英汉对比翻译

英汉对比翻译


2023年11月25日发(作者:诺基亚n9参数配置)

第一讲 汉语语法有关特点

汉语词汇上的特点:

一, 在古代汉语里,单音节词占优势;在现代汉语里,双音节词占优势。在双音节词中,

从构词上来看,合成词占优势。合成词构成主要有三种:

1. 重叠:词根的重叠,如“爸爸,星星,刚刚,试试,轻轻,慢慢”

2. 派生:在词缀前后加词缀派生,如“老虎,老弟,桌子,椅子,舌头,石头,馒头”

3. 复合:词根与词根组合,如“学习,白糖,深造,合理,扶手,扩大,地震,冬至,车

辆,借用”

二, 有丰富的成语,大多是四音节的。

三, 汉语有量词和语气词。

三本书:three books; 三只狗: three dogs

一支粉笔:a piece of chalk; 一杯茶: a cup of tea

汉语里有系统的语气词,如“啊,吧,呢,呗,吗,嘛,了”等,这些词通常在句末表示一

定的语气。用不用语气词,句子的意思就不一样。

他不愿意啊!

他不愿意吗?

他不愿意吧?

他不愿意呢?

他不愿意呗。

他不愿意了。

英语里没有语气词,英语的语气靠语调表示。

语法上的特点:

一,缺乏形态变化和形态标志。这主要表现在:

1 词类无形态标志。在汉语里,我们不能从形态上看出哪个是名词,哪个是动词,哪个

是形容词。

2 名词,动词,形容词进入句子无形态变化。汉语里的动词可以做谓语、带宾语、带补

语、作主语、作宾语、作定语,也可以受定语修饰,在形式上完全一样。以动词“研

究”为例:

他研究(作谓语)

研究语法(带宾语)

研究清楚(带补语)

打算研究(作宾语)

语法研究(名词作定语)

研究课题(作定语)

在汉语句子中,有时只有一连串的名词,而没有一个动词。

“今天下午全校大会”,可分别理解为:

今天下午有全校大会。

今天下午是全校大会。

今天下午开全校大会。

今天下午举行全校大会。

在英语中,词类和句法成分是一一对应的关系,而汉语中,词类和句法成分是一对多的

对应关系。

在汉语里,相同的词类序列,可以代表不同的语法构造:

动词+名词

广播新闻(动宾关系)广播事业(修饰关系)

动词+动词

研究讨论(并列关系)打算回家(动宾关系)挖掘出来(动补关系)研究结束(主谓关

系)养殖研究(定语—中心语修饰语关系)

二,同一语法关系可以隐含较大的语义容量和复杂的语义关系而无形态变化。以动宾关系

为例:

吃苹果(动作—受事)

(这锅饭可以)吃五个人(动作—施事)

吃大碗(动作—工具)

吃食堂(动作—方式)

吃利息(动作—凭借)

三,语序固定,语序成为汉语表示语法意义的重要手段。汉语的基本语序是:

主语—谓语—宾语;修饰语在中心语之前,补语在动词或形容词之后。语序变动,结构

关系和意义随之改变。如:

眼睛大大的(主谓关系);大大的眼睛(定中偏正关系);吃饭了(动宾关系);饭吃了

(主谓关系);来早了(述补关系);早来了(状中偏正关系)

同构与意义:

鸡吃了:老虎把鸡吃了;鸡被老虎吃了;老虎吃了(鸡呢?)

鸡吃了:白菜被鸡吃了;鸡吧白菜吃了;白菜吃了(白菜呢?)

鱼吃了(鱼不吃了)

戏台上摆着鲜花:鲜花摆在戏台上。?戏台上正在摆鲜花。(静态)

戏台上演着京剧:戏台上正在演京剧。?京剧演在戏台上。(动态)

静态:

门上贴着对联;黑板上写着字;墙上挂着画;树上钉着广告牌;左胸上别着校徽。

台上坐着主席团;门口站着人;床上躺着病人;

动态:

外面下着大雪;大厅里跳着舞;教室里上着课;操场上放着电影;炉子上熬着粥。

名词(主语)+动词+名词1+ +名词2=名词(主语)+动词++名词1+名词2

A. 他送了一个手机给小王:他送给小王一个手机

他卖了一辆自行车给小李:他卖给小李一辆自行车

他交了五千元钱给税务局:他交给税务局五千元

B, 他要了一些白药给小王:?

他讨了一些邮票给小马:

他从大夫那里要了一些白药给小王。

他从我这里讨了一些邮票给小马。

C, 他煮了一点百合汤给王大妈:?

他刻了一个图章给老王:?

他做了一个风筝给弟弟:?

他画了一幅山水画给老师:?

关于“动词++时量+了”句法格式

死了三天了 (动作完成所经历的时间)

伤了三天了;断了三天了;出现了三天了; 塌了三天了 ;到任了三天了

等了三天了(动作持续的时间)

哭了三天了;养了三天了;想了三天了;考虑了三天了;病了三天了;盼了三

天了;追了三天了;忍了三天了

看了三天了(既可以是动作完成经历的时间,也可以是动作持续的时间)(小说

都看了三天了,还没有看完)

听了三天了;讲了三天了;学了三天了;教了三天了;商量了三天了;擦了三

天了;剪了三天了;

挂了三天了(动作完成经历的时间、动作持续的时间、动作所造成的事物状态

持续的时间)

(灯早挂上了,都挂三天了;灯不好挂,我们挂了三天了,还没挂上;彩灯一

直在大门口挂着,都挂三天了)

插了三天了;贴了三天了;穿了三天了;摆了三天了;吊了三天了;钉了三天

了;

放了一只鸽子:把只鸽子放了;鸽子被我放了

飞了一只鸽子:把只鸽子飞了;?鸽子被我飞了

语义指向问题与歧义问题

砍光了(光,补语,指受事,树砍光了)

砍累了(累,指施事,我砍累了)

砍钝了(钝,指工具,刀砍钝了)

砍疼了(疼,指受事,你把他砍疼了;或指施事的部分,砍了半天柴,把胳膊

都砍疼了)

砍快了(快,指向动作,你砍快了,慢点儿砍)

砍坏了(坏,指受事,别把桌子砍坏了;或指工具,他砍了一上午竹子,竟砍

坏了两把刀;或指施事的部分,悠着点儿,别把身子砍坏了)

修饰语指向

他喜滋滋地炸了盘花生(喜滋滋,指施事“他”

他早早地炸了盘花生(早早地,指动作“炸”

他脆脆地炸了盘花生(脆脆地,指受事“花生”

两位大学的教授(两位,指向“教授”

两所大学的教授(两所,指向“大学”

两个大学的教授(两个,有可能指“教授”也可能指“大学”

指向句内成分,还是句外成分。如“我很好”“很好”指向句内“我”;下面是

指向句外成分的例子:

别喝醉了!“醉”指喝酒的施事)

罢工代表被客客气气地引进了客厅。“客客气气”指引进的施事)

当时,那孩子就稀里糊涂地判给了男方。“稀里糊涂”指判案的法官)

老张有一个女儿,很骄傲。(歧义)老张有一个女儿,他很骄傲;老张有一个女

儿,她很骄傲。

老张有一个女儿,很知足。(老张)

老张有一个女儿,很漂亮。(女儿)

关于歧义

我在屋顶上发现了小偷。“我”在屋顶上,“小偷”不在屋顶上;“我”不在屋顶上,“小

偷”在屋顶上;“我”和“小偷”都在屋顶上)

我在飞机上发现了敌人的坦克。(无歧义)

我在抽屉里发现了蟑螂。(无歧义)

例句:咬死了猎人的狗:狗把猎人咬死了;把猎人的狗咬死了。

我们需要进口设备:我们需要从国外进口某种设备;我们需要进口的设备。

反对的是他:反对他;反对和解的是他。

山上架着炮:山上正在架炮;山上有炮

发现敌人的哨兵回营房了。发现一个敌情:敌人的哨兵回营房了;那发现敌人的哨兵,

营房了。

关心自己的孩子。(歧义:动宾;偏正)

对报纸的批评。(歧义:介宾;偏正)

知道你回来以后病了。(他)知道,你回来后病了;(他)知道你回来以后,病了。

发现你离开的时候已经来不及打电话了。

听说你上了车之后才想起那件事。

英语: Flying planes can be dangerous.

驾驶飞机可能是危险的。飞行中的飞机可能是危险的。

Planes flying in the air can be dangerous.

Flying a plane can be dangerous.驾驶一架飞机可能是危险的。

A flying plane can be dangerous. 一架飞行中的飞机可能是危险的。

肯定与否定问题

汉语有时既能用肯定,也能用否定,意思却一样。如:

“难免不犯错误”和“难免要犯错误”意思一样;

“自行车别是他骑走了”和“自行车别不是他骑走了”

关于汉语式话题句

汉语中相当多的所谓“主谓句”,其句首名词语(一般所谓主语)跟后面谓语里的核心

动词不存在严格的、直接的选择和配置关系,即不是句首名词不是动词的论元。如:

这场大火幸亏消防队来得及时。“这场大火”与动词“来”没有直接的、严格的选择关系。

汤姆逊和李讷提出汉语式话题和说明的语言。

一般认为,汉语式话题句大致可分为以下六类:

, 话题与句子谓语动词以某种特殊的副词相联系。

那座房子幸亏去年没有下大雪。

二,两个句首名词都可以理解为施动者,两个名词之间有领属或包含关系。

他肚子饿了。

三、句首两个名词之间是类属关系,或群体与个体的关系。

他们经常大鱼吃小鱼。

孩子们你看我,我看你,一时都说不上话来了。

四、一般所说的名词谓语句

今天星期四。他黄头发。

五、句首名词语是后面主谓句的关涉对象

昨天那起交通事故我已经向局里写了个报告。生物学我可是门外汉。

六、句首两个名词是换位的稀松的领属关系。

物价上海最贵。房子北京最紧张。

典型的主语是典型的施事和话题的组配。

There are two cats on the mat.. 地席上有两只猫。(存现句)

按照形态照应关系,two cats 应为主语;按照等同名词的删略,there 应为主语。

汉语中,各种语义成分可以作主语,英语也可以这样:(限于部分动词)

The dog walked him in the street. 狗跟着他在街上散步。(伴随者作主语)

The horse rides easily. 这匹马好骑。(受事作主语)

Meat cooks more slowly than rice. 肉比米饭煮得慢。(受事作主语)

This novel sells easily. 这部小说好卖。(受事作主语)

The ground rode hard after the frost.霜后骑马,路面很硬。(处所作主语)

The room sleeps three people. 这间屋子睡三个人。(处所作主语)

The garden swarms with bees. 花园里蜜蜂成群。(处所作主语)

The knife cut deep into his chest. 这把刀深深刺入他的胸部。(工具作主语)

汉语里有一种特殊结构,主语和宾语可以换位(数量分配关系)(动作给予、取得)

三份礼物送三个人____三个人送三份礼物

一碗饭喂两个孩子 两个孩子喂一碗饭

一千元奖励三个学生 三个学生奖励一千元

一间屋子睡四个人 四个人睡一间屋子

一锅饭吃十个人 十个人吃一锅饭

一张沙发坐三个人 三个人坐一张沙发

第二讲 翻译的标准及基本原则

严复提出:信、达、雅。基本原则:忠实、通顺。

亚历山大.弗雷泽.泰特勒 Alexander Fraser Tytler(英国)的三原则:The translation should

give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work; the style and the manner of the writing

should be of the same character with that of the original; the translation should have the case of

original composition.

麦修.阿诺德Matthew Arnold(英国)《再论翻译荷马史诗》中指出:the translation ought

to be such that the reader should, if possible, forget that it is a translation at all, and be lulled into

the illusion that he is reading an original work__ something original.

卡特福德J. C. Catford(英国)the replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by

equivalent textual material in another language(TL).

乔治.斯坦纳George Steiner(生于巴黎,就读任教美国、英国)understanding as translation.

All understanding, and the demonstrative statement of understanding which is translation, starts

with an act of trust.

彼得.纽马克(Peter Newmark(英国):提出了交际翻译和语义翻译。交际翻译注重译文

读者的反应、译文的流畅,实际效果与原文内容发生冲突时,内容让位于效果;语义翻译则

注重译文忠实于原作,把原文的信息、内容而于第一位。交际翻译只是技术,语义翻译则是

艺术。

The translator has to be a good judge of writing.

尤金.奈达(Eugene A. Nida, 1914-)(美国著名的翻译家),翻译不仅是技术、艺术,还是一

门科学。提出了“动态对等”。涉及功能和表达。

关于直译和意译

The moon

直译:月亮;

意译:玉兔;金兔;月桂;婵娟;夜光;蟾宫;

月亮

直译:the moon

意译:celestial body; heavenly body; planet; secondary planet; green cheese; Diana; queen of

heaven; Luna;

The sun

直译:太阳

意译:火轮~ 飞出客心惊:唐韩愈诗)金轮;红轮;红镜(炎炎红镜东方升:唐李贺诗)

太阳:

直译:the sun

意译:star of day; solar disk; fireball; eye of heaven; light of the day; lamp of the day; source of

light; giver of light; Apollo;

Fat

直译:

意译:富态;肥实;胖乎乎;胖墩墩;面团团;丰满;丰腴;肉头;臃肿;大腹便便;脑满

肠肥;

直译:fat

意译:portly(肥胖的,魁梧的,指年长者)stout(矮胖的,强壮的)obese(过度胖)fleshy; solid;

plump(丰满的)podgy(矮胖的)paunchy(大腹便便的)paunch(大肚子)in the need of dieting;

To kill two birds with one stone 直译:一石二鸟;意译:一箭双雕,一举两得;

To flog a dead horse 直译:鞭打死马;意译:白费力,徒劳,白搭,枉然,事后在作无益的

议论

To teach a pig to play on a flute 直译:教猪吹笛;意译:对牛弹琴,做荒谬的事情

过街老鼠 直译:likea rat crossing the street; 意译: the object of universal condemnation, a

bad man hated by everybody

望梅止渴 直译:to gaze at plums to quench ones thirst;意译: to console oneself with false

hopes, to feed on fancies(illusion),imagined satisfaction.

危如累卵 直译:as dangerous as a pile of eggs; 意译:hazardous in the extreme, great insecurity,

in a critical condition;

一般情况下,能直译时,就直译,不能直译时,再意译。下面是直译的例子:

As cold as ice 冰冷 as hot as fire 火热 as hard as a rock 坚如磐石 as light as feather 轻如

鸿毛。又如:

As busy as a bee 像蜜蜂一样忙碌 as bold as a lion 像狮子一样的勇猛。

As cheerful as a lark 像云雀一样快活 as blind as a bat 瞎的像蝙蝠

上面的结构,在下面的词组中就要意译:

As cool as a cucumber 非常冷静(?像黄瓜一样镇定)

As sharp as a needle 非常精明(?像针一样精明) as tight as a drum 非常不肯花钱(非常抠)

(?像鼓一样紧)as sure as a gun 一点不错(?像枪一样确切)

Raise the roof 大吵大闹 stand in a white sheet 公开认错 have enough money to burn 有花不

完的钱 with the tongue in the cheek 话中有话 sweep the board 获得全胜 put ones foot

down ; set one’s face against 坚决反对 smell a rat 觉得可疑 keep sth under ones hat 保密

直译不等于死译

Once in a blue moon 意译:千载难逢;(死译:一个蓝色月亮里的一次)

乱七八糟 意译: at sixes and sevens, (死译:seven disorders and eight chaos)

招风惹草 意译: look for trouble (死译: invite wind to exasperate the grass)

It is an ill bird that fouls its own nest. 意译:家丑不可外扬。(死译:弄脏自己巢的鸟的确是坏

鸟。

外甥打灯笼____照舅(旧)

意译:act according to the old ways; doing things in the old fashion.

死译:the nephew carrying a lantern ___showing the way for his uncle

静夜思(李白)床前明月光,疑是地上霜。举头望明月,低头思故乡。

直译:In the still of the night

I descry bright moonlight in front of my bed.

I suspect it to be hoary frost on the floor.

I watch the bright moon, as I tilt back my head.

I yearn, while stooping, for my homeland more.(徐忠杰 译)

死译:quiet night thought

Besides bright moonlight

Is suspected to be frost on the floor.

Raising head to watch the bright moon,

L0wering head to think of the hometown.

意译:Nostalgia

A splash of white on my bedroom floor. Hoarfrost?

I raise my eyes to the moon, the same moon.

As scenes long past come to my mind, my eyes fall again on the splash of white, and my heart

aches for home. (翁显良 )

第三讲 汉英语法方面的几点差异

一, 英语形合与汉语意合

所谓形合,指的是句子中的词语或分句之间用语言形式手段(关联词)连接起来,表达语法

意义和逻辑关系。意合则不用语言形式手段。

英语形合手段:

1. 关系词和连接词。关系词包括:who, whom, whose, that, which, what, when, where, why,

how;

连接词包括并列连词和从属连词,如:and, or, but, yet, so , however, as well as, while, as,

since, until, sothat, unless, lest 等。

It had been a fine, golden autumn, a lovely farewell to those who would lose their youth, and

some of them their lives, before the leaves turned again in a peacetime fall.

那是个天气晴朗、金黄可爱的秋天,美好的秋色为那些青年们送别。待到战后和平时期,

黄叶纷飞的秋天再度来临时,当日的青年已经失去了青春,有的丧失了生命。

2. 介词

The many colors of a rainbow range from red on the outside to violet on the inside.

彩虹有多种颜色,外圈红,内圈紫。

3. 其他连接手段,如形态变化形式。包括词缀变化,性、数、格、时、体、语态、比较级、

人称和填补词“it, there等。

汉语的意合:汉语注重隐性连贯,注重逻辑事理顺序,注重以神统形。

a), 语序。汉语分句含义有主有次,不用连接词,语序起着重要作用。

(因为)他不老实,我不能信任他。Because he is not honest, I can not trust him.

我不能信任他,他不老实。I can not trust him, because he is not honest.

因为

人不犯我,我不犯人。We will not attack unless we are attacked.

打肿脸充胖子,吃亏是自己。If you get beyond your depth, you will suffer.

人到事中迷,就怕没人提。When a man is lost in a labyrinth, what he needs badly is a hint.

他不来,我不去。If he wont come here, I will not go there.

b), 紧缩句:由复句紧缩而成。

有饭大家吃。(如果有饭的话,那就让大家吃吧)let everybody share the food if there is any.

狼披羊皮还是狼。A wolf remains a wolf even though it is in sheeps clothing.

c),四字格

酒醉智昏:When wine is in, wit is out.

玩火自焚: Whoever plays with fire will perish by fire.

二, 物称与人称

英语常用非人称主语,而汉语则常用人称主语

What has happened to you? 你出了什么事了?

An idea suddenly struck me. 我突然想到了一个主意。

Not a sound reached our ears. 我们没有听到任何声音。

A strange peace came over her when she was alone. 她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。

The sight of the big tree always reminds me of my childhood.. 一看到那颗大树,我便想起了童

年的情景。

My total ignorance of the matter must plead my apology. 恕我孤陋寡闻,对此事一无所知。

英语用非人称词“it作主语。

It never occurred to me that he was so dishonest. 我从来没想到他这么不老实。

It is in the hour of trial that a man finds his true profession. 人总是在面临考验的关头,才发现

自己的专长。

It is a good horse that never stumbles. 人有失误,马有失蹄。

三, 被动与主动

英语大量使用被动态,汉语被动使用受到限制,大多表示不如意的事,即汉语的被动的典型

意义是表消极意义。汉语被动标准除“被”之外, 还有“让,给,叫,受,遭,蒙,挨”

等。

The crops were washed away by the flood. 庄稼大水冲跑了。

这家工厂在地震中遭到严重破坏。This factory was seriously damaged during the earthquake.

你猜对了。You have guessed right.

这件事做得不好。It was poorly done. 这件事做得好。It was well done.

汉语常用意义被动式,即用主动的形式表示被动的意义。英语中也有意义被动式的表达形式,

但比较少见。

These products sell like hot cakes (=are sold). 这些产品非常畅销。

The clock winds up at the back (=can be wound up). 这个钟在背面上发条。

She dresses beautifully ( = is dressed). 她穿得很漂亮。

The room filled rapidly (was filled). 房间很快就挤满了。

This kind of cloth washes very well (can be washed). 这种布很好洗。

This book is printing ( = is being printed). 这本书正在印。

英语有些被动意义可以用词汇手段表达。如:

名词和名词短语: Examinee ( person examined) 受试人,受审查者; his astonishment ( he

was astonished) 他感到惊讶; the imprisonment of the murderer ( the murderer was imprisoned)

凶手被监禁;

形容词: eatable ( fit to be eaten), 可吃的; visible ( that can be seen),可以看见的;

Respectable (deserving respect), 值得尊敬的;

介词短语:in ones possession (in the possession of someone, kept or controlled by someone),

某人所有,在某人控制之下;under the influence of alcohol( drunk, affected by alcohol),酒醉;

注意静句和被动句的区别

The glass is broken. (静句) 玻璃杯破了。

The glass was broken by my brother. (被动句,动句) 玻璃杯被我弟弟打破了。

The house is surrounded by trees. (静句) 房子周围都是树。

The enemy was soon surrounded by our troops. (被动句) 敌人很快被我军包围了。

汉语常用主动形式表达英语被动意义 (汉英语主动被动使用不对称)

My holiday afternoons were spent in ramble about the surrounding country. 每逢假日的下午,

总要漫游周围的村庄。

昨晚我盖两条被子。Last night I was covered with two quilts.

这锅饭能吃十个人。A pot of rice like this can feed 10 people.

一匹马骑两个人。Two persons rode one horse.

困难克服了,工作完成了,问题也解决了。The difficulties have been overcome, the work has

been finished and the problem solved.

要制造飞机,就必须考虑空气阻力问题。Air resistance must be given careful consideration when

the aircraft is to be manufactured.

当施事者难以指明时,汉语常常使用泛称,如“有人,人人,大家,别人”等。

It is said that……有人说,据说it is well known that……众所周知 it is reported that.据报

It is well known that compass was invented in China four thousand years ago.

众所周知,中国人在四千年之前就发明了指南针。

Voices were heard calling for help. 有人听见呼救的声音。

Electrons are known to be the minute negative charges of electricity. 大家知道,电子是极为微小

的负电荷。

被动与主动

当不便使用被动时,汉语常用处置式(“把”字式或“将”字式),表施事对受事的处置或支

配行为。如:

树被风刮倒了。The tree was blown down by the wind.

风把树刮倒了。The wind blew down the tree.

敌人的阴谋被揭穿了。The enemys plot was exposed.

我们把敌人的阴谋揭穿了。We exposed the enemys plot.

英语的被动式译成汉语时,若不便用被动式,常常采用处置式。

Theses questions should not be confused. 不要把这些问题混在一起。

Whenever work is being done, energy is being converted from one form into another.

凡是做功,都是把能从一种形式转换成另一种形式。

“为……所”式由古汉语变为现代汉语的“被…….所”。如:

茅屋为秋风所破。The thatched house was destroyed by the autumn storm.

她被花言巧语所陶醉。She is intoxicated with sweet words.

……是表示状态的静句,可以与动句转换。

这些产品是我国制造的。These products are made in our country.

我是由一位教授推荐的(推荐我的是一位教授)I was recommended by a professor.

英语被动表示客观和非人称的口气,在科技英语中常常用被动态。

不必要说出主动者或没有必要说出主动者。

常给同学们看新的电子装置。New electronic devices are often shown to the students.

一边钻井,一边下钢管,以防周围土层塌陷。

As the hole is being drilled, a steel pipe is pushed down to prevent the sides from falling in.

当锈生成时,就发生了化学变化。When rust is formed, a chemical change has taken place.

为了探测月球表面,人们一次又一次地发射火箭。

To explore the moons surface, rockets were launched again and again.

第四讲 词类转换问题

翻译中要注意词类的不对称现象。即某个词类在汉语转换成英语时,词类也会发生变化。

一,英语中的名词表达汉语动词表达的意义。这类名词通常是由动词加后缀构成的,具有

一定的施事性。

A harder worker=someone who works hard 工作勤奋的人

A slow walker= someone who walks slowly 走路很慢的人

A bad sailor = someone who often gets seasick 会晕船的人

He is a good eater and a good sleeper. 他能吃能睡。(C. Eckersley)

He is young and a rapid writer. 他是个笔头快的年轻人。 (S. C oleridge)

He was a nonsmoker and a teetotaller. (E. Snow)

他既不抽烟,也不喝酒。

She is the best hater l have ever known. How she got to hate me so much?

我所认识的人当中,她最会记仇。她怎么变得这么恨我呢?

Since she lost her job, shes been a loner. 她失业以后,就很不合群了。

You are all clock-watchers today! 你们今天老是看着钟表等着下班啊!

The computer is a far more careful and industrious inspector than human being.

计算机比人检查更细心、更勤快。

I used to be a bit fancier myself. 过去我也常常有点喜欢胡思乱想。

He was a clever man; a pleasant companion; a careless student; with a great propensity for running

into debt, and a partiality for the tavern. (Vanity Fair)

他是个聪明人,很好相处,可是学习不肯用功;他老是东挪西借,又喜欢上酒店喝酒。

The rocket has found its application into the exploration of the universe.

火箭被用来探测宇宙。

机器正在运行。

The machine is in the operation.. (The machine is working.)

在汉英转换时,可以用英语动作名词代替汉语动词,起到简洁的表达效果。

他的故事讲得好。He is a good story teller. He is good at telling stories.

她的舞跳得好。She is a good dancer. She dances well. She is good at dancing. She is proficient at

dancing. She is expert at dancing.

英语名词优势,造成介词优势

give rise to (arouse); make contact with (meet); arrive at a decision (decide); bring to a conclusion

(finish); undertake a study of (study); take into consideration ( consider); conduct an investigation

into( investigate); pay a visit to (visit);

二,英语中的介词表达汉语中动词表达的意义。

He is at his books. (He is reading books.) 他在读书。

He has someone behind him. (Someone supports him.) 有人给他撑腰。

The machine is in operation. (The machine is working.) 机器正在运行。

With these words she went away. (After saying these, she went away).说完这些话,她便走开了。

He went home for the key. 他回家拿钥匙。

I am for you.. I am against you. 我支持你。我反对你。

我不反对这个。I have no objection to that.

他的脾气极其急躁。His temper is of the quickest.

他的叙述十分含糊。His description was of the vaguest.

He is at his books. ( He is reading books.) 他在读书。

He has someone behind him. ( Someone supports him.) 有人给他撑腰。

With these words she went away. (After saying these, she went away.) 说完这些话,她便走开了。

Is this train for Chicago? (Is this train going to Chicago?) 这趟火车是开往芝加哥的吗?

不同介词的搭配与理据性问题,语言是现实的投射。搭配有其认知因素。

三,英语用形容词或副词表达汉语动词表达的意义。

I am doubtful whether he is still alive. ( doubt, live) 我怀疑他是否还活着。

The teacher thanked her pupils because they are very cooperative. ( cooperate well)

学生合作地很好,老师向学生表示感谢。

He was unaware of my presence. 他当时不知道我在场。

He seems content just to sit in the classroom. 只要坐在教室里,他似乎就满足了。

I’m afraid Mr. Brown is out, but hell be in soon. 布朗先生恐怕出去了,但是他很快会回来的。

He will be home in half an hour. 他将在半小时内到家。

Down with the old and up with the new. 破旧立新。

两种物质都不溶于水。

Both of the substances are not soluble in water.

打开阀门,让空气进入。Open the valve to let air in.

当开关断开时,电路就形成开路,电流不能通过。

When the switch is off, the circuit is open and the electricity doesnt go through.

汉语谓语的特殊现象

汉语的连动现象,谓语部分两个动词连用。注意两个动词的主次问题以及英语的表达法。

我们边饮酒边讨论。We discussed the matter over a bottle of wine.

他想办法摆脱了困境。He thought his way out of the dilemma. (他想办法,他摆脱了困境)

你去教室把他叫回来。Go to the classroom and call him back. (你去教室,你把他叫回来)

我被老师叫到办公室做检讨。(我被老师叫+我到办公室去+我做检讨)

I was called to the office by the teacher to make a self-criticism.

我挣钱养家。 I support the family by earning money. I earn money to support my family.

天真活泼的孩子唱着歌跑过来。The lovely children ran over, singing.

他跑着出了房间。She went running out of the room.

他伸出手接过我的行李。He stretched out his hand to get my luggage.

He reached for my luggage.

他舒服地靠着椅子看书。He nestled down into the chair and read. He nestled down into the

chair, reading.

姑娘挨着窗子看着金色的田野。 The girl looked at the golden fields by the window.

他找了个干净的地方放下箱子。He found a clean spot and put down his suitcase.

他回家得穿过一片森林。When he goes home, he has to pass through an expanse of woods.

我有急事回广州。I went back to Guangzhou because I had something urgent to do.

汉语的兼语现象( 前一个动词的宾语同时又是后一个动词的主语)

注意动词选用的不同形式。

我们请他唱歌(我们请他+他唱歌)

她强迫孩子做功课。She forced her child to do his homework.

总经理提升他为行政经理。The president promoted him as an executive manager.

他们任命他为主席。(使成)

The appointed him to be chairman. They appointed him as chairman.

They appointed him chairman.

他买了张桌子三条腿。(伴随)He bought a table with three legs.

He bought a table which has three legs.

她不喜欢他吹吹拍拍。(原因) She dislikes him because he likes to boast.

She dislikes him boasting and flattering. She loathes his boasting and flattery.

表目的:

她邀请我们去参加她的婚礼。She invited us to her wedding ceremony.

我们应该尽快组织起大家来完成这项任务。We should organize them as soon as possible into

completing this task.

地方政府分配一所房子给他们住。

The local government allotted them a house to live in. the local government allotted a house for

them to live in. (better)

她带来些玩具给孩子们玩。

She brought some toys for the children to play with. (better)

she brought the children some toys to play with.

名人们提供衣服给模特穿。


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