2023年6月24日发(作者：)

语言学辽宁慕课习题整理chapter1-7

Chapter 1 Invitations to linguistics

1introduction to linguistics

选择题

1、Which of the following statements is NOT true?

A Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.

B Language is instrumental.

C Language is social and conventional.

D Language is a system of symbols.

2、The scope of linguistic study may be generally divided

into ______________.

A interlinguistic study and extralinguistic study

B sociolinguistics and psycholinguistics

C descriptive linguistics and prescriptive linguistics

D phonetics and phonology

3、Saussure made the distinction between _______________.

A Langue and parole

B theoretical linguistics and applied linguistics

C comparative linguistics and historical linguistics

D competence and performance

4、Chomsky made the distinction between _______________.

A diachronic linguistics and synchronic linguistics

B Langue and parole

C competence and performance

D comparative linguistics and historical linguistics

5、As modern linguistics aims to describe and analyze the

language people actually use, and not to lay down rules for

“correct” linguistic behavior, it is said to be ___________.

A prescriptive B descriptive

C sociolinguistic

D psycholinguistic

判断题

6、Language consists of the systems of sounds and grammar.

7、The actual production and comprehension of the speech

by speakers of a language is called performance.

8、English is an intonation language.

9、The fact that children can speak before they can read or

write shows that language is arbitrary.

10、According to Chomsky, a language user’s underlying

knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic

competence.

答案：AAACB X√√X√

2design features of language

选择题

1、Which of the following is NOT a frequently discussed

design feature of language?

A Duality

B Convention

C Displacement

D Arbitrariness.

2、“I can refer to Confucius even though he died 2000 years

ago.” This shows that language has the design feature of

__________.

A duality

B creativity

C arbitrariness

D displacement

3、The design feature of __________ refers to the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary

level are composed of elements of the secondary level.

A arbitrariness

B creativity

C displacement

D duality

4、One of the properties of language is that a language user

can understand and produce sentences he/she has never heard

before. This property of language is called ________.

A productivity

B duality

C displacement

D arbitrariness

5、In broad terms, linguists agree to define language as a

system of ____vocal symbols used for human communication.

A arbitrary

B conventional

C motivated

D dual

答案：BDDAA

3origins of language

选择题

1、There are some well-known theories about the origin of

language, the natural response theory, also called .

A the sing-song theory

B the pooh-pooh theory

C the Ding-Dong theory

D the yo-he-ho theory

2、Ding-Dong theory is put forward by German scholar .

A M. MULLer B Halliday

C Saussure

D Malinowski

3、holds that language develops from primitive ritual songs

of praise.

A the yo-he-ho theory

B The sing-song theory

C the pooh-pooh theory

D the Ding-Dong theory

4、holds that language originated from people’s imitations

of animal cries and other sounds heard in nature.

A The bow-wow theory

B the pooh-pooh theory

C the yo-he-ho theory

D the Ding-Dong theory

判断题

5、The bow-wow theory is a theory on the origin of

language.

6、Now linguists have known the specific origin of language.

7、The yo-he-ho theory explains that language originated

from the cries uttered during strain of work.

答案：CABA √X√

4functions of language

选择题

1、When people use language to express attitudes, feelings

and emotions, people are using the ____________function of

language.

A creative

B phatic

C emotive D metalingual

2、The social functions of language do NOT

include_______________.

A interrogative function

B phatic function

C metacognitive function

D informative function

3、Which of the following is NOT a metafunction of

language proposed by Halliday?

A Ideational

B Conventional

C Interpersonal

D Textual

4、The social functions of language do NOT

include_______________.

A interrogative function

B informative function

C metacognitive function

D phatic function

5、The ______ function refers to the fact that language can be

used for establishing a favorable atmosphere or maintaining

social contact rather than for exchanging information or ideas.

A phatic

B evocative

C directive

D performative

判断题

6、“Language operates by rules” is a fu ndamental view

about language.

7、When people use language to indulge in itself for its own sake, people are using the creative function of language.

8、According to Halliday’s theory of metafunctions of

language, interpersonal function enacts social relationship.

9、According to Halliday, a theory of metafunctions of

language, that is , language has ideational, interpersonal and

textual function.

10、When people use language to indulge in itself for its

own sake, people are using the poetic function of language.

答案：CCBCA √X√√√

Chapter 1 主观题

1、名词解释：Diachronic linguistics

Diachronic linguistics is the study of a language through the

course of its history.

2、名词解释：Synchronic linguistics

A synchronic description takes a fixed instant (usually, but

not necessarily, the present) as its point of observation.

3、名词解释：Psycholinguistics

Psycholinguistics is the study of psychological aspects of

language; it usually studies the psychological states and mental

activity associated with the use of language. Most problems in

psycholinguistics are more concrete, involving the study of

language acquisition especially in children and linguistic

performance such as producing and comprehending utterances

or sentences among adults.

4、名词解释：Duality

By Duality is meant the property of having two levels of

structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of

elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has

its own principles of organization. The property of duality only

exists in such a system, namely, with both elements and units. Besides, the language is hierarchical.

5、名词解释：Displacement

Displacement means that human languages enable their

users to symbolize objects, events and concepts which are not

present (in time and space) at the moment of communication.

Displacement benefits human beings by giving them the power

to handle generalizations and abstractions. In a word, the

intellectual benefits of displacement to us is that it makes it

possible for us to talk and think in abstract terms.

6、Do you think that onomatopoeia indicates a non-arbitrary relationship between form and meaning? Why or why

not?

No matter whether you say “Yes” or “No”, you cannot

deny that onomatopoeia needs

arbitrariness. Before we feel a word is onomatopoeic we

should first know which sound the word imitates. In order to

imitate the noise of flying mosquitoes, there are many choices

like “murmurous” and “murderous”. They both bear more or

less resemblance to the genuine natural sound, but

“murmurous” is fortunately chosen to mean the noise while

“murderous” is chosen to mean something quite different.

They are arbitrary as signifiers.（参考答案）

No, I don't think so. There exists the arbitrary relationship

between the sound of a morpheme and its meaning. Also, in

English, totally different words are used to describe the sound. In

fact, arbitrariness and onomatopoeic effect may work at the

same time. For example, Widdowson cites a line from Keats' Ode

to a Nightingale to illustrate. The murmurous haunt of flies on

summer eves. To test this, just think of using the similar sounding

word murderous to substitute murmurous, and no connection whatsover will be established between the sounds and the little

noises of the flying flies. "It's only when you know the meaning

that you infer that the form is appropriate." （我的答案）

7、Illustrate the origins of language you have known.

The sing-song theory: it holds that language develops from

primitive ritual songs of praise.

The Ding-Dong theory: the natural response theory

postulates that language began with vocal expressions being

assigned to objects found in the environment.

The pooh-pooh theory: the theory traces language back to

interjections which expresses the speakers’ emotions.

The yo-he-ho theory: it explains that language originated

form the cries uttered during strain of work.

The bow-wow theory: it holds that language originated from

people’s imitations of animal cries and other sounds heard in

nature.

Ta-Ta theory: it believes that body movement preceded

language. language began as an unconscious vocal imitation of

these movements.

8、Language is generally defined as a system of arbitrary

vocal symbols used for human communication. Explain it in detail.

Language is a means of verbal communication. It is

instrumental in that communicating by speaking or writing is a

purposeful act. It is social and conventional in that language is a

social semiotic and communication can only take place

effectively if all the users share a broad understanding of human

interaction including such associated factors as nonverbal cues,

motivation, and socio-cultural roles.

Chapter 2 Phonetics

5phonetics 选择题

1、Pair ___________ doesn’t form a minimal pair.

A cat and act

B tip and dip

C gap and cap

D pat and pad

2、The study of the production of speech sounds is closely

connected with ____________.

A articulatory phonetics

B auditory phonetics

C acoustic phonetics

D arbitrary phonetics

3、The study of the physical properties of speech sounds is

closely connected with ____________.

A acoustic phonetics

B articulatory phonetics

C auditory phonetics

D arbitrary phonetics

4、The study of the perception of speech sounds is closely

connected with .

A acoustic phonetics

B articulatory phonetics

C auditory phonetics

D arbitrary phonetics

5、Pair ________is not in complementary distribution.

A spot and pot

B stop and top

C light and glad

D school and cool

判断题 1、A single phoneme always represents a single morpheme.

2、When the vocal folds are apart, the air can pass through

easily and the sound produced is said to be voiced.

3、Cave and shave forms a minimal pair.

4、Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced,

transmitted, and perceived.

5、The tongue is divided into five parts: the tip, the blade,

the front, the back and the root.

主观题

1、Please describe what is phoneme.

The speech sound segments that can distinguish or contrast

words in sound and meaning are phonemes. (A phoneme is the

minimal or smallest distinctive linguistic unit in a language.)

2、Please describe what is complementary distribution.

The different allophones of the same phoneme never occur

in the same phonetic context. When two or more allophones of

one phoneme never occur in the same linguistic environment

they are said to be in complementary distribution.

答案：AAACC ××√√√

6English Consonan t

选择题

1、The classification and description of English consonants

are based on ___________________.

A narrow and broad transcription

B the shape of vocal tract

C the place and manner of articulation

D the position of the tongue

2、According to the manner of articulation, [m] is a

___________.

A nasal B plosive

C bilabial

D lateral

3、In terms of the place of articulation, the following sounds

[t], [n], [z] share the feature of ____________.

A alveolar

B velar

C palatal

D bilabial

4、Which of the following sounds is a bilabial?

A [ t ]

B [ b ]

C [ g ]

D [ d ]

5、Which of the following sounds is an alveolar?

A [ d ]

B [ m ]

C [ g ]

D [ b ]

判断题

1、The difference between vowels and consonants lies in the

obstruction of the airstream.

2、According to the manner of articulation, [s] is a fricative.

3、English consonants can be classified in terms of place of

articulation and the part of the tongue that is raised the highest.

4、According to the manner of articulation, some of the

types into which the consonants can be classified are stops,

fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.

5、/d/ is a voiced alveolar stop.

主观题 Please describe what are consonants.

Consonants are sounds produced by constricting or

obstructing the vocal tract at some place to divert, impede or

completely shut off the flow of the air in the oral cavity.

答案：CAABA √√××√

7English Vowels

1、The classification and description of English vowels are

based on ___________________.

A the position of the tongue

B the shape of the lips

C the shape of vocal tract

D all of the above

2、The difference between vowels and consonants lies in

___________________.

A the intonation of the sounds

B the obstruction of the airstream

C the place and manner of articulation

D the aspiration of the sounds

3、A ____ vowel is one that is produced with the front part of

the tongue maintaining the highest position.

A central

B front

C middle

D back

3、can be differentiated by a number of factors: the position

of tongue in the mouth, the openness of the mouth, the shape

of the lips, and the length of the vowels.

A Consonant sounds

B Voicing sounds

C Vowel sounds D devoicing sounds

主观题

1、Please describe what are vowels.

V owels are sounds produced without obstruction, so no

turbulence or a total stopping of the a ir can be perceived.

2、What are the criteria that a linguist uses in classifying

vowels?

1. V owels may be distinguished as front, central and back in

terms of the position of the tongue in the mouth.

2. According to how wide our mouth is opened, we classify

the vowels into four groups: close vowels, semiclose vowels,

semi-open vowels, and open vowels.

3. According to the shape of the lips, vowels are divided into

rounded vowels and unrounded vowels.

4. The English vowels can also be classified into long vowels

and short vowels according to the length of the sound.

答案：DBBC

Chapter 3 Phonology

8phonology

选择题

1、Of all the speech organs, the _______ is/are the most

flexible.

A lips

B tongue

C mouth

D vocal cords

2、A(n) ___________ is a unit that is of distinctive value. It is an

abstract unit, a collection of distinctive phonetic features.

A sound

B phone C phoneme

D allophone

3、The different phones which can represent a phoneme in

different phonetic environments are called the ____ of that

phoneme.

A phones

B sounds

C allophones

D phonemes

4、Since /p/ and /b/ are phonetically similar, occur in the

same environments and they can distinguish meaning, they are

said to be ___________.

A in phonemic contrast

B the allophones

C in complementary distribution

D minimal pair

5、The assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by

“copying”a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the

two phones ____________.

A same

B identical

C exactly alike

D similar

判断题

1、Phonetics is different from phonology in that the latter

studies the combinations of the sounds to convey meaning in

communication.

2、Phonology is concerned with how the sounds can be

classified into different categories.

3、The rules governing the phonological patterning are language specific.

4、Distinctive features of sound segments can be found

running over a sequence of two or more phonemic segments.

5、When two different forms are identical in every way

except for one sound segment which occurs in the same place in

the strings, the two words are said to form a phonemic contrast.

主观题

What are the major differences between phonology and

phonetics?

1．They differ in their approach and focus.

2．Phonetics is of a general nature; it is interested in all the

speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are

produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic

features they p ossess, how they can be classified.

3．Phonology, on the other hand, is interested in the system

of sounds of a particular languag e; it aims to discover how

speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these

sounds are use d to convey meaning in linguistic communication.

答案：BCCAD √×√√×

9coarticulation

选择题

1、When such simultaneous or overlapping articulation are

involved, we call the process .

A coarticulation

B aspiration

C nasalization

D epenthesis

2、In producing a nasal the soft palate is lowered to allow

airflow through the .

A nasal tract B vocal folds

C vocal cords

D larynx

3、The fact that the vowel in lamb has some quality of the

following nasal is a phenomenon we call .

A devoicing

B velarization

C nasalization

D aspiration

4、In coarticulation, if the sound becomes more like the

following sound, as in lamb, it is known as .

A perseverative coarticulation

B aspiration

C nasalization

D anticipatory coarticulation

5、When we use a simple set of symbols in our transcription,

it is called a .

A aspiration

B narrow transcription

C nasalization

D broad transcription

判断题

1、In English, the distinction between aspirated [p?] and

unaspirated [p] is not phonemic.

2、In the word peak, /p/ is unaspirated, phonetically

transcribed as [p]

3、Aspiration is a distinctive feature in English.

4、In phonetic terms, phonemic transcriptions represent the

“narrow” transcription.

5、Speech is a continuous process, so the vocal organs do not move from one sound segment to the

next in a series of separate steps.

主观题

名词解释：Coarticulation

Coarticulation：Simultaneous or overlapping articulations,

as when the nasal quality of a nasal sound affects the preceding

or following sound so that the latter becomes nasalized. If the

affected sound becomes more like the following sound, it is

known as anticipatory coarticulation; if the sound shows the

influence of the preceding sound, it is perseverative

coarticulation.

答案：AACDD √×××√

10suprasegmentals

选择题

1、Which of the following is NOT a Suprasegmental feature?

A tone

B intonation

C syllable

D stress

2、In a syllable, a vowel often serves as ____________.

A onset

B sequence

C peak or nucleus

D coda

3、The word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables,

and _________ morphemes.

A six/ three

B five/ three

C six/ four

D five /five 4、The word “digitalization” consists of _______ syllables,

and _________ morphemes.

A six/ three

B six/ four

C five /five

D five/ three

5、Distinctive features can be found running over a

sequence of two or more phonemic segments. The phonemic

features that occur above the level of the segments are called

_______.

A immediate constituents

B phonetic components

C suprasegmental features

D semantic features

主观题

1、名词解释：suprasegmental features

The features that occur above the level of the segments and

can distinguish meaning are called suprasegmental features,

which include syllable structure, stress, tone and intonation.

2、名词解释： intonation

When pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence

rather than the word in isolation,

they are collectively known as intonation.

3、Illustrate with examples how suprasegmental features

can affect meaning.

1. The location of stress in English distinguishes meaning,

such as `import and im`port. The similar alternation of stress also

occurs between a compound noun and a phrase consisting of the

same elements. A phonological feature of the English

compounds, is that the stress of the word always falls on the first element and the second element receives secondary stress, for

example: `blackbird is a particular kind of bird, which is not

necessarily black, but a black `bird is a bird that is black.

2. The more important words such as nouns, verbs adjectives,

adverbs, etc. are pronounced with greater force and made more

prominent. But to give special emphasis to a certain notion, a

word in sentence that is usually unstressed can be stressed to

achieve different effect. Take the sentence “He is driving my car.”

for example. To emphasize the fact that the car he is driving is

not his, or yours, but mine, the speaker can stress the possessive

pronoun my, which under normal circumstances is not stressed.

3. English has four basic types of intonation, known as the

four tones: When spoken in different tones, the same sequence

of words may have different meanings. Generally speaking, the

falling tone indicates that what is said is a straight-forward,

matter-of-fact statement, the rising tone often makes a question

of what is said, and the fall-rise tone often indicates that there is

an implied message in what is said.

答案：CCCBC

Chapter 4 Morphology

11morphology

选择题

tional affixes are bound morphemes added to

existing form to construct new words. English derivational affixes

are divided into ________and _______.

A prefixes, infixes

B suffixes and infixes

C prefixes, suffixes

D morphemes, allomorphs

the word “unavailability”, ______________ is the root. A un

B available

C avail

D ability

today’s grammar we normally say that English does not

have a “future tense”. This is because in English ________________.

A the future can be expressed in many ways

B the future is not expressed by morphological change

C the future is expressed by modal verbs

D the future belongs to the category of “aspect”

morpheme “vision” in the word “television” is

a(n)____________.

A inflectional morpheme

B bound form

C free morpheme

D bound morpheme

of the following words is made up of bound

morphemes only?

A televisio

B happiness

C ecology

D teacher

me is the minimal unit of meanin

7.–ing is an “inflectional suffix”

in English can be classified into derivational

morphemes and inflectional morphemes.

bound morpheme in “apples” is inflectional

morpheme.

gh is an open-class word.

主观题 11..名词解释：Root

Root: Root refers to the base form of a word that cannot be

further analyzed without loss of identity. That is to say, it is that

part of the word that is left when all the affixes are removed. And

roots can be further classified into free root morpheme and

bound root morpheme.

12.名词解释：Allomorph

Allomorph: A morpheme, like a phoneme, is a linguistic

abstraction, which must be realized as certain phonetic forms or

variants in different phonetic environments. Each of the phonetic

for ms or variants is a morph. A single morpheme may be

phonetically realized as two or more morph s. The different

morphs that represent or which are derived from one morpheme

is called the allom orphs of that morpheme

答案：CCBCC √√×√×

12word formation

选择题

1._________can best describe the following group of words:

table--tables, influenza--flu.

A Inflection and derivation

B Derivation and blending

C Inflection and abbreviation

D Compound and derivation

of the following ways of word-formation does not

change the grammatical class of the stem?

A inflection

B compound

C derivation

D coinage

3._________can best describe the word formation rules of the following group of words: to burgle (from burglar), Eurodollar

(from European + dollar).

A Back-formation and blending

B Inflection and derivation

C Derivation and blending

D Compound and derivation

4._________can best describe the following group of words:

table—tables, day + break—daybreak.

A Inflection and derivation

B Derivation and blending.

C Compound and derivation.

D Inflection and compound

5.__________can be best describe the following group of

words: advertisement—ad, bicycle—bike.

A abbreviation

B compound

C derivation

D coinage

6.“Invention” is a form of compounding, in which two

words are blended by joining the initial par t of the first word and

the final part of the second word, or by joining the initial parts of

the two w ords.

ng is a relatively complex form of compounding.

tion does not change the grammatical class of the

stem.

tion can be further divided into two sub-types: the

derivational type and the compositional type.

tion shows a relationship between roots and affixes.

主观题

is the distinction between inflectional affixes and derivational affixes?

an affix, usually a suffix in English, indicates the tense

of a verb, the plurality of a counta ble noun, or the

comparative/superlative degree of an adjective, it is termed as

inflectional morphe me. For example, '-ed' in 'worked', '-ing' in

'studying', '-s' in 'books' or 'er' in 'shorter' and 'est' in 'lo ngest'

are all inflectional morphemes. Usually, the inflectional

morpheme will not change the part of speech of a word to which

it is attached.

a derivational morpheme usually changes the part of

speech of a word to which it is attached . When we attach '-al' to

the word 'nation' to form 'national', the part of speech of the

word 'nation', i.e. a noun, has been changed into an adjective. As

we can see, the concept of derivational morphe me is related to

a kind of word formation called derivation.

答案：CAADA ×√×√×

Chapter 5 Syntax

13concept of grammar

选择题

1.A sentence is considered ____ when it does not conform to

the grammatical knowledge in the mi nd of native speakers.

A wrong

B ungrammatical

C right

D grammatical

2. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the

introductory word that introduces the embedded clause.

A particle

B preposition

C subordinator D coordinator

3. Phrase structure rules have ____ properties.

A recursive

B grammatical

C social

D functional

4. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand

_____________.

A All of the above.

B how words and phrases form sentences.

C what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

D how people produce and recognize possible sentences

5. The syntactic rules of any language are ____ in number.

A small

B large

C finite

D infinite

判断题

ptive grammar refers to grammarian’s attempt to

legislate what speakers’ grammatical rules should be, rather

than what they are.

tical sentences are formed following a set of

syntactic rules.

sally found in the grammars of all human languages,

syntactic rules that comprise the system of internalized linguistic

knowledge of a language speaker are known as linguistic

competence

syntactic rules of any language are finite in number,

but there is no limit to the number of sentences native speakers

of that language are able to produce and comprehend. a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal

status, one subordinating the other.

答案：DBDDD XX√√√

主观题

1. What are the basic components of a sentence?

Normally, a sentence consists of at least a subject and its

predicate which contains a finite verb or a verb phrase.

2. What are the major types of sentences? Illustrate them

with examples.

①Traditionally, there are three major types of sentences.

They are simple sentence, coordinate (compound) sentence, and

complex sentence. A simple sentence consists of a single clause

which contains a subject and a predicate and stands alone as its

own sentence.

For example: John reads extensively.

②A coordinate sentence contains two clauses joined by a

linking word that is called

coordinat ing conjunction, such as “and”, “but”, “or”.

For example: John is reading a linguistic book, and Mary is

preparing for her history exam.

A complex sentence contains two, or more, clauses, one of

which is incorporated into the other. The two clauses in a

complex sentence do not have equal status, one is subordinate

to the other.

For example: Before John gave her a lecture, Mary showed

no interest in linguistics.

14Cultural Approach

选择题

1. A __________ in the embedded clause refers to the

introductory word that introduces the embedded clause. A particle

B preposition

C subordinator

D coordinator

2. Which of the following is NOT included in the three classes

of syntactic relations?

A positional relations

B relations of expansion

C relations of co-occurrence

D relations of substitutability

3. The theory of case condition accounts for the fact that

__________.

A noun phrases appear only in subject and object positions.

B noun phrases can be used to modify another noun phrase

C noun phrase can be used in adverbial positions

D noun phrase can be moved to any place if necessary.

4. The sentence structure is ________.

A Only hierarchical

B both linear and hierarchical

C only linear

D complex

5. refers to a relation holding between elements replaced

with each other at a particular place in a structure, or between

one element present and the others absent.

A linguistic

B morphological

C syntagmatic relation

D paradigmatic relation

6. Constituents that can be substituted for one another

without loss of grammaticality belong to the same syntactic category.

7. Sentences are composed of sequence of words arranged

in a simple linear order, with one adding onto another following

a simple arithmetic logic.

8. What is actually internalized in the mind of a native

speaker is a complete list of words and phrases rather than

grammatical knowledge.

9. WH-movement is obligatory in English which changes a

sentence from affirmative to interrogative.

10. In a complex sentence, the two clauses hold unequal

status, one subordinating the other.

答案：CBABD √××√√

主观题

Are the elements in a sentence linearly structured? Why?

No. Language is both linearly and hierarchically structured.

When a sentence is uttered or written down, the words of the

sentence are produced one after another in a sequence. A closer

examination of a sentence shows that a sentence is not

composed of sequence of words arranged in a simple linear order

with one adding onto another following a simple arithmetic logic.

In fact, sentences are also hierarchically structured. They are

organized by grouping together words of the same syntactic

category, such as noun phrase (NP) or verb phrase (VP), as can

be seen from the following tree diagram:

S

NP VP

Det N Vt NP

Det N

The boy likes the music.

15IC Analysis 选择题

1. The structural approach to the analysis of language is

connected with____________.

A theme and rheme

B government and binding

C immediate constituent analysis

D mood and modality

2. Phrase structure rules allow us to better understand

_____________.

A how people produce and recognize possible sentences

B what constitutes the grammaticality of strings of words

C how words and phrases form sentences.

D All of the above.

3. The criterion used in IC analysis is .

A constituent

B construction

C structure

D substitutability

4. We can often find the phrase immediate constituents in .

A systemic functional grammar

B transformational generative grammar

C structural grammar

D traditional grammar

答案：CDDC

主观题

1. 名词解释： IC Analysis.

IC Analysis: it refers to the analysis of a sentence in terms of

its immediate constituents –word groups (or phrases), which are

in turn analyzed into the immediate constituents of their own,

and the process goes on until the ultimate constituents are reached.

are the advantages of using tree diagrams in the

analysis of sentence structures?

The tree diagram can not only reveal a linear order, but also

a hierarchical structure that groups words into structural

constituents. It can, in addition, show the syntactic category of

each structural constituent, thus it is believed to most truthfully

illustrate the constituent relationship among linguistic elements.、

16endocentric and exocentric

1. Which of the following is a right-headed endocentric

compound?

A make-up

B takehome

C pickpocket

D night-school

2．Typical endocentric constructions are not______.

A noun phrases

B prepositional phrases

C adjective phrases

D verb phrases

3. The three small children with children as its head, belongs

to_______ .

A D-structure

B endocentric construction

C exocentric construction

D immediate constituents

4. Construction is the grammatical structure of a sentence or

any smaller unit, represented by a set of elements and relations

between elements.

5. Construction can be divided into two types: endocentric construction and exocentric construction.

6. Exocentric construction is also called headed construction.

7. Endocentric construction can be further divided into the

following two types: subordinate endocentric construction and

coordinate endocentric construction.

答案：DBB √√×√

主观题

1. 名词解释：Exocentric construction

Exocentric construction is just the opposite of endocentric

construction. If refers to a group of syntactically related words

where none of the words is functionally equivalent to the group

as a whole, that is, there is no definable “centre” or “head”

inside the group. Exocentric construction usually includes basic

sentence, prepositional phrase, predicate (verb+object)

construction, and connective (be+complement) construction.

2. 名词解释：Endocentric construction

Endocentric construction is one whose distribution is

functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents,

<, a word or a group of words, which serves as a definable

centre or head.

17TG Grammar

选择题

1. Syntactic movement is dictated by rules traditionally called

________.

A phrase structure rules

B generative rules

C x-bar theory

D transformational rules

2. _______ rules may change the syntactic representation of a

sentence. A Transformational

B X-bar

C Phrase structure

D Generative

3. The representative figure of TG grammar is_______ .

A Chomsky

B Halliday

C Malinowski

D Saussure

4. A grammar which consists of a set of statements or rules

which specify which sequences of language are possible, and

which impossible, is a________ grammar.

A generative

B functional

C systemic

D descriptive

5. The generative-transformational grammar intends to

account for the speaker’s linguistic competence.

6. It is believed that phrase structure rules, with the insertion

of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure.

答案：DAAA √√

主观题

1. 名词解释：Transformational rules

Transformational rules are the rules that transform one

sentence type into another type.

2. 名词解释：D-structure

D-structure is the level of syntactic representation that exists

before movement takes place. Phrase structure rules, with the

insertion of the lexicon, generate sentences at the level of D-structure. Chapter 6 Semantics

18semantics

选择题

1、Componential analysis is a method applied in the field of

__________ .

A syntax

B semantics

C phonetics

D pragmatics

2、________can be defined as the study of meaning.