2023年7月22日发(作者：)

现在完成时的⽤法和过去式的主要区别知识讲解现在完成时现在完成时，①表⽰过去发⽣并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果；②过去某⼀时间开始并⼀直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。基本结构：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）①肯定句：主语+have/has+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.He has finished it. They have worked it out.②否定句：主语+have/has+not+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.He hasn’t fini shed it. They have worked it out.③⼀般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+动词的过去分词(p.p)（V-ed）+宾语.Has he finished it? Yes, he has; No he hasn’tHave they have worked it out? Yes, I have; No I haven’t④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+have/has+主语+过去分词（v-ed）+其他）Where have they been? They have been to Yunnan.⼀般过去时：表⽰过去某个时间发⽣的事、存在的状态或经常发⽣的动作。说话的侧重点只在于陈述⼀件过去的事情，不强调对“现在”产⽣的影响。He visited Guilin in 1998.他1998年参观过桂林。(只是简单表明在过去某个时间[in 1998]去过桂林这⼀事实，除此以外别⽆其他)主语＋动词的过去式（肯定式）He did it. We hoped to go there.主语＋did ＋not ＋动词原形（否定式）He didn’t do it. They weren’t there ＋主语＋动词的原形（疑问式）Did he do it? Yes, he did. No, he didn’t第⼀种：对⽬前造成的影响；过去发⽣并且已经完成的动作对现在造成影响或后果；Have you seen the film? （A）Did you see the film? （B）[说明] 你看过这部电影吗？（A）句强调的是被问者对剧情是否了解；（B）句强调的是看这部电影的动作是否发⽣过，并不强调是否知道其内容。The plane has already arrived. 飞机已经抵达了。（说明现在的情况：飞机在这⼉。）The plane arrived a quarter of an hour ago. 飞机是⼀刻钟以前抵达的。（强调动作发⽣的时间在过去。）Jill has bought a new computer.吉尔买了⼀台新电脑。（造成的结果是，Jill现在有了⼀台新电脑）Jill bought a newcomputer.吉尔买了⼀台新电脑。（强调动作发⽣的时间在过去。）现在完成时的⽤法和过去式的主要区别：第⼆种：过去某⼀时间开始并⼀直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。He has lived in Beijing for 8 years.（A）（live⽤现在完成时，表明“居住”的动作和现在发⽣了联系）He lived in Beijing for 8years. （B）（live⽤过去式，表明“居住”的动作只存在于过去，与现在没有关系）[说明]他在北京住了8年。（A）句讲的是到⽬前为⽌他在北京住了8年，可能还会继续在北京住下去。(B)句讲的是他在北京住过8年，现在不在北京了。句⼦中所⽤【时间标志词语】的区别1、⼀般过去时：通常与表⽰过去的时间状语连⽤，如：yesterday, yesterday morning (afternoon, evening…)；last night (week, month, year…)；⼀段时间+ago(several days ago)、two days ago、a week ago,…；in 2002，(in 1990, in 1997，in July…)等；just now, atthat time/moment, then , long long ago例⼦：He was here yesterday.I got up at seven yesterday mother didn’t work yesterday you have a good time last summer?My mother often went to work by taxi last I was a student, I often listened to months ago, they were still students.2、现在完成时：现在完成时往往同表⽰不确定的过去时间状语连⽤,如already（已经）, yet（已经）, just（刚）, before （之前）, recently（最近）, lately（近来），ever（曾经）等副词；其中already，just多⽤于肯定句中，ever，yet，never多⽤于疑问句和否定句中）He has already obtained（获得）a scholarship.他已经获得了奖学⾦。（already⽤在过去分词前）Have you ever been to Beijing？你曾经去过北京吗？（everI haven’t seen much of him recently (lately).我最近没太看到他。We have seen that film before. 我们之前看过那部电影。（⽤在句末）Have they found the missing child yet？他们已经找到了那个丢失的孩⼦了吗？（⽤在否定或疑问句末）※already和yet的⽤法辨析不论yet还是already,都可以表⽰“已经”的含义。⼀般两者都⽤于完成时的句⼦当中。already 即可⽤在句前部分也可⽤在句尾；yet⼀般⽤在句尾。already⼀般⽤于肯定句（表“已经）”；yet⼀般⽤于否定句或疑问句。I’ve seen the film train has already left. ⽕车已经开⾛了。He hasn’t found his bike yet.他还没有找到他的⾃⾏车。（⽤在否定句末表“还”）★★★Has she finished her homework yet？她已经做完作业了吗？（⽤在疑问句末表“已经”）★★★※lately 与recently ⽤法辨析两者均可表⽰“最近”、“近来”。从使⽤的时态来看：两者都经常与完成时态连⽤。I have seen a lot of her lately [recently]. 我最近经常见到她。注：两者通常都不⽤于将来时，若⽤于将来时则⽤“soon”。如：最近我们要去巴黎。误：We will go to Paris lately [recently].正：We will go to Paris soon.现在完成时的另⼀个⽤法：“从过去某⼀时刻开始并⼀直持续到现在并且有可能还会持续的动作或状态。”这⼀⽤法常和⼀段时间连⽤：常与these days,this week, since+点时间…, for+段时间…等表⽰⼀段时间的状语连⽤。其中“ for +时间段”★★★，“ since +时间点”★★★。例如：We have lived in this city for more than 40 years. 我们在这个城市⾥已经⽣活了40 多年。We have lived in this citysince 1958. 我们从1958 年起就住在这个城市⾥。（注：1958前没有in）Have you seen her parents these days? 这些天你看见她的⽗母了吗？Mary has been ill for three days.I have lived here since I came here.（注：I came here是⼀个过去时，表⽰的是【过去的⼀个时间点】）⼏种特殊句型的区别：1）have been in; 2）have been to ; 3）have gone to 的⽤法:1. have(has) been in意为“已经在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表⽰⼀段时间的状语连⽤。如：Mr. Brown has been in Shanghai for three days. 布朗先⽣来上海已经有三天了。They have been in Canada for five years. 他们到加拿⼤有五年了。2. have(has) been to意为“曾经去过某地”，表⽰“现在已经不在那⾥了”。可与just, ever, never等连⽤。如：I've just been to the post office. 我刚才去邮局了。Have you ever been to Hangzhou? 你曾经去过杭州吗？Mary has never been to the Great Wall. 玛丽从未去过长城。另：have(has) been to 后⾯可接次数，表⽰去过某地⼏次。如：I've been to Beijing three times. 我去过北京三次。They have been to that village several times. 他们去过那个村庄好⼏次了。3. have(has) gone to 意为“到某地去了”，表⽰刚到某地或正在去某地的途中。总之，说话时该⼈不在现场，⼀般不⽤第⼀、第⼆⼈称代词作句⼦的主语。如：—Where is Tom? 汤姆在哪⾥？—He has gone to the bookshop.他到书店去了。4．⾮延续性动词即瞬间动词不能⽤于“现在完成时＋⼀段时间的状语”的句型中。即这类瞬间动词有：come，go，start，leave，die，buy，finish，borrow等。例如：瞬间动词转化后动词瞬间动词转化后动词buy→have join→be in/be a member of borrow→keep open→be openput on→wear come →be inbecome→be close→be closeddie →be dead begin/ start →be on finish/end →be over go out →be outleave/move →be away fall asleep（ill）→be asleep （ill）arrive→be here catch/get a cold→have a cold例如：下⾯的例句就是瞬间动词的过去式和带有持续时间的现在完成时使⽤变化。1、We have had the book for three years. We bought the book three years ago.2、He has had a cold for three days. He caught a cold three days ago.3、Xiao ming has been a soldier for half year. Xiao ming joined the army half year ago.4、we have been students for eight years. We became students eight years ago.5、The class has benn over gor ten minutes.6、I hve kept the book since last week.I borrowed the book lasr week.7、 has been dead for three years. ied three years ago.8、The film has been on for an hour. The film started an hour has worked for ten years.1、She began to work ten years ago2、She has worked since ten years ago.3、It is ten years since she began to worked.4、Ten years has passed since she began to work.汉语意思分别为：她已经⼯作了⼗年了。她⼗年前就开始⼯作了。⾃⼗年前以来她就开始⼯作了。⾃她⼯作以来有⼗年了。⾃她开始⼯作以来⼗年已经过去了。※过去分词的概念：①规则动词的【过去分词】的构成：v+ed, 如work-worked；study-studied；finish-finished②不规则动词的过去分词构成(需要单独记忆)：如be-been；have-had；hear-heard；do-done③动词的过去分词．．．不是⼀个概念：【过去分词】⽤于现在完成时态（另被动语态．．．．和动词的过去式中也会⽤到），动词的过去式只能⽤于过去时。※过去分词的变化规则：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则：(1)⼀般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”：work---worked---worked ,visit---visited---visited(2)以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”：live---lived---lived ,(3)、以“辅⾳字母+ y ”结尾的动词，将"y" 变为"i" ，再加“ ed ”：study---studied---studied ,cr y---cried---cried(4)、重读闭⾳节结尾，末尾只有⼀个辅⾳字母，先双写该辅⾳字母，再加“ ed ”：stop---stopped---stopped , drop---dropped—dropped.特殊疑问句的提问：⽤when还是how long？He began to work ten years ago. _______________did he begin to work ?? He has worked since ten yearsago________________has he worked? Mary has been ill for three days. _______________has she been ill?Mary was ill three days ago. ________________was Mary ill?Mary has been ill since three days ago._________________has Mary been ill?过去完成时过去完成时(past perfect)表⽰在过去某⼀时间或动作之前已经发⽣或完成了的动作。它表⽰句⼦中描述的动作发⽣在“过去的过去”。基本结构：主语+had+过去分词(done)①肯定句：主语+had+过去分词+其他.②否定句：主语+had+not+过去分词+其他.③⼀般疑问句：Had+主语+过去分词+其他?肯定回答：Yes,主语+had.否定回答：No,主语+had not .④特殊疑问句：特殊疑问词或词组+⼀般疑问句（Had+主语+过去分词+其他）？基本⽤法（1）表⽰在过去某⼀时刻或动作以前完成了的动作，也可以说过去的时间关于过去的动作。即“过去的过去”。可以⽤by,before等介词短语或⼀个时间状语从句来表⽰，也可以⽤⼀个表⽰过去的动作来表⽰，还可能通过上下⽂来表⽰。例如：By nine o’clock last night, we had got 200 pictures from the spaceship.到昨晚9点钟，我们已经收到200 张飞船发来的图⽚。（2）表⽰由过去的某⼀时刻开始，⼀直延续到过去另⼀时间的动作或状态，常和for, since构成的时间状语连⽤。例如：I had been at the bus stop for 20 minutes when a bus finally came.当车来的时候，我在车站已等了20分钟。He said he had worked in that factory since 1949.他说⾃从1949年以来他就在那家⼯⼚⼯作。（3）叙述过去发⽣的事情，在已叙述了过去发⽣的事情后，反过来追述或补述以前发⽣的动作时，常使⽤过去完成时。例如：Mr. Smith died yesterday. He had been a good friend of mine.史密斯先⽣昨天去世了。他以前是我的好友。I didn’t know a thing about the verbs, for I had not studied my lesson.我对动词⼀⽆所知，因为我没有好好学习功课。（4）在含有定语从句的主从复合句中，如果叙述的是过去的事，先发⽣的动作常⽤过去完成时。例如：I returned the book that I had borrowed.我已归还了我借的书。She found the key that she had lost.她丢失的钥匙找到了。（5）过去完成时常常⽤在told,said,knew,heard,thought等动词后的宾语从句（或间接引语）中，这时从句中的动作发⽣在主句表⽰的过去的动作之前。例如：He said that he had known her well.他说他很熟悉她。I thought I had sent the letter a week before.我认为我⼀星期前就把信寄出去了。（6）状语从句：在过去不同时间发⽣的两个动作中，发⽣在前，⽤过去完成时；发⽣在后，⽤⼀般过去时。如when,before,after,as soon as,till/until引导的例如：When I woke up, it had already stopped raining.我醒来时⾬已停了。She didn’t go to bed until she had finished her work.她直到把⼯作做完之后才睡觉。注意：如果两个动作紧接着发⽣，则常常不⽤过去完成时，特别是在包含before和after的复合句中，因为这时从句的动作和主句的动作发⽣的先后顺序已经⾮常明确，这时可以⽤⼀般过去时代替过去完成时。例如：After he arrived in England, Marx worked hard to improve his English.马克思到达英格兰之后，努⼒提⾼他的英语⽔平。（7）动词think, want, hope, mean, plan, intend等⽤过去完成时来表⽰过去未曾实现的想法，希望，打算或意图等。例如：They had wanted to help but could not get there in time.他们本来打算去帮忙，但没有及时赶到那⾥。We had hoped to be able to come and see you .我们本来希望能来看看你。（8）过去完成时还可⽤在hardly…when…, no sooner…than…, It was the first (second, etc)time (that)…等固定句型中。例如：Hardly had he begun to speak when the audience interrupted him.他刚开始演讲，听众就打断了他。No sooner had he arrived than he went away again他刚到就⼜⾛了。It was the third time that he had been out of work that year.这是他那⼀年第三次失业了。时间状语before,when,after,by+,until, once,had no sooner……than过去完成时-语法判定1. 由时间状语来判定⼀般说来，各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连⽤的时间状语有：（ 1 ）by + 过去的时间点。如：I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.（ 2 ）by the end of + 过去的时间点。如：We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.（ 3 ）before + 过去的时间点。如：They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。过去完成时表⽰“过去的过去”，是指过去某⼀动作之前已经发⽣或完成的动作，即动作有先后关系，动作在前的⽤过去完成时，在后的⽤⼀般过去时。这种⽤法常出现在：（ 1 ）宾语从句中当宾语从句的主句为⼀般过去时，且从句的动作先于主句的动作时，从句要⽤过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如：She said that she had seen the film before.（ 2 ）状语从句中在时间、条件、原因、⽅式等状语从句中，主、从句的动作发⽣有先后关系，动作在前的，要⽤过去完成时，动作在后的要⽤⼀般过去时。如：After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.注意：before, after 引导的时间状语从句中，由于before 和after 本⾝已表达了动作的先后关系，若主、从句表⽰的动作紧密相连，则主、从句都⽤⼀般过去时。如：After he closed the door, he left the classroom.（3）表⽰意向的动词，如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等，⽤过去完成时表⽰"原本…，未能…"We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.3. 根据上、下⽂来判定。I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.过去完成时-语法区别⼀、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别现在完成时表⽰的动作发⽣在过去，以现在的时间为基点，但侧重对现在产⽣的结果或造成的影响，与现在有关，其结构为“助动词have (has) + 过去分词”；过去完成时则是⼀个相对的时态，已过去时间为基点，它所表⽰的动作不仅发⽣在过去，更强调“过去的过去”，只有和过去某时或某动作相⽐较时，才⽤到它。⽐较：I have learned 1000 English words so far.到⽬前为⽌我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。I had learned 1000 English words till then.到那时为⽌我已经学会了1000 个英语单词。— I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起，让你久等了。— Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.没什么，我只等了⼏分钟。（“等”的动作从过去某⼀时间点持续到现在）⼆、过去完成时与⼀般过去时的区别虽然这两种时态都表⽰过去发⽣的动作或存在的状态，但在使⽤时应注意以下⼏点：1. 时间状语不同：过去完成时在时间上强调“过去的过去”；⽽⼀般过去时只强调过去某⼀特定的时间。⽐较：They had arrived at the station by ten arrived at the station at ten yesterday.2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时，谓语动词动作发⽣的时间先后须依据上下⽂来判断：先发⽣的⽤过去完成时，后发⽣的则⽤⼀般过去时。She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.3. 当两个或两个以上接连发⽣的动作⽤and 或but 连接时，按时间顺序，只需⽤⼀般过去时来代替过去完成时；另外，在before ，after ，as soon as 引导的从句中，由于这些连词本⾝已经表⽰出时间的先后，因此也可以⽤过去时来代替过去完成时。He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.现在完成时专项练习⼀、单项选择。1、Both his parents look sad . Maybe they ______what's happened to him .A. knewB. have knownC. must know2、He has _______ been to Shanghai , has he ?A. 3、Have you met Mr Li ______？A. justB. D. a moment ago4、The famous writer _____ one new book in the past two year .A. is written5、—Our country ______ a lot so far . —Yes . I hope it will be even ______ . changed ; d ; changed ; d ; better6、Zhao Lan ______already ______in this school for two years .A. was ; studyingB. will ; studyC. has ; studiedD. are ; studying7、We ______ Xiao Li since she was a little girl .A. knowB. had knownC. have knownD. knew8、Harry Potter is a very nice film .I______ it twice . 9、—These farmers have been to the United States . —Really? When _____ there ?A. will they goB. did they goC. do they goD. have they gone10、—______ you ___ your homework yet ? —Yes . I _____ it a moment ago . ; do ; ; done ; ; done ; have ; do ; finish11、His father ______ the Party since 1978 .A. joinedB. has joinedC. was inD. has been in12、—Do you know him well ? — Sure .We _________ friends since ten years ago .A. wereB. have beenC. have becomeD. have made13、—How long have you ____ here ?—About two months .A. beenB. goneC. comeD. arrived14、Hurry up! The play __________ for ten minutes .A. has begunB. had begunC. has been onD. began15、It _____ ten years since he left the army .A. isB. hasC. willD. was16、Miss Green isn't in the office . she_______ to the library . goneB. goD. has been17、My parents ______ Shandong for ten years .A. have been inB. have been toC. have gone toD. have been18、The students have cleaned the classroom, ______?A. so theyB. don’t theyC. have theyD. haven’t they19、______ has Mr White been a member of Greener China since he ______ to China?A. How soon, comesB. How often, gotC. How long, cameD. How far, arrived20、His uncle ______ for more than 9 years.A. has come hereB. has started to workC. has lived thereD. has left the he arrived at the bus stop, the bus _____ for 20 minutes.A. has leftB. had leftC. has been awayD. had been away22. I ______ the League for 5 years so far.A. joinedB. have joinedC. have been factory ____ since the February of 1988.A . has been open B. has opened C. was open D. and Rose ____friends since they met in 2000.A. have madeB. have beenC. madeD. have mustn't_____ until he comes back.A. be awayB. leaveC. be meeting _____ for a week now.A. has finishedB. has endedC. has been Gao ______ this school for nearly 5 years.A. has been inB. has come toC. has ______ a teacher for 4 years .A. has beenB. has becomeC. wasD. became29. I ______ home for a week.A. have returnedB. have been backC. returned30. How long _______ he ________ ?A. diedB. has, diedC. has, been dead31. He ______ at eight yesterday afternoon.A. sleptB. was sleepingC. has sleepD. had ________ the car for a week.A. boughtB. has boughtC. has had33.-----How long _____ you _____ ill ? -----Two weeks.A. did fallB. have, fellC. have, 2000, he _____ his hometown. A. has left B. has moved away C. has been away from35.I'll lend you the book , but you can only _____ it for 2 days.A. borrowB. keepC. bus ______ on the road for 2 hours so far.A. has stoppedB. stoppedC. has you _____ the jacket these days?A. wearingB. putting onC. dressingD. ________ for 2 hours.A. got upB. has got upC. has been up39. Tom is ill in hospital. He ______ a cold for several days.A. isB. catchesC. has caughtD. has had40.----- How long can I ______ the book? ------ Two weeks.A. borrowB. lendC. getD. keep⼆、句型转换。1、He has never surfed, ______?（改成反意疑问句）2、They have been here since 2000. (对划线部分提问) ___________ have ______ they been here?3、The old man _______ last year. He ______ for a year. (die) （动词填空）4、This factory opened twenty years ago.(同义句转换) This factory ______ for twenty years.5、Miss Gao left an hour ago. (同义句转换) Miss Gao ______ an hour ago.6、Her mother has been a Party member for three years .（同义句）Her mother _______ the Party three years ________ .7、The Green Family moved to France two years ago. (同义句转换)_______ two years ________ the Green family moved to France.8、The bus has arrived here. It arrived ten minutes ago. (把两个句⼦合并成⼀个句⼦)___________________________________________三、汉译英。1、吉姆已做完作业，他现在有空了。___________________________________________2、他昨天收到⼀封信。___________________________________________3、我⽗亲以前到过长城。___________________________________________4、她还没有看过那部新电影。___________________________________________5、她去过上海。___________________________________________6、他这些天上哪⼉去了？参考答案：⼀、单项选择。1、现在完成时主要强调过去发⽣的动作对现在造成的影响，或过去发⽣的动作还未结束，⼀直持续到现在或将来，重点在于对现在的影响。这种考查难度较⼤，往往⽆时间状语，需要从上下⽂分析、推理才⾏。故上两侧根据上下⽂分析、推理，正确答案是B。2、现在完成时常与already（已经），just（刚刚，正好），ever（曾经），never（从来，也不；从不），before（以前），yet（仍然）等连⽤。故2应选B。3、C4、现在完成时常与recently（近来），so far（到⽬前为⽌），in the past/“last + ⼀段时间”等时间状语连⽤。因为上述短语表⽰的是从现在起往前推算的⼀段时间，句中的动作是从过去某⼀时间或时刻开始持续到现在的。故4应选D。5、C6、现在完成时时常与“for +时间段或since +过去时间点”连⽤（含从句，从句过去时）。故6应选C。7、C8、现在完成时还与once（⼀次），twice（两次），three times（三次），several times（⼏次）等表⽰重复次数的词语连⽤。故8应选B。9、现在完成时与⼀般过去时容易混淆，就是因为它们所表⽰的动作都发⽣在过去，但⼆者⼜有区别：⼀般过去时表⽰过去某个时间发⽣的事、存在的状态或经常发⽣的动作，说话的侧重点在于陈述⼀件过去的事情，与现在没有关系；现在完成时表⽰与现在有关系的发⽣在过去的动作，它不与表⽰过去的时间状语（如yesterday , last week , a moment ago等）连⽤。故9的正确答案为B。10、B11、现在完成时中，⾮延续性动词不能与for和since引导的表⽰⼀段时间的状语连⽤，通常是⽤相应的延续性动词来代替。故11的正确答案依次为：D。12、B 13、A 14、C 15、A。16、“have/has gone to + 地点”表⽰“某⼈去了某地（还未回来）”，指主语所指的⼈不在这⼉。“have/has been in + 地点”表⽰“在某地呆了多长时间”，常与表⽰时间的状语连⽤。“have/has been to +地点”表⽰“曾经去过某地（但现在已不在那⼉）。”故16的正确答案为A。17、A 18、D 19、C 20、C⼆、句型转换。1、has he?2、How long3、died, has been dead4、has been open5、has been away6、joined；ago7、It is, since8、The bus has been here for ten minutes.三、汉译英。