonanumberoffactors[B]Toindicatehowprecisetherangeofbodytemperaturesisforcertainamphibians[C]TocontrastitsabilitytoadapttothatoftheNorthAmericannew[D]Tohelpillustratingtoparagraph2,whatallowssomeNorthAmericanfrogandtoadspeciestosurviveinambienttemperatureswellbelowfreezing?[A]Theirinternalbodytemperaturesneverfallbelow-6°C.[B]Theydonotremainattemperaturesbelowfreezingforverylongperiodsoftime.[C]Theirtoleranceboundariesareflexible[D]aph3:Frogspeciesthatremainexposedtothesundespitehighdiurnal(daytime)temperaturesexhibitsomefascinatingmodifiphibianskinisfullywaterpermeicansavannafrogHyperoliusviridiflavusstoresguaninecrystalsinitsskin,whichenableittobetterreflectsolarradiation,thusprovidingprotectionagainstoverheatingThetreefrogPhyllomedusasauvageirespondstoevaporativelosseswithglandsecretionsthatprovideagreasyfilmoveritsentirebodythathelpspreventdesiccation(dehydration).4.“Phyllomedusasauvager”ismentionedasanexampleofafrogwithanadaptationthat[A]protectsitsglandularsystem[B]helpsreduceitssecretions[C]increasestheamountofsolarradiationthatitsskincanreflect[D]modifiesitsskinstructuretoprotectagainstthedryingeffectsofthesun14TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版Paragraph4:However,ncipalelementsinbehavioralthermoregulationarebasking(heliothermy),heatexchangewithsubstratessuchasrockorearth(thigmothermy),anddiurnalandannualavoidancebehaviors,whichincludemovingtoshelterduringthedayforcoolingandhibernatingorestivating(reducingactivityduringcoldorhotweather,respectively)Heliothermyisespeciallycommonamongfrogsandtoads:itallowsthemtoincreasetheirbodytemperaturebymorethan10°eantoadBufospinulosusexposesitselfimmediatelyaftersunriseonmoistgroundandattainsitspreferredbodytemperaturebythismeans,ivesideeffectofthisapproachisthatitacceleratesthedigestionofthepreyconsumedovernight,thermyisabehaviorpresentinmostamphibians,althoughpressingagainstthegroundservesadualpurpose:heatabsorptionbyconductivityandwaterabsorptionthroughtheskinTheeffectofthigmothermyisespeciallyevidentintheAndeantoadduringrainfallitsbodytemperaturecorrespondstoaph4mentionseachofthefollowingasanexampleofbehavioralthermoregulationEXCEPT[A]pressingagainsttheground[B]speedingupofthemetabolism[C]reducingactivityduringthesummer[D]“AndeantoadBufospinulosus”illustrateswhichofthefollowingbehavioralmodifications?[A]Heliothermyandthigmothermy[[B]Diurnalavoidancebehavior[C]Absorbingheatfromtheair[D]d“attains”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]raises[B]lowers[C]ase“thisapproach”inthepassagerefersto[A]graduallyincreasingbodytemperatureby10°C[B]baskingassoonasthesuncomesup[C]waitingforthegroundandairtowarm[D]keepingbodytemperatureabovethetemperatureoftheairParagraph5:Avoidancebehavioroccurswheneverphysiologicalandmorphologicaladaptatnalactivityinamphibianswithlowtoleranceforhighaswhosehabitatliesinthetemperatelatitudesareconfrontedbylethallowtemperaturesinwinter,whilespeciesdwellinginsemi-dryanddryregionsareexposedtolongdry,ingtoparagraph5,whyisavoidancebehaviorimportantforsomeamphibians?[A]Amphibians’habitatsareareaswheretemperaturesvaryfromdaytoday.[B]Amphibianshavelesstoleranceforhighambienttemperaturesthanforlowambienttemperatures.[C]Amphibianslackadequatephysiologicaladaptationsfordealingwithambienttemperatures.[D]Amphibianscannotprd“dwelling”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto[A]arriving[B]originating[C]evolvingParagraph6:[D]regulates[D]livingInamphibianshibernationoccursinmudordeepholesawayfromfrostNorthofthe15TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版PyreneesMountains,thenatterjacktoadoffersagoodexampleofhibernation,sely,natterjacksinsouthernSpainremainactiveduringthemildwinterscommontotheregionandareinsteadforcedintoinactivityduringthedry,estivationalsooccursbyburrowingintothegroundorhidingincool,iansarethereforehardlyatmercyofambienttemperature,sincebymeansofthemechanismsdescrigraph6,whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromthediscussionofthenatterjack?[A]Amphibianshavegreatertoleranceforheatthanforcold.[B]Desiccationisnotathreattoamphibians[C]Bothhibernationandestivationmayserveasavoidancebehaviorsdependingontheclimate[D]fthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.[A]Thus,althoughamphibiansusethevariousmechanismsdescribedabove,theyhavehardlyanycontroloftheirbodytemperature[B]Thus,bythemechanismsdescribedabove,amphibiansarequitecapableofcontrollingtheirbodytemperaturetosurviveextremeambienttemperatures.[C]Thus,unlesstheycanusethemechanismsdescribedabove,amphibiansareatthemercyofambienttemperatures.[D]Thus,themechanismsdescribedabothefoursquares[■]therhand,amphibiansinveryhotclimatesusesecretionsfromthemucusglaouldthesentencebestfit?Clickonsquare[■]logicaladaptationscanaserancerangeinbodytemperatuciesofNorthAmericannewtisstillactivewhentemperaturesdropto-2°CwhileoneSouthAmericanfrogfeelscomfortableevenwhentemperaturesmeasuredto41°C—thehighestbodytemperaturemeasuredinafree-rangingamphibian.[■]RecentlyithasbeenshownthatsomeNorthAmericanfrogandtoadspeciescansurviveuptofivedayswithabodytemperatureof-6°Cwithapproximatelyone-thirdoftheirbodyfluidsfrozen.[■]Theothertissuesareprotectedbecausetheycontainthefrost-protectiveagentsglycerinorglucose.[■]Additionally,inmanyspeciesthetoleranceboundariesareflexibleandcanchangeasaresultofacclimatization(long-termexposuretoparticularconditions).[■]ions:Antethesummarybyselectentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressewthepassage,roffactorsmayhelpaccountforthedifferenceinbiodiversitybetweenlowandhighlatitudes.16TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版AnswerChoices[A]Frogs,whichsurvivetemperaturerangesfromaslowas-2°Ctoashighas41°C,areevidencethatamphibiansareindependentofambienttemperatures[B]Amphibianscanincreasetheirbodytemperaturebyexposingthemselvestothesun(heliothermy)andbypressingagainsttheground(thigmothermy).[C]Avoidancebehaviors,suchasshelteringfromthesun,aswellasestivationandhibernation，helpamphibianscontroltheirbodytemperature.[D]Physicaladaptationsofferamphibiansanumberofwaystoprotectagainstextremeordangerousclimateconditions.[E]Sunriseisthetimewhensomeamphibianspecieshavethegreatestneedforthermoregulatorymechanis-ms.[F]Hibernationalwaysinvolvesdiggingdeepholesinmudorsand,whereasestivationsometimesinvolvesnothingmorethanhidingindeeprockcrevasses.17TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版托福阅读TPO40大师兄版解析TPO40-3AmphibianThermoregulation1.【C】根据第一段第二句“....becausetheirbodytemperaturedoesnotalwayscorrespondtothesurroundingtemperature”（因为它们的体温并不总是与周边的环境温度一致）可知C项“两栖动物的体温有时候和周围环境的温度不同”正确。2.【D】第二段第一句为“Physiologicaladaptationscanassistamphibiansincolonizinghabitatswhereextremeconditionsprevail”（生理上的适应变化能帮助两栖动物在满是极端状况的栖息地栖居下来）。该句是本段的主旨句，而这两个例子都为说明该主旨句。所以D项“帮助阐释两栖动物已经适应了的环境温度的范围”正确。3.【D】根据第二段中“Theothertissuesareprotectedbecausetheycontainthefrost-protectiveagentsglycerinorglucose”（这些青蛙和蟾蜍的其他身体组织受到了保护，因为它们含有防冻剂甘油或者说葡萄糖）可知D项“它们的某些身体组织中含有能防止组织结冰的物质”正确。4.【D】根据第三段中“ThetreefrogPhyllomedusasauvageirespondstoevaporativelosseswithglandsecretionsthatprovideagreasyfilmoveritsentirebodythathelpspreventdesiccation”（非洲树蛙蜡白猴树蛙通过分泌腺体分泌物来应对水分蒸发损失，这些分泌物能为其整个身体提供一层油脂似的薄层，该薄层能防止其脱水）可知D项“改变皮肤结构来保护自己不受太阳的干燥作用的伤害”。5.【B】根据第四段中“Thigmothermyisabehaviorpresentinmostamphibians,althoughpressingagainstthegroundservesadualpurpose”可排除A项“紧贴地面”。根据“andhibernatingorestivating(reducingactivityduringcoldorhotweather,respectively)”（冬眠或夏眠，即分别在寒冷和酷热的天气下减少活动）可排除C项。根据“TheAndeantoadBufospinulosusexposesitselfimmediatelyaftersunriseonmoistground”可排除D项。B项正确。6.【A】根据第四段中“TheAndeantoadBufospinulosusexposesitselfimmediatelyaftersunriseonmoistgroundandattainsitspreferredbodytemperaturebythismeans,longbeforeeithergroundorairiscorrespondinglywarmed”（安第斯山脉的巴佛蟾蜍在阳光照在潮湿地面后就立马将自己置于光照下，通过这种方式它能在地面或空气远未被相应地晒热的情况下就能获得理想的体温）可知A项“日光导热和接触性导热”正确。7.【C】词汇题。单词attains为“取得，获得”。C项reaches“达到”正确。8.【B】本句的前一句为“TheAndeantoadBufospinulosusexposesitselfimmediatelyaftersunriseonmoistground”，所以B项“太阳一升起的时候就出来晒太阳”正确。9.【C】根据第五段首句“Avoidancebehavioroccurswheneverphysiologicalandmorphologicaladaptationsareinsufficienttomaintainbodytemperaturewithinthevitalrange”（每当两栖动物的生理形态进化改变和适应变化不足以维持体温在可承受极限这一重要范围内时，规避行为就会发生）可知C项“两栖动物确实应对环境温度的生理进化改变”正确。10.【D】词汇题。单词dwelling为“居住”。D项living“居住”正确。11.【C】第六段列举了两个不同地方的natterjack的冬眠和夏眠两种规避低温和高温的行为。所以C项“冬眠和夏眠都可以成为规避行为，这取决于气候”正确。12.【D】本句为“Amphibiansarethereforehardlyatmercyofambienttemperature,....describedabovetheymorethanexercisesomecontrolovertheirbodytemperature”（因此，环境温度也很难左右两栖动物，因为通过上述的方法，两栖动物对自己的提问能有一定的掌控，且不止于此）。D项“因此，上述的方法让两栖动物对体温有了掌控，且不止于此”正确。13.【C】插入句为“Ontheotherhand,amphibiansinveryhotclimatesusesecretionsfromthemucusglandstodecreasetheirtemperaturethroughevaporativecoolingontheskin”（另一方面，炎热气候下的两栖动物用粘液腺的分泌物在皮肤上的通过蒸发冷却的方式来降温）。根据关键短语“ontheotherhand”可以推测出本句的前文肯定是描述与之相反的内容，本句描写的是高温环境下两栖动物的应对办法，所以前文应该是描写低温环境下两栖动物的应对办法。所以C项正确。14.【BCD】A项“青蛙能在低至零下2度和高至41度的温度下生存，这表明两栖动物是独立于环境温度的”错误。文中说的是特定的种类的青蛙才能在这种温度下生存。其次根据第一段第一句“amphibiansareunabletoproducethermalenergythroughtheirmetabolicactivity,whichwouldallowthemtoregulatetheirbodytemperature18TPO40-48阅读答案解析大师兄版independentofthesurroundingorambienttemperature”（两栖动物不能通过自身的新陈代谢活动来产生热能。新陈代谢能让它们不受周围环境温度的影响独立地调节自己的体温）可知“两栖动物没有新陈代谢，因而温度不能独立于周围环境”可知A项事实性错误。根据第四段中对两栖动物的规避行为的描述可知B项和C项均正确。根据第三段对两栖动物生理适应变化的描述可知D项正确。E项“日出时间是一些两栖动物最需要体温调节机制的时候”错误。根据文章的描述，两期动物的体温调节发生在周围环境是低温或高温的情况下。根据第五段第一句“Inamphibianshibernationoccursinmudordeepholesawayfromfrost”（两栖动物的冬眠一般在远离冰霜的泥土或深洞中进行）可知F项中“Hibernationalwaysinvolvesdiggingdeepholesinmudorsand”的表述与原文不一致。原文是“inmudordeepholes”，F项为“deepholesinmudorsand”。19