2023年7月22日发(作者：)

不及物动词的用法知多少？

Abstract：In this essay we talk about how verbs are used in different situations. Here it mainly

refers to the usage of transitive verbs that take object as well as intransitive verbs that don’t take

any object. However, it’s confusing whether the verbs can take objects or not. To make readers

fully understand this point, I’m writing to give a detailed account about the similarity and

difference between transitive verbs and intransitive verbs.

文摘：在本文中，我们讨论动词在不同情况下是如何使用的。这里主要是指接受宾语的及物动词和不带宾语的非及物动词的用法。然而，动词是否能接受宾语却令人困惑。为了使读者充分理解这一点，我写这篇文章是为了详细说明及物动词和非及物动词之间的相似性和区别。

Key words: transitive verbs ,intransitive verbs,object,difference,similarity

关键词：及物动词，非及物动词，宾语，差异，相似

一、概念解析

及物动词，顾名思义，“及物”就是“到达或者触及物品”的意思，即这类动词后可以直接跟宾语的意思,字典里词后标有vt.的就是不及物动词；反之，不及物动词就是不可以直接跟宾语,字典里词后标有vi.的就是不及物动词。例如：

He tried to raise enough money to help the poor.(及物动词)

The sun rises in the east（不及物动词）

二、Vi+prep/adverb.（不及物动词+介词/副词）

多字动词一般有四种形式：

A)．"动词+介词"结构。 该结构中的动词是不及物动词，当和一些介词搭配后，则把它看成一个整体，即把它看成一个及物动词。

如： We never thought of such success when we first started。

Please look at the blackboard.

She apologized to me again. 她再次向我道歉。

She can speak German and French, not to speak of English.她能说德语和法语, 更不用说英语了.

类似用法的还有：agree to, ask for,attend to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of,

listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to。 B)．"动词+副词"结构。该结构中的动词是及物动词的，该结构及物；是不及物的，则不及物。如： We put off the sports meet.

After he grew up, he went to London to work for a company。

类似用法的还有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out,

look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on,

ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out, wake up, shut up, come about,

break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up。

在这类结构中，必须注意有的多字动词既及物又可不及物。有的甚至汉语意义也完全不相同。如： He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him. (vi. 抬起头看) He looked up the word

in the dictionary.(vt. 查找) ；类似的有break down vi.（车等）坏了 vt. 分解，分为 ; go over

vi. 走过去 vt.复习，仔细查看等。

C）．"动词+副词+介词"结构。如： We should do away with that sort of thing。

类似的有：give in to（迁就）, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with.

D）. "动词+名词+介词"结构。该结构是最多，最常见的多字动词。如： We will take

care of them.

类似的有：catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of,

make room for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end

to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take

pride in, take possession of, play a trick on, play a part in.

另附，跟介词搭配的不及物动词：

count on 依靠 embark on上路 gamble on以……打赌 insist on坚持…… rely on依靠

theorize on 对……推理，对……建立理论 harp on 老提到…… calculate on 指望，依靠

concentrate on 集中到…… depend on依靠 reckon on盼望，指望…… account for 说明，解释…… answer for回答…… apologize for为……道歉 suffer for为……受苦 pay for

为……付钱 look for 寻找 atone for补偿，赔偿 make up for补偿 stand for代表

compensate for 补偿 abstain from 有意回避，弃权 desist from 停止 refrain from抑制，忍住 shrink from 回避 suffer from 受苦，患病 benefit from 获益于 flinch from 退缩 escape

from 从……逃开 approve of 同意 boast of 吹牛 consist of 由……组成 despair of 失望

dream of 梦想做某事 repent of 忏悔，懊悔 believe in 相信…… persevere in 坚持…… revel in 陶醉，着迷于…… succeed in 在某方面成功 delight in 为……高兴 join in 加入……

participate in 参加…… persist in 坚持…… specialize in 专门从事某事， 在某方面专长 aim

at 瞄准于……chafe at 恼怒，不满 frown at 向……皱眉头 scowl at 沉下脸……，对……皱眉 laugh at 嘲笑 smile at向……微笑 work at 从事于……，用功于…… look at 看着……

attend to 参加…… certify to 证明…… allude to 暗示…… confess to 承认…… descend to

下降到…… object to 反对…… react to 对某事作出反应 refer to 提到…… resort to 求助，采用…… see to 检查…… submit to 提交…… testify to 表明，说明…… turn to 转向…… fall to 下跌，减弱

三、常见的不及物动词及其用法

不及物动词：不及物动词是后面不接宾语的动词。

appear,come,go,fall,feel,keep,look,prove,remain,rest,rise,seem,stand,turn,go, want, live, stay, walk,

laugh, work, speak,appear, die, disappear, end（vi. 结束）, fail, happen, last, lie, sit, spread, rise等.

还有比如不及物动词短语： come true, fall asleep, keep silence, lose heart, take place, break out

用法举例

Look carefully! (注意：carefully 是副词，不是名词，故不作宾语)

look at 看…….+宾语 Look at me carefully! (me是代词，作宾语)

（at是小范围 in是大范围）

The students work very hard.学生们学习很努力。

The accident happened yesterday evening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。

如：Let's go. 我们走。

I'm coming. 我来了。

Look at me. 看着我。(接宾语时，宾词前面要加介词)

Stand up. 站起来。

Turn around. 转圈。

四、常见的及物动词及其用法

及物动词：及物动词是后面要接宾语的动词。 afford,allow,blame,bring,contain,deny,enjoy,examine,excuse,fetch,fix,get,greet,have,hit,inform,let,like,love,make,mean,need,omit,owe,prefer,prove,put,remind,select,wrap.

如：Don't blame Tom. 不要责备汤姆。

Tom likes fish. 汤姆喜欢鱼肉.

Tom brings some food. 汤姆带来了一些食物.

Enjoy yourself. 请随便吃.

Put your hands on your head. 把手放在头上。

五、有些词既是及物也是不及物动词

例如：sing.

He is singing. 他正在唱歌。（不及物动词，不带宾语）

Let's sing a song. 让我们唱首歌。(及物动词，带宾语a song)

即sing做不及物动词时，相当于做及物动词时带宾语，sing a song或sing songs.

六、既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义不变

例如：begin 都是作"开始"讲。everybody , our game begins. Let us begin our game.

类似的还有：start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt,

七、既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词，其意义完全不同。

这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义；而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。

例如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的"消散"。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.

作及物动词时是"升高；举起"。 He lifted his glass and drank.

类似的还有：

beat vi.跳动 vt. 敲、打;

grow vi.生长 vt. 种植

play vi.玩耍 vt. 打（牌、球）,

演奏 smell vi.发出（气味） vt. 嗅

ring vi.（电话、铃）响vt.打电话

speak vi.讲话 vt. 说（语言）

hang vi. 悬挂 vt. 绞死 operate vi.动手术 vt. 操作

八、常见介词的错误用法。

介词“on/upon”和“about”是多余的，不必要的。 下面是些类似的错误：

● The young must obey to their elders.

● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.

● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.

● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.

● Do you hope to serve for your nation?

● When did Susan marry with Paul?

介词“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才对。

为什么会有这些错误呢？主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次，就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一，要把“及物动词＋宾语”和“不及物动词＋介词＋宾语”划分清楚，如：

I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.

He reached London yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.

第二，把及物动词转化为名词，然后加上适当的介词和宾语，如：

Don't approach such a person. （v.）

Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?(n.+prep.)

划分标准：英语中按动词后可否直接跟宾语，可把动词分成及物动词与和不及物动词。