2023年6月24日发(作者：)

语言学

A1.__ A__ is the study of speech sounds in language or a language with reference to their distribution and

patterning and to tacit rules governing pronunciation.

A. Phonology

C. Lexicology

B. Lexicography

D. Morphology

C2. ___C_ is defined as the scientific study of language, studying language in general.

A. Psycholinguistics

C. Linguistics

B. Neurolinguistics

D. Phonetics

B3. Which of the linguistic items listed below is best described as the smallest unit of meaning?

A. the word

C. the phoneme

B4. A prefix is an affix which appears ____.

A. after the stem

C. in the middle of the stem

C 5. Which of the following is true?

____

B. before the stem

D. below the stem

B. the morpheme

D. the clause

By any other name would smell as sweet

So Romeo would, were he not Romeo called,”(Romeo and Juliet, Act 2, Scene 2, 43~5)

To what characteristic of language dose Shakespeare refer? ___

A. Creativity

C. Duality

B. Productivity

D. Arbitrariness

A7. Language, as a system, consists of two sets of structures or two levels, which is known as ____, one of a

design features of human language.

A. Duality

C. Productivity

B. Displacement

D. Arbitrariness

D8. The different members of a phoneme, sounds which are phonetically different but do not make one word

different from another in meaning, are ____.

A. phonemes

C. sounds

B. phones

D. allophones

A. Morpheme

C. Root

B. Vocabulary

D. Lexicon

B. gradable

B1. Cold and hot are called ____ antonyms.

A. complementary

C. reversal

D. converse

C2. “Iregret that I can ’thelp you.”This is an example of __ _.

A. representatives

C. expressives

D. What is the duality of the language? ____

A. Letters and sounds

C. Symbols and meaning

B. Sounds and symbols

D. sounds and meaning

B. directives

D. commissives

A4. “Ibought some roses”___ “I bought some flowers ”.

A. entails

C. is inconsistent with

B. presupposes

D. is synonymous with

A. Bloomfield

C. Jakobson

B. Saussure

D. Firth

C6. Damage in and around the angular gyrus of the parietal lobe often causes the impairment of reading and

writing ability, which is often referred to as acquired ____.

A. diglossia

C. dyslexia

B. aphasia

D. dysgraphia

A7. ____ A Dictionary of the English Language established a uniform standard for the spelling and word use.

A. Samuel Johnson’s

C. Firth’s

B8. What is phonology? ____

B. Bishop Lowth’s

D. Samuel John’s

B. The study of the function, behavior and organization of speech sounds as linguistic items.

C. The study of the International Phonetic Alphabet.

D. The study of all possible speech sounds.

D9. The morpheme “cast”in the common word “ telecast is a”(n) ____.

A. bound morpheme

C. inflectional morpheme

D10. A phoneme is ____.

A. a set of different realization of a phone

B. a set of contrastive allophones in free variation

C. a set of phones in complementary distribution

D. a set of phonetically similar noncontrastive phones

B. bound form

D. free morpheme

A1. Firstly, to which of these language groups dose English belong? ____

A. Germanic

C. romance

B. Slavonic

D. Baltic

A. Morphology

C. Phonology

B. Semantics

D. Syntax

D3. According to Krashen, ___ refers to the gradual and subconscious development of ability in the first language

by using it naturally in daily communicative situations.

A. learning

C. performance

B. competence

D. acquisition

C4. There are different types of affixes or morphemes. The affix “ed”in the word “learned”is known as a(n) ____.

A. derivational morpheme B. free morpheme C. inflectional morpheme D.

free form

C5. ____ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language, especially those items which have clear semantic

references.

A. Phonology

C. Morphology

B. Lexicology

D. Lexicography

A6. As a type of linguistic system in L2 learning, ____ is a product of L2 training, mother tongue interference,

overgeneralization of the target language rules, and learning and communicative strategies of the learner.

A. interlanguage

C. language transfer

B. interference

D. linguistic relativity

A7. ____ means the lack of a logical connection between the form of something and its expression in sounds.

A. Arbitrariness

C. Ambiguity

B.

Abstractness

D. Fuzziness

B8. The term ___ linguistics may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies language change

over various periods of time and at various historical stages.

A. synchronic

C. comparative

B. diachronic

D. historical comparative

D9. When a speech sound changes and becomes more like another sound that follows or precedes it, it is said to

be ____.

A. nasalized

C. aspirated

C10. F. de Saussure is a (n) ____ linguist.

A. American

C. Swiss

B. British

B. voiced

D. assimilated

D. Russian

A1. N. Chomsky is a (n) ____ linguist.

A. American

C. Swiss

B. Canada

D. French

A3. A special language variety that mixes or blends languages and used by people who speak different language

for restricted purpose is ____.

A. pidigin

C. dialect

B. creole

D. blends

B4. By ____, we refer to word forms which differ from each other only by one sound, e.g.

“pin ”and “bin ”.

A. complementally distribution

C. Adjacency pair

B. minimal pair

D. code—switching

A5. When two sounds never occur in the same environment they said to be in ___.

A. complementary distribution

B. free variation

C. co-occurrence

D. minimal pair

D6. ___ century is considered to be the beginning of Modern English.

A. 18th

C. 19th

B. 17th

D. 16th

B7. Conventionally a __ __ is put in slashes.

A. allophone

B. phoneme

D. morpheme

C. phone

D8. __ __ is a principle of scientific method, based on the belief that the only things valid enough to confirm or

refute o scientific theory are interpersonally observable

or intuitions.

A. Mentalism

C. Case grammar

B. Functional grammar

D. Behaviorism

phenomena, rather than people ’s introspections

C9. According to Searle, those illocutionary acts whose point is to commit the speaker to some future course of

action are called __C.

A. expressives

C. commisives

B. directives

D. declaratives

*C 10. A __ _ is often seen as part of a word, but it can never stand by itself although it bears clear, definite

meaning.

A. morpheme

C. root

B. word

D. phoneme

D1. Linguistics is the scientific study of ___.

A. a particular language

C. human language in general

B. the English language

D. the system of a particular language

A2. __ __ is the language that a learner constructs at a given stage of SLA.

A. Interlanguage

C. Dialect

B. Ideology

D. Interference

B3. Phonological rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language are called __ _ rule.

A. Deletion

C. superasegmental

B. Sequential

D. Assimilation

B 4. “ Thereis no direct link between a linguistic form and what it refers to

”.This is the __ view concerning the

study of meaning.

A. naming theory

C. contextualist

B. conceptualist

D. behaviorist

A5. English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, nasals, etc. , in terms of _.

A. manner of articulation

C. place of articulation

B. openness of mouth

D. voicing

A6. According to Chomsky, _ __ is the ideal user’s internalized knowledge of his language.

A. competence

C. performance

A7. __ is not a suprasegmental feature.

A. Aspiration

C. Stress

B. Intonation

D. Tone

B. parole

D. langue

A8 __ is a phenomenon that L2 learners subconsciously use their L1language in their learning process.

A. Language transfer

C. Interference

B. Blending

D. Cooperative

C9. _ are affixes added to an existing form to create a new word, e.g. in-,-er.

A. inflectional morpheme

C. derivational morpheme

B10. Writing is the secondary language form based on ___.

A. sound

B. free morpheme

D. root

B. speech

D. sign

C. gesture

C1. ____ covers the study of language use in relation to context, and in particular the study of linguistic

communication.

A. Semantics

C. Pragmatics

B. Sociolinguistics

D. Linguistics

A2. Morphemes that represent “tense”,“ number,”“gender ”,“case”and so on are called ____ morphemes.

A. inflectional

C. bound

B. free

D. derivational

C3. Which of the following is not a compound word? ___

A. clearway

C. scarcity

B. rainbow

D. without

A4. The fact that ability to speak a language is transmitted from generation to generation by process of learning,

and not genetically is referred to as ____.

A. culture transmission

C. competence

B. performance

D. acquisition

C5. ____ is the language of Angles, Saxons and Jutes who invaded Britain after AD 450.

A. Old Norse

C. Old English

B. Cletic

D. Middle English

A. arresting cluster B. releasing cluster C. consonant cluster D. syllable

A8. ____ is to refer to an auxiliary language used to enable routine communication to take place between groups

of people who speak different native languages.

A9. ____ is the study of the relationship between brain and language, including research into how the structure of

the brain influences language learning.

A. Neurolinguistics

C. Applied Linguistics

B. Psyhcholingistics

D. Sociolinguistics

B10. Modern synchronic linguistics traditionally dates from the ____ of Swiss scholar Ferdinand de Saussure.

A. Syntactic structure B. Cours de Linguitique General C. De Lingua Latina D.

Language and Mind

A1. According to the strong version of the ____ hypothesis, language determines speakers ’perceptions and

patterns their way of life.

A. Sapir Whorf

C. Grim

D2. Which of the following is true? ____

A. In the history of any language the writing system always came into being before the spoken form.

B. A compound is the combination of only two words.

C. The division of English into old English, Middle English, and Modern English is nonconventional and not

arbitrary.

D. If a child is deprived of linguistic environment, he or she is unlikely to learn a language successfully later

on.

B. input

D. Innateness

A. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.

B. Language is human specific

C. Language is relatively stable and systematic while parole is subject to personal and situational constraints

first language was invented by Adam, the first man.

B 4. A group of people who do in fact have the opportunity to interact with each other and who share not just

a single language with its related varieties but also attitudes to- ward linguistic norms are defined as ____.

A. speech variety

C. register

C5. “Your money or your life? ”is an example of ___.

A. representative

C. directives

B. speech community

D. sociolect

B. expressive

D.

commissives

D6. Which of the following distinctive features can be used to separate [p] and [b]? __

A. stop

C. bilabial

B. fricatives

D. voiced

D7. ____ studies the total stock of morphemes of a language particularly those items which have clear semantic

references.

A. Lexicography

C. Lexicology

D.

B. Phonology

Morphology

C8. ____ theorized that acquisition of language is an innate process determined by biological factors which limit

the important period for acquisition of a language from roughly two years of age to puberty.

A. Input hypothesis B. Interaction hypothesis C. Critical period hypothesis D.

Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis

C9. An example of ___ would be the change in meaning undergone by the OE word, docga, modern day dog. In

OE docga referred to a particular breed of dog, while in modern usage it refers to the class of dogs as a whole.

A. semantic degradations

C. semantic extensions

B. semantic reductions

D. semantic elevation

C10. According to Chomsky, the child is born with a built –in set of rules, which have the specific function of

enabling her to construct the grammar of her mother tongue. This view is to be seen as ____.

A. Input hypothesis

C. Language acquisition device

B. X-theory

D. Universal grammar

D1. “Old”and “Young”are a pair of ____ opposites.

A. complementary

C. converse

B. relational

D. gradable

th

century, is put forward

B2. Systemic-Functional Grammar, one of the most influential linguistic theories in the 20

by ____.

A. Chomsky

C. Firth

B. Halliday

D. Malinowski

D3. Vowels that are produced between the positions for a front and back vowel are called ____ vowel.

A. back

C. unrounded

B. front

D.

central

D4. From Halliday’s viewpoint, language is a form of realization of ____ rather than a form of realization

of______.

A. knowing, doing

C. doing, thinking

B. thinking, knowing

D. doing, knowing

C5. ___ believes that language learning is simply a matter of imitation and habit formation.

A. The innatist

C. The behaviorist

B. The interactionist

D.

The mentalist

C6.____studies the physical properties of speech sound, as transmitted between mouth and ear.

A. Articulatory phonetics

C Acoustic phonetics

B7. Creativity refers to ____.

A. the unconscious knowledge that language users have in their minds

B. the capacity of language users to produce and understand an indefinitely large number of sentences

C. a property claimed to be characteristic of all languages

D. animals’ capacity to learn more than one human language

A8. Fossilization is a process _ _.

A. in which incorrect linguistic features became a permanent part of a le arner ’ s competence

B. in which incorrect as well as correct linguistic features beca me a permanent part of a learner

but the correct items gradually delete the incorrect items

C. which can happen as a result of teachers’ disapproval of an incorrect item

D.A and C are correct

B9. “Competence”refers to ____.

A. knowledge of meaning of words and sentences

B. a speaker

’ s unconscious knowledge about his/her language

’ s unconscious knowledgeuthis/herablanguage

B. Physiological phonetics

D. Auditory phonetics

’ s competence,

C. the actual use of a speaker

D. the laws that pertain to all languages throughout the world

A10. ___ refers to unintentionally deviation from the adult grammar of a native speaker.

A. An error

B. A mistake

C. A slip of the tongue

D. Fossilization

C1. ____ is a multiword construction that is a semantic unit whose meaning cannot

be deduced from

the

meanings of its constituents.

A. semantic component

B. collocation

C. idiom

D. reference

B2. The distinction between langue and parole is similar to that between ____.

A. prescriptive and descriptive

B. competence and performance C. speech and writing

D. synchronic and diachronic

A3. Nouns, verbs, and adjectives can be classified as ____.

A. open class words

B. grammatical words

C. closed class words

D. function words

B4. What is the meaning relationship between the two words

“ furniture/bed

”?

A. polysemy

B. hyponymy

C. homonymy

D. antonymy

B5. Which description of componential analysis for the w ord

“ woman” is right?____

A. +human,-adult, -male

B. +human,

+ adult, -male

C. +human, + adult, +male

D. +human, -adult, +male

B6. The type of language which is selected as appropriate to the type of situation is a ____.

A. regional dialect

B. register

C. field

D. repertoire

D7. In structural grammar, distributional analysis is used to define ____, which are taken as the basic building

blocks.

A. morphemes

B. words

C. syllable

D. phonemes

D8. “Speech Act Theory”was proposed by ____ in 1962.

A. Saussure

B. Chomsky

C. Jane Austin

D. John Austin

D9. The major new development in linguistics in 20th century was ____ grammar.

A. speculative

B. traditional

C. structural

D. transformational-generative

A10. ____ refers to the tendency of many learners to stop developing their inter-language grammar in the

direction of the target language.

A. Fossilization

B. Error analysis

C. Overgeneralization

D. Interference

D1. The most recognizable difference between American English and British English are in ____ and vocabulary.

A. structure

B. grammar

C. usage

D. pronunciation

C2. The study of how we do things with utterance is the study of ____, the nature of which is determined by

context.

A. context

B. pragmatics

C. speech act

D. semantics

A3. A(n) ___ is a mild, indirect or less offensive word or expression that replaces a taboo word or serves to avoid

more direct wording that might be harsh, unple asantly direct, or offensive, e.g.

“ passdie ”away. ” for

A. euphemisms

B. delete

C. coinage

D. taboo

B4. In many societies of the world, we find a large number of people who speak more than one language. As a

characteristic of societies, ____ inevitably results from the coming into contact of people with different cultures

and different languages.

A. transfer

B. bilingualism

C. diglossia

D. inter-language

D5. Pragmatics differs from traditional semantics in that it studies meaning not in isolation, but in ____.

C6.____ is a design feature of human language that enables speakers to talk about a wide range of things, free

from barriers caused by separation in time and space.

A. cultural transmission

B. duality

C. displacement

D. productivity

B7. Traditional grammarians begin with ____ definition of the sentence and components.

A. structural

B. notional

C. descriptive

D. prescriptive

A8. ____ is defined as any regionally or socially definable human group identified by shared linguistic system.

A. Speech community

B. A race

C. A society

D. A country

“

A9. ___ invasions established three major groups in England: Saxons, Angles and Jutes.

A. Germanic

B. Norman

C. French

D. Roman

D10. Japanese is the only major language that uses ___ writing system.

A. a word-writing

B. a logographic

C. an alphabetic

D. a syllabic

C1. ____ is one whose distribution is functionally equivalent to that of one or more of its constituents, i.e. a word

or group of words, which serves as a definable

“ center ” or “ head”.

A. Exocentric construction

B. Coordination

C. Endocentric construction

D. Collocation

A2. Of the following linguists, ____ should not be grouped into American school.

A. Firth

B. Sapir

C. Bloomfield

D. Boas

D3. When people learn a foreign language for external goals such as passing exams, financial rewards

furthering a career, we say they learn a foreign language with a (n) ___.

A. intrinsic motivation

B. resultative motivation

C. integrative motivation

D. instrumental motivation

B4. What is the sense relation in the sen tence My“ unmarried sister is married to a bachelor. ____

”

A. Presuppose

B. Contradiction

C. Entailment

D. Inconsistent

B5. ---TRUTH.

---Do not say what you believe to be false.

---Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.

Those can be defined as the features of ____ of Gricean maxims.

A. maxim of quantity

B. maxim of quality

C. maxim of relation

D. maxim of manner

C6. ____ caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cords refers to the use of pitch in language to

distinguish words.

A. Intonation

B. Stress

C. Tone

D. Aspiration

C7. ____ is a socially prestigious dialect that is supported by institutions.

A. Ethnic dialect

B. Ideolect

C. Standard dialect

D. Creole

D8. Which of the following country are those loanwords

“garage, champion, beauty, parliament ”borrowed from____.

A. Latin

B. Dutch

C. German

D.

French

B9. In the sentence “The angry man went furiously through the rooms. ”The first division into immediate

constitute should be between ____.

A. angry and man

B. man and went

C. furiously and through

D. The and angry

C10. ____ refers to the effect of the utterance.

A. Illocutionary act

B. Locutionary act

C. Perlocutionary act

D. Speech act

or

A1. The consonant sound /p/ is described as ___.

A. voiceless bilabial stop B. voiceless alveolar stop C. voiced bilabial stop D.

voiced alveolar stop

C2. A new word created by cutting the final part or cutting the initial part is referred to as ____.

A. acronym

C. clipping

B. borrowing

D.

blending

C3. According to the author our brain is divided into two hemispheres. Language functions are mainly located in

____.

A. right hemispheres

C. left hemispheres

B. front hemispheres

D.

back hemispheres

C4. “A language pattern which occurs in all known language ”is called ____.

A. a phonemic representation

C. a language universal

B. a phonetic representation

D. language change

C5. In the sentence-------“The child found the puppy ”,____ is not a constituent.

A. The child

C. found the

B. found the puppy

D. the puppy

A6. A ____ is a word or phrase which people use in place of terms which they consider to be more disagreeable

or offensive to themselves and /or to their audience.

A. Euphemism

C. denotation

B. metaphor

D.

jargon

C7. ____ is the learner’sprocess of adapting to the culture and value system of the target language community.

A. Acquisition

C. Acculturation

B. Assimilation

D. Articulation

C8.

What is the relationship between the two words “flower / rose ”? ____

A. Homonymy

C. hyponymy

B. Antonymy

D. Polysemy

D9.

The function of the sentence

“How are you?”____

A. directive

C. performative

B. informative

D. phatic

C10. Homonyms ____.

A. are words that share the same phonetic features and the same semantic features

B. are words that share the same semantic features but have different sets of phonetic features

C. are words that share the same phonetic features but have different sets of semantic features

D. are two words that all but one of semantic features in common

B1.

The distinction between language and parole is proposed by ____.

A. Halliday

C. Chomsky

B. Saussure

D. Firth

C2. In the following dialogue, the maxim of ____ is not observed.

A. What time is it?

B. It’s terribly cold in here.

A. quality

B. quantity

C. relevance

D. manner

B3.

____ are linguistic units larger than sentences.

A. Moves

B. Discourses

C. Topics

D. Tendencies

__

A4. Which of the following two-term sets shows the feature of complementarity?

A. single/married

C. hot / cold

B. big/small

D. old /young

A5. Usually ____ refers to the use of linguistic research in language teaching, but linguistics is used in other areas,

as well.

A. applied linguistics

C. contextual linguistics

B. theoretical linguistics

D. general linguistics

D6. Two words that are differentiated by one phoneme, such as

“cat”and “rat”, are known as a ____.

A. distinctive feature

C. code

B. argument

D. minimal pair

D7. ____ is often regarded as the founder of the study of sociolinguistics.

A. Saussure

C. Chomsky

B. Halliday

D. Labov

C8. ____ is the academic discipline concerned with the study of the processes by which people learn languages in

addition to their native tongue.

A. IPA

C. SLA

B. IC Analysis

D. TG

C9. The ____ is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content

and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents.

A. bound morpheme

C. root

B. affix

D. prefix

A10. In terms of S earle ’ s classification system of illocutionary acts, the sentence Ten bucks say that

will win the game.

The“ Yankee ” used to bet belongs to.

A. representative

B. commissive

C. directive

D. declaration

B1. Three factors involved in describing vowels are ____.

A. place of articulation / part of the tongue raised / voicing

B. tongue height / part of the tongue raised / lip rounding

C. articulators / extreme vowel positions / tongue position

D. teeth position / alveolar ridge position / voicing

C2. In ____ the structure of words is studied.

A. phonetics

B. phonology

C. morphology

D. syntax

D3. Which one is not a source of error? ____

A the native language

C. learner’s style of thinking

C4. “Love”and “hate ”are ____.

A. binary antonyms

C. gradable antonyms

B. complementary pairs

D. relational opposites

B. the target language

D. none

A5. ___ refers to sentences not only describe or report information, but also help speakers accomplish things.

A. Speech act

B. Discourse

C. Context

“ hotdog ” and

D. aspiration

D. Communication

“.hot dog ” is

B6. The feature that distinguishes

A. tone

B. stress

C. intonation

A7. ____ deals with how language is acquired, understood and produced.

A. Psycholinguistics

C. Neurolinguistcs

B. Sociolinguistics

D. Anthropological linguistics

D8. The study of language at some point of time is generally termed as ____ linguistics.

A. applied

B. diachronic

C. comparative

D. synchronic

A9. Of the following linguists, ____ should be grouped into London school.

A. Firth

B. Bloomfield

C. Boas

D. Trubetzkoy

grammatical rules, used as a

C10. ____ refers to a marginal language of few lexical items and straightforward

medium of communication.

A. Lingua franca

B. Creole

C. Pidgin

D. Standard language

D1. The basic essentials of the first language are acquired in the short period from about age two to puberty,

which is called the ____ period for the first language acquisition.

A. initial

B. one-word stage

C. puberty

D. critical

A2. The study of the linguistic meaning of words, phrases, and sentences is called ____.

A. semantics

B. pragmatics

C. syntax

D. language change

D3. In making conversation, the general principle that all participants are expected to observe is called the ____

principle proposed by J. Grice.

A. comprehensive

B. generative

C. discourse

D. cooperative

C4. ___ is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form.

A. reference

B. lexical meaning

C. sense

D. word

B5. “Autumn ”and “fall ”are used respectively in Britain and America, but refer to the same thing. The words are

___ synonyms.

A. collocational

B. dialectal

C. complete

D. stylistic

level of structural

D6. ____ is the abstract syntactic representation of a sentence, namely, the underlying

organization which specifies all the factors governing the way the sentence should be interpreted.

A. surface structure

C. syntactic component

B. syntactic ambiguity

D. deep structure

’ s writing was generall.y termed

C7. London speech that was illustrated by Shakespeare

A. Old English

C. Early Modern English

A8. If we begin interpretation

B. Middle English

D. Late Modern

of a sentence spontaneously and automatically on the basis of whatever

information is available to us, that is called ____.

A. top-down processing

C. inductive analysis

B. bottom-up processing

D. comparative analysis

B9. ____ is a personal dialect of an individual speaker that combines elements regarding regional, social, gender,

and age variations.

A. Dialect

B. Idiolect

C. Ethnic dialect

D. Linguistic repertoire

A10. Of the following words, ____ is an initialism.

A. UN

B. NATO

C. BASIC

D. UNESCO