2023年7月17日发(作者：)

Unit 2

England before the industrial Revolution

工业革命前的英国状况

The country was a place（乡村） where men

worked from dawn to dark, and the labourer

lived not in the sun, but in poverty and darkness.

在乡村，人们从早到晚都在不停的干活，这些在田野间劳作的人们，并非沐浴在阳光之下，而是生活在贫困和黑暗之中。

The country a place : 是表语 ， 表达主语的性质，功能，特点

Work : avoid ambiguity from dawn to dark :aliiteration 从早到晚

the labourer : 在田间劳作的人们 lived in the sun : 沐浴在阳光下

but in poverty and darkness. 穷困潦倒，暗无天日

What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial, like the mill, which

There were what aids to lighten labour 整个句子主语（系表结构）

was already ancient in Chaucer’s time.

能够减轻人体力劳动力的机器早就有了 。例如：磨坊，早在乔叟的年代就不是什么新鲜的事了(乔叟 13世纪中后期)。Definition 下定义法

What aids: n. 什么帮助 lighten labour ---lessen 减轻劳动

immemorial

：不知道从哪个年代都有了 The mill：磨坊

was already ancient in + 时间time ：在某个时代早就不是什么新鲜事了

The industrial revolution began with such machines; the millrights were the engineers of the

coming age.

这些机器都标志着工业革命的开始；这些最早搭建磨坊的工匠们，就成为工业革命时代的缔造者。

With : 以什么作为开始的标志 millright s: 修磨坊的人 the engineer :缔造者 开创者

The coming age : 即将到来的新时代 （工业革命）

Jmaes brindley of Staffordshire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels,

主语 谓语

at the age of seventeen, having been born poor in a village.

(现在分词完成式突出动作的先后顺序）伴随状语

Jmaes brindley詹姆斯·布林德雷生于斯塔夫郡，一个贫困的农村家庭。在1733年，也就是他十七岁那一年，从改良磨坊里的车轮白手起家，开创事业。

Jmaes brindley

of

Staffordshire =in a village

Be born poor 生于一个贫穷的家庭。self-made career：自主创业，白手起家

by working at mill wheels ： 改良（根据下文）磨坊的车轮

1 Brindley’s improvements were practical: to sharpen and step up the performance of the water

（因为有了practical才会有sharpen and set up） 前后因果关系和目的的关系 ,名词决定动词意思

wheel as a machine. （修饰的performances ）

因为实用性的加强，水车的机械效能大大加强

Improvement = working at 改良(pun双关语) 推动了工业革命的发展 practical :使用的

To : 解释，说明 那就是 water wheel = mill wheel 车轮 the performance of the water wheel

借喻 metonymy . 车轮的性能 sharpen and step up：同义词连用加强语气。大大加强，大大提高 Reiteration 重复

It was the first multi-purpose machine for the new industries.

第一台多功能的机械就在新工业体系中诞生了

Brindley worked, for example, to improve the grinding of flints, which were used in the rising

pottery industry. 非限制性定于从句在翻译中一定要另起一句

Brindley的改良过程可见一斑，他长期致力于燧石碾磨过程的改良。燧石用于新型的制陶业当中。

Work to do sth =try to do sth =be dedicated to doing sth

Grind : 打磨 grinding 碾磨过程 flints 燧石 rising pottery industry.新型的制陶业 行业领域

Yet there was a bigger movement in the air by 1750.

然而到了1750年为止，一场比改良运动更为声势浩大的运动在酝酿之中。

in the air ： 酝酿

water had become the engineer’s element, and men like brindley were possessed by it.

1.工程师们纷纷开始用水做文章，像 brindley这样的人对水都着了迷。

2.水成了工程师们大显身手的对象

the engineer’s element,：某物是某人的囊中之物 were possessed by:be fascinated by 着迷

Water was gushing and fanning out all over the countryside .

1.水奔腾在英国的乡村各地 。

2.水在农村到处涌流漫溢。

Gushing 湍流 涌流 fanning ou t 漫溢

It was （not simply） a source of power, it was a new wave of movement. James Brindley as a

不译，强调后者

pioneer in the art of building canals or, as it was then called, ‘navigation’.

（翻译时注意排比）水是一种能源， 它更为这场新的运动推波助澜， James Brindley 是开凿运河的先锋者，（在开凿运河中起到了领头羊的作用），当时人们开凿运河起导航的作用。

Not only··· but also···=Not simply ···but also···=Not merely ···but also···不仅···而且··· =Not just··· but also

James Brindley ：全名出现表示现在开始要对人进行赞扬。

a source of power ：能源 a new wave of movement.： 为一场新的运动推波助澜

Pioneer in：在哪方面起到了领头羊的作用 the art of building canals：赞扬的方式但不译出来：开凿运河 navigation’ ： 运河在当时被称为导航的作用

2 Brindley had begun on his own account, out of interest, to survey the waterways that he traveled

1 2 3 4

as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.

在此之前，Brindley 曾经自发的，勘探过河道，这一切皆兴趣使然。在为自己的建磨坊和修矿山的建筑工程四处奔走之时曾偶尔涉足到这些河道。

on one’s own account 出于自愿 ，自发的 out of interest 出于兴趣

the waterways :excavate 勘探 勘察 对河道进行勘探

ays= navigation 漕运 通泊 he traveled 涉足过···

about : pun 着手做某事 四处奔走 engineering projects 建筑工程 工程项目

The Duke of Bridgewater then got him to build a canal to carry coal from the Ducke’s pits at

Worsley to the rising town of Manchester……

布里奇瓦特公爵于是就责成Brindley 修建一条运河，以便把从公爵在乌斯利产的煤运到新兴城市曼彻斯特

The Duke of Bridgewater 布里奇瓦特公爵 then ：于是 接下来

got him to： 让某人做什么， 责成 carry ： Transport : 运输 carriage : 火车的车厢

Ducke’s pits 公爵的矿井 town =Manchester 同位语关系 the rising town 新兴城市

Send coal to Newcastle 多此一举

Brindley went on to connect Marchester with Liverpool in an even bolder manner, and in all

laid out almost four hundred miles of canals in a network all over England.

总共修建了大约四百公里的运河网遍布整个英国。

Brindley还更为大胆创新还将运河曼彻斯特和利物浦（这两座工业城市）用运河连在一起。另外，Brindley 还修建了总长度约为400英里的运河网络，使其遍布英国各地。

went on to :（ 如何巧妙的翻译另外的事） 还 in an even bolder manner 更为大胆的

In all : totally 总共 （最好和后面的almost for hundred 连用 ）

laid out ：lay：bulid 修建

Lie lay lain

Lay laid laid

in a network ： 运河网 all over England. ：through 遍布整个英国

Two things are outstanding in the creation of the English system of canals, and they characterize

all the industrial revolution.

在开凿运河的过程中有两点不可不提，而这两点就成为整个工业革命的特点

Outstanding ：Worthy of mention : 不可不提 Two things are outstanding 有两点不可不提

they characterize： A（they） 是B（all the industrial revolution）的特点

system of canals 运河网 all the industrial revolution. : all the +N.

in the creation of : bulid =lay out= creation 在开凿运河的过程中

One is that the men who made the revolution were practical men.

工业革命的发起者皆为实干家

Make the revolution : (非正规表达) Launch the revolution : 工业革命的发起者

3 practical men. 实干家

Like Brindley, they often had little education, and in fact school education as it then was could

only dull an inventive mind.

就拿Brindley举例来说吧，这些实干家门虽然文化程度不高，事实上正规学校教育只能扼杀人的创造力。当时情况确实如此。

Like Brindley, 就拿Brindley举例来说吧，这些实干家门

had little education ：文化程度不高 dull one’s mind 束缚人的大脑 ，束缚人的创造力

school education 正规教育 could only : only could as it then was ：当时情况确实如此

The grammar schools legally could only teach the classical subjects for which they had been

founded.

按照规定，文法学校只能去教陈词滥调的课程（类似于中国的八股文），而这些学校的办学宗旨历来如此。

The grammar schools ：文法学校 重点中学second school legally : 按照规定

Subject : 中小学的课程 course : 大学的课程 classical subject 古典课程（Ironical ））老套的课程 --类似于中国的八股文 for which ：明确的目的状语 ，就是为了

Be founded for : 办学宗旨

The universities also (there were only two, at Oxford and Cambridge) took little interest in

modern or scientific studies; and they were closed to those who did not conform to the Church

of England. （按指工业革命的好处）

不仅中学如此，大学也是如此，当时只有两所大学（一所在牛津，一所在剑桥）他们对现代学科和科研丝毫不怎么感兴趣。凡是不信奉英国国家的人，皆与这两所名校无缘。

The university Also :贬义所在： 不仅中学如此，大学也是如此：对现代学科和科研不怎么感兴趣 took little interest 不怎么感兴趣 modern or scientific studies ：Disciplines 现代学科

科研 were closed to 拒绝 they : two university 两所大学 conform to the Church of

England：不信仰国教

The other outstanding feature is that the new inventions were for everyday use.

另外一个特点就是：工业革命期间的发明要为日常生活服务。

new inventions ： 新发明 be for ···use : 为什么而服务

The canals were arteries of communication: they were not made to carry pleasure boats, but

barges.

运河成为交通动脉：运河的开槽并不是为了游艇 ，而是为了驳船。

arteries of communication ：交通的动脉 make : 开凿 pleasure boats ：游艇 第一个名词是第一个名词的定于表明第二个名词的性质，功能和用途。barges. ：驳船 （开船）vt. 用船运输

4 And the barges were not made to carry luxuries, but pots and pans and bales of cloth, boxes of

ribbon, and all the common things that people buy by the pennyworth.

驳船的开发也不是为了运送奢侈品，而是运送锅碗瓢盆 衣食用度，老百姓花几个便士就能买到的东西

were not made to ： antitheses 顶真（前一句的结尾，成为下一句的开头）

all the common thing :---- concrete 上下译关系的替代pots and pans and bales of cloth, boxes of

ribbon,：——abstract 锅碗瓢盆 衣食用度 pennyworth 只值几个便士

These things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now, away

from London; it was a country-wide trade.

这些日用品在当时皆在农村加工——远离伦敦市区的农村逐渐演变为今天城市的雏形。

Manufactured：加工 were growing into towns now, :过程 发展为 演变为今天的城市

country-wide trade.：全国范围内的贸易

淘金热 The Gold Rush (1849)

America Civil War 美国南美战争

交通运输（统称)shipping

宅地法 Homestead Act

圈地 Stake claims

永久居民 Permanent settlements

永久居民：Permanent resident

The Industrial Revolution

一、解说

1、The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760.

工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。

2、It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American

Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.

It is not alone = it is not the only one 因此译成“它不是唯一的一次革命”更好。

tri-= three

of which 引导一个非限制性定语从句：the other two were the American Revolution that started

in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.这个非限制性定语从句本身又包含两个限制性定语从句：that started in 1775和that started in 1789分别修饰the American Revolution

和the French Revolution，英汉翻译时，一般来说，非限制性定语从句与中心词分句翻译，限制性定语从句，特别是不长的，翻译时放在中心词之前。因此，句子可以译成：

它不是唯一的一次革命，而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。

3、It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political

revolutions. But the fact is that they were all social revolutions. The Industrial Revolution is

simply the English way of making those social changes, I think of it as the English Revolution.

packet: 包裹，这里是隐喻

5 译文：把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起（相提并论），或许有点奇怪。但是，事实上，它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。

4、What makes it especially English?

在此，English= of / belong to England ; especially = particularly

译文：是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢？

5、The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the

blacksmith.这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人：磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。

6、What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside.

扎根于农村，正是这场革命的英国特色。

这是一句强调句式的句子。等于The fact that the Industrial Revolution is rooted in the

countryside makes it particularly English.

类例：

What worried him was that he had never had such experiences before.

7、During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the

Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade

of merchant adventurers.

在18世纪上半叶，在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时，英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。

an Indian summer不能直接译成“印地安夏季”。翻译过程中，不仅要根据上下文理解理解语言现象、理解逻辑关系，还要理解原文所涉及的事物，这里an Indian summer:的意思是a

pleasant or successful time nearly at the end of a particular period, such as the end of someone's

life，因此译成“最后的极盛时期”才符合原文意义。类例：John can be relied on. He eats no fish

and plays the game. 约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。这里eat no fish 指“忠实”，Play the

game= play fair（规规矩矩地比赛），转义为“公平对待”、“举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。

8、The summer faded. 繁荣消失。

9、The organisation of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough.

以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。

这里使用了增词法。Organization是由动词派生出来的抽象名词，在译成汉语时，在其后增加适当的名词，可以更清楚地表达抽象意义，并使译文更符合汉语习惯。

类例：When you have made all the preparations, please inform me in time.

一切准备工作就绪后，请及时告之。

10、Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running

industry changed.

在两代人的时间内，大约从1760年到1820年，传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。

11、Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes. By 1820, it was

standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.

在1760年以前，通常是把工作交给村民，让他们在家里干。到了1820年，则通常是把工人带进工厂，让他们在监督之下干活。

（规定是让村民把活带回家做/ 则规定工厂招工入厂，监督他们干活）

6