2023年7月27日发(作者：)

Cornell Note Taking Method

Title of Lesson

Questions—either use the

heading to make

a question or

make a question

that can be

answered by the

information in

the notes right

next the

question

Date______

Notes—outline format to get important information.

I. Main Topic

A. Sub-topic

1. supporting detail

2. supporting detail

3. supporting detail

4. supporting detail

5. supporting detail

B. Sub-topic

1. supporting detail

2. supporting detail

3. supporting detail

4. supporting detail

5. supporting detail

II. Main Topic

A. Sub-topic

1. supporting detail

2. supporting detail

3. supporting detail

4. supporting detail

5. supporting detail

B. Sub-topic

1. supporting detail

2. supporting detail

3. supporting detail

4. supporting detail

5. supporting detail

Summary: Describe the overall and important information from this

lecture or section from the book. Cornell Notes: Prologue Section 1—The Legacy of Ancient Greece and Rome

How did Athens

build a limited

democracy?

What types of

government did

Athens have prior

to democracy?

Who was a citizen

in Athens?

What could

citizens do?

What economic

problems did

Athens have?

How did Athens

solve its economic

problems?

What reforms did

Solon make?

How were Solon’s

reforms

important?

What is a limited

democracy?

I. Athens Builds a Limited Democracy

A. Greeks build small city-states along fertile valleys

1. Each city-state had its own government

2. Several types of government were tried

a. Monarchy—rule by king (monarch)

b. Aristocracy—rule by group of noble families

c. Oligarchy—rule by a group of wealthy people

d. Democracy—rule by people (citizens)

B. Building Democracy

1. Athens

a. Athens was largest, most powerful city-state

b. Citizens participate in making gov’t decisions

c. Citizens were adult males with rights and

responsibilities

d. Citizens elect 3 nobles to rule city-state

e. Elected nobles serve one year then join council of

advisors

2. Economic Problems in 600 BC

a. farmers go into debt and promise part of crop to

wealthy

b. farmers eventually pledge their land to wealthy

c. farmers sell themselves into slavery and could not

leave land

C. Reforms of Solon

1. Respected lawmaker made changes

a. outlawed slavery based on debt

b. cancelled farmers’ debt

c. increased citizenship to four groups

d. three higher classes could vote

e. all adult males were citizens

f. created Council of 400

g. any citizen could bring charges against wrongdoers

2. Athens was a limited democracy

a. only citizens could participate in government

b. only 1 in 10 Athenians were citizens

c. women, slaves, and foreign residents were not

citizens

d. slaves made up 1/3 of Athenian population What did

Cleisthenes do?

How did

Cleisthenes’

reforms affect

Athens?

How did Greek

Democracy

continue to

change?

Who was Pericles

and what did he

do?

For what purpose

did Greek

philosophers use

reason?

Name the three

great Greek

thinkers and what

they are known for

examining.

What are the

lasting impacts of

Greece on

democracy?

D. Cleisthenes Enacts More Reforms

1. “Founder of Democracy”

a. reorganized assembly to balance power of rich and

poor

b. increased power of assembly by allowing all citizens

to submit Laws for review

c. Council members were chosen from among citizens

d. one-fifth of all Athenians were citizens with these

changes

II. Greek Democracy Changes

A. Greek city-states unite to fight off Persian

1. Democracy in effect to decide how to defend city

2. After Persian Wars, Athens continues improving

democracy

3. Pericles led Athens for 32 years

B. Pericles Strengthens Democracy

1. jurors were paid so poor could participate

2. number of paid public officials was increased

3. More participation allowed Athens to be a direct

democracy

4. War with Sparta ends democracy in Athens as

Macedonia conquers war-weary city states

C. Greek Philosophers Use Reason

1. great thinkers appear in 4th Century

2. based thinking on logic and reason to understand life

3. great respect for human intelligence

4. Socrates—examine life with deep questioning

5. Plato—philosopher-king (wisest person) should rule

6. Aristotle—examined human belief, thought, and

knowledge

D. Legacy of Greece

1. Lasting standards for philosophy and government

2. reason and intelligence to discover patterns and

explanations

3. developed democracy to avoid authoritarian rulers

4. first to develop 3 branches of government

a. legislative to pass laws

b. executive to carry out laws

c. judicial branch to interpret laws. How and why did

Rome change

from a kingdom to

a republic?

What is a

republic?

What two groups

struggled for

power in Rome?

What are the 12

Tables?

What is the

significance of the

12 Tables

How was Rome’s

Republican

government

organized?

How was Roman

Law spread across

their empire?

III. Rome Develops a Republic.

Rome rose while Greece declined (from about 1000-500 BC)

A. From Kingdom to Republic

1. Kings ruled Rome for about 100 years

2. in 509 BC, Roman aristocrats overthrew the king

3. Romans set up a republic (elected officials make

laws)

4. Two groups struggled for power (both could vote)

a. patricians—aristocratic landowners with inherited

status

b. plebeians—merchants and farmers had little

power

c. patricians could hold office; plebeians could not

B. Twelve Tables

1. plebeians force patricians to make laws public & in

writing

2. unwritten laws had been interpreted to benefit the

wealthy

3. laws carved on 12 tablets in 451. BC and publicly

displayed

4. all citizens were protected by law

5. laws were applied fairly to everyone

C. Republican Government

1. separate branches (legislative, executive, and

judicial)

2. Two consuls commanded the army and directed the

government

3. Senate was made up of patricians

4. two assemblies were made up of other classes of

people

5. in times of crisis, a dictator was chosen for 6 months

6. republic lasted several hundred years of civil war and

dictators

7. in 27 BC, an emperor took power in Rome

IV. Roman Law

A. Law applied to citizens and conquered people

throughout Empire

1. Laws were based on reason

2. Justice should protect people and their property What are the four

important

principles of

Roman Law?

What is a Written

Legal Code?

How did Justinian

organize his legal

code?

What are Rome’s

lasting

contributions to

democracy?

3. Four important principles of Roman Law

a. all citizens received equal treatment under the law

b. a person was thought innocent until proven guilty

c. burden of proof rests with accuser, not the accused

d. unreasonable or unfair laws could be set aside

B. A Written Legal Code

1. Justinian had 1000 years of Roman law organized

into 4 works

a. The Code—nearly 5000 laws

b. The Digest—a summary of legal opinions

c. The Institutes—a textbook for law students

d. The Novellae—laws passed after 534

2. written laws kept even rulers accountable for their

actions

C. Legacy of Rome

1. Introduced the idea of a republic (representative

government)

2. individuals are citizens of a state and not subject of

a ruler

3. legal code and laws could be applied fairly to all

citizens

4. Rome adopted and added to Greek’s idea of

democracy

Summary: Ancient Greeks and Romans contributed to the

development of democracy. The Greeks were the first civilization to

let citizens get involved in political decision making. They made

laws and banished their countrymen using the ballot box. Also, the

Greeks had several brilliant thinkers/philosophers that encouraged

people to examine their lives and use logic/reason to make sense of

their world. When the Romans took over control of the ancient

world, they adopted and made changes to democratic thinking.

Putting laws in writing and on public display made sure that laws

were applied equally to everyone. The Romans, under Justinian,

codified over 1000 years of law and organizing it set a precedent

that modern societies emulate. In all, the greatest gift from the

ancients is the idea that individuals are citizens of a country and not

just subjects of the ruling class.