The conversation could go on without anybody knowing

who was right or wrong.

are cattle in the fields ,but we sit down to beef.

These animals are called cattle when they are alive and feed

in the fields , but when we sit down at the table to eat, we call

their meet beef.

new ruling class had built a cultural barrier against him

by building their French against his own

language.

The new ruling class by using French instead of English made

it hard for the English to accept or absorb the culture of the rulers. h had come royally into its own.

English received proper recognition and was used by the

King once more.

phrase has always been used a little pejoratively and

even facetiously by the lower classes.

The phrase , the King’s English ,has always been used

disrespectfully and jokingly by the lower classes.(The working

people often mock the proper and formal language of the

educated people.)

rebellion against a cultural dominance is still there.

As the early Saxon peasants , the working people still have a

spirit of opposition to the cultural authority of the ruling class.

is always a great danger that “ words will harden

into things for us. “

There is always a great danger , as Carlyle put it , that we

might forget that words are only symbols and take them for

things they are supposed to represent.

r intricate the ways in which animals communicate

with each other, they do not indulge in anything

that deserves the name of conversation.

不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。

nt may often be a part of it, but the purpose of the

argument is not to convince. There is no winning

in conversation.

争论会经常出现于交谈中，但争论的目的不是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。

s it is because of my upbringing in English pubs that

I think bar conversation has a charm of its own. 或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。 d.I do not remember what made one of our companions say

it ---she clearly had not come into the bar to say it ,

it was not something that was pressing on her mind---but

her remark fell quite naturally into the talk.

我不记得是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的---她显然不是来酒吧说这个的，这不是她事先想好的话题----但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。

is always resistance in the lower classes to any

attempt by an upper class to lay down rules for

“English as it should be spoken .”

下层社会总会抵制上层社会企图给“标准英语”制定得规则。

are not themselves a reality ,but only representations

of it ,and the King’s English ,like the

Anglo-French of the Normans , is a class representation of

reality.

词语本身并不是现实。正如诺曼底人讲的英格鲁--法语一样，标准英语是一个阶层用来表达现实的形式。

s it is worth trying to speak it, but it should not be

laid down as an edict , and made immune to change

from below.

或许试着去说它还是值得的，但是它不能被制定成法令，从而拒绝来自下层的变化。

is no worse conversationalist than the one who

punctuates his words as he speaks as if he were writing ,

or even who tries to use words as if he were composing a

piece of prose for print.

如果一个人说出的话就像写出来的文字，或者试图使用那些创作书面散文的文字，那么没有比这样的交谈者更糟糕的了。

E.M. Forster writes of “ the sinister corridor of our

age,” we sit up at the vividness of the phrase , the force and even terror in the image.

当E.M.福斯特写到“我们这个时代的险恶长廊”时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力，甚至可怖的形象苦令我们拍案叫绝。

would have been no conversation the other evening

if we had been able to settle at once the meeting of “ the King’s

English.”

那天晚上如果我们立刻解决了“标准英语”的含义，就不会有第二天晚上的谈话了。

Lesson Two

burying-ground is merely a huge waste of hummocky

earth, like a derelict building-lot.

The buring-ground is nothing more than a huge piece of

wasteland full of mounds of earth looking like a deserted and

abandoned piece of land on which a building was going to be

put up.

2. All colonial empires are in reality founded upon that fact.

All the imperialists build up their empires by treating the

people in the colonies like animals (by not treating the people in

the colonies as human beings).

3. They rise out of the earth, they sweat and starve for a few

years, and then they sink back into the nameless mounds of the

graveyard.

They are born. Then for a few years they work, toil and starve.

Finally they die and are buried in graves without a name.

4. A carpenter sits cross-legged at a prehistoric lathe, turning

chair-legs at lightning speed.

Sitting with his legs crossed and using a very old-fashioned

lathe, a carpenter quickly gives a round shape to the chair-legs

he is making.

5. Instantly, from the dark holes all round, there was a frenzied rush of Jews .

Immediately from their dark hole-like cells everywhere a

great number of Jews rushed out wildly excited.

6. every one of them looks on a cigarette as a more or less

impossible luxury

Every one of these poor Jews looked on the cigarette as a

piece of luxury which they could not possibly afford. 7. Still, a

white skin is always fairly conspicuous.

However, a white-skinned European is always quite

noticeable.

8. In a tropical landscape one's eye takes in everything except

the human beings.

If you take a look at the natural scenery in a tropical region,

you see everything but the human beings.

9. No one would think of running cheap trips to the

Distressed Areas.

No one would think of organizing cheap trips for the tourists

to visit the poor slum areas

10. for nine-tenths of the people the reality of life is an

endless, backbreaking struggle to wring a little food out of an

eroded soil.

Life is very hard for ninety percent of the people．With hard

backbreaking toil they can produce a little food on the poor soil．

11. She accepted her status as an old woman, that is to say

as a beast of burden.

She took it for granted that as an old woman she was the

lowest in the community，that。she was only fit for doing heavy

work like an animal．

12. People with brown skins are next door to invisible.

People with brown skins are almost invisible． 13. Their splendid bodies were hidden in reach-me-down

khaki uniforms.

The Senegales soldiers were wearing ready—made khaki

uniforms which hid their beautiful well—built bodies．14. How

long before they turn their guns in the other direction?

How much longer before they turn their guns around and

attack us?。

15. Every white man there had this thought stowed

somewhere or other in his mind.

Every white man there had this thought hidden somewhere

or other in his mind．

●When you walk through a town like this - two hundred

thousand inhabitants of whom at least twenty

thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up

in - when you see how the people live, and still more how easily

they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking

among human beings.

当你穿行于这样的城镇中—20万居民中至少有2万人除了一身勉强蔽体的破衣烂衫外，一无所有——当你看到这些人是如何生活，又如何轻易死亡时，你总是很难相信自己是行走在人类之中。

●When you go through the Jewish quarters you gather some

idea of what the medieval ghettoes were probably

like.

当你穿过犹太人聚居区时，你就会了解中世纪的贫民区大概是个什么样子。

●Many of the streets are a good deal less than six feet wide,

the houses are completely windowless, and

sore-eyed children cluster everywhere i unbelievable

numbers, like clouds of flies.

很多街道远远不足6英尺宽，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛肿痛的孩子成群结队，随处可见，像成群的苍蝇，数也数不清。

●Even a blind man somewhere at the back of one of the

booths heard a rumour of cigarettes and came

crawling out, groping in the air with his hand.

甚至在后面的窝棚里的一个盲人听到要烟的吵嚷声也爬了出来，伸手在空中乱摸。

● , that’s only for show! They’re all money lenders

really.

噢！那只不过是装样子罢了。实际上他们都是些放贷获利的人。

● just the same way, a couple of hundred years ago, poor

old women used to be burned for witchcraft

when they could not even work enough magic to get

themselves a square meal.

颇为相似的是，几百年前，有些可怜的老妇人常常被当成巫婆活活烧死，但事实上她们连为自己变出一顿像样的饭菜的巫术都没有。

● takes in the dried-up soil, the prickly pear, the palm tree

and the distant mountain, but it always misses

the peasant hoeing at his patch.

那干巴巴的土地，仙人掌，棕榈树和远方的山岭被尽收眼底，但在地里耕作的农民却往往没人看见。

● of Morocco is so desolate that no wild animal bigger

than a hare can live on it.

摩洛哥大部分土地都很荒凉，以至于那里生存的最大的野生动物就是野兔。

● for a day or two after the rare rainstorms there is

never enough water.

除了难得的暴雨之后的一两天之外，这里总是缺水。

● seems to be generally the case in primitive

communities that the women, when they get beyond a

certain age, shrink to the size of children. 在原始社会里，妇女超过了一定的年纪身材便会萎缩得如孩子般大小，这似乎是一个普遍现象。

Lesson Three

yet the same revolutionary belief for which our

forebears fought is still at issue around

Our ancestors fought a revolutionary war to claim all men

were created equal and God had endowed them with certain

unalienable rights which no state or ruler could take away from

them. However ,today this issue has not yet been settled in many

countries around the world .

much we pledge--- and more.

This much we promise to do and we promise to do more.

, there is little we cannot do in a host of cooperative

ventures.

United and working together we can accomplish a lot of

things in a large number of joint undertakings.