2024年3月16日发(作者：)

第一章 介绍

Applied linguistics运用语言学：findings in linguistic studies can often be

applied to the solution of such practical problems as the recovery of speech ability.

The study of such applications is generally known as applied linguistics.

Descriptive描述性的：if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the

language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.

Prescriptive规定性的：if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for

“correct and standard” behavior in using language, i. e. to tell people what they

should say and what the should not say, it is said to be prescriptive.

Synchronic共时的：the description of a language at some point of time in

history is a synchronic study.

synchronic study共时研究: The study of a language at some point in time. e.g.

A study of the features of the English used in Shakespeare’s time is a synchronic

study.

Diachronic 历时的：the description of a language as it changes through time is

a diachronic study.

Diachronic study历时研究: The study of a language as it changes through

time. A diachronic study of language is a historical study, which studies the

historical development of language over a period of time. e.g. a study of the

changes English has undergone since Shakespeare’s time is a diachronic study.

Langue语言：refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members

of a speech community. Langue is abstract.

Parole言语：refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Parole is concrete.

Competence：(N. Chomsky) defines as the ideal user’s knowledge of the

rules of his language.

Performance：defines as the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic

communication.

Design features?

Design features refer to the defining properties of human language that

distinguish it from any animal system of communication. 设计特点是指界定性质的

人类区别于其他动物的交际系统。

特点：

(1) arbitrariness. This means that there is no logical connection between

meanings and sounds. For example: the fact that different sounds are used to refer

to the same object in different languages.

(2) productivity生成性: Language is productive or creative in that it makes