2023年6月24日发(作者：)

语言学判断

 /p/ and /b/ in [pit] and [bit] are in contrastive distribution.(T)

 “site” and “sight”/ “meat” and “meet”/ “sow” and “sew” are in relationship of homography (错)

 A compound can be written as one word with or without a hyphen between its components or as two

separate words. It is simply a matter of convention(T)

 A compound is the combination of only two words(F)

 A general difference between phonetics and phonology is that phonetics is focused on the production of

speech sounds while phonology is more concerned with how speech sounds distinguish meaning.(T)

 A grammatically well-formed sentence is always semantically well-formed (错)

 A phone is a phonetic segment while a phoneme is a phonological unit.(T)

 All the English nasal consonants are voiced.(T)

 Although the /l/ sound is represented by the same symbol in the two combinations of [li:f] and [fi:l], it is

actually pronounced differently.(T)

 An important difference between presupposition and entailment is that presupposition, unlike entailment, is

not vulnerable to negation. That is to say, if a sentence is negated, the original presupposition is still true

(对)

 An important difference between traditional grammarians and modern linguists in their study of language is

that the former tended to over-emphasize the written form of language and encourage people to imitate the

“best authors “for language usage.(T)

 Chinese is often cited as examples of typical tone language because tone plays an important role in

distinguishing meaning.(T)

 Clear[l] and dark [i] form the relation of complementary distribution for they occur in the same position in

sound combinations and also distinguish meaning.(F)

 Dialectal synonyms can often be found in different regional dialects such as British English and American

English, but cannot be found within the variety itself, for example, within British English or American

English (错)

 English is rich in synonyms for historical reasons but complete synonyms, i.e. synonyms that are mutually

substitutable under all circumstances, are rare (对)

 Human capacity for language has a genetic basis, i.e. we are all born with the ability to acquire language

and the details of a language system are genetically transmitted.(F)

 If a Chinese speaker pronounces the /l/ sound in /fi:l/ not as a dark[i], but as a clear[l], he will be

misunderstood by a native speaker as saying something else.(F)

 In English, if a word begins with a [l] or a [r], the next must be a vowel(T)

 In English, long vowels are also tense vowels because when we pronounce a long vowel such as /i:/, the

larynx is in a state of tension.(T)

 In English, nouns, verbs, adj, adv and conj make up the largest part of the vocabulary. They are open

classes.(F)

 In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever while in

the production of a consonant it is obstructed in one way or another.(T)

 Language can be studied both synchronically and diachronically. The two approaches are equally favored

by modern linguists.(F)

 Language is entirely arbitrary(F)

 Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations while

linguistic forms with the same reference always have the same sense (错)

 Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.(F)

 Modern linguistics regards the written language as primary, not the spoken (F)

 Only words of the same parts of speech can be combined to form compounds.(F)

 Phonological rules are not language specific, i.e. once proved to be valid, they can be applied to all

languages(F)

 Semantics can be simply defined as the study of meaning (对)  Speech and writing are the two major media of language. All languages in the world today can be both

spoken and written.(F)

 Stress is a suprasegmental feature that is exclusively used with words , not with sentences.(F)

 Such endings as –ed and –ing are called derivational morphemes because new grammatical forms are

derived by adding them to existing words.(F)

 The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a

compound is the sum total of the meanings of its components(F)

 The conceptualist view of meaning holds that there is no direct link between a symbol and reference, i.e.,

between language and thought (错)

 The cord ”carelessness” is a three-morpheme word formed by a free morpheme “care”+ affix “-less”

+affix”-ness”. (T)

 The distinction between langue and parole was proposed by the Swiss linguist F. de Saussure. Langue

refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community while parole

refers to the concrete use of conventions and rules, thus varying from person to person.(T)

 The English stops include[p][b][t][d][k][g][f][v] (F)

 The important criteria to distinguish polysemy from homonymy are the etymology of the words in question

and the closedness of the relationship between the meanings in question (对)

 The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meaning of its parts(T)

 The meaning of a compound is often idiomatic, not always being the sum total of the meaning of its

components(T)

 The orthographic representation of speech sounds with diacritics is normally not used in dictionaries and

teaching textbooks.(T)

 The part of speech of the compound is always determined by the part of speech of the second element,

without exception(F)

 The three voiceless stops /p/,/t/,/k/ are aspirated when preceded by /s/ and followed by a vowel.(F)

 The writing system of a language is always a later invention used to record speech; thus there are still many

languages in today`s world that can only be spoken, but not written.(T)

 There are different kinds of antonyms because words opposite in meaning do not contrast each other only

on a single dimension (对)

 Usually in the two-syllable words, the noun has the stress on the first syllable and the corresponding verb

has the stress on the second syllable.(T)

 Voicing is a feature of all consonants and some vowels.(F)

 With no exception all the back vowels in English are rounded.(F)

 With no exception all the front vowels in English are unrounded.(T)

 With their respective distinction between langue and parole, and competence and performance, both

Saussure and Chomsky present the view that only the abstract structure of language can be studied

systematically, but not its use.(T)