2024年3月5日发(作者：)

大学英语六级真题试卷

Passage Three

Questions 31 to 35 are based on the following passage.

War may be a natural expression_r of biological instincts and drives

toward aggression in the human species. Natural impulses of anger,

hostility, and territoriality (守卫地盘的天性) are expressed through acts

of violence. These are all qualities that humans share with animals.

Aggression is a kind of innate (天生的) survival mechanism, an instinct

for self-preservation that allows animals to defend themselves from

threats to their existences of human violence are always conditioned by

social conventions that give shape to aggressive behavior. In human

societies violence has a social function. It is a strategy for creating or

destroying forms of social order. Religious traditions have taken a leading

role in directing the powers of violence. We will look at the ritual and

ethical (道德上的) patterns within which human violence has been

directed.

The violence within a society is controlled through institutions of law.

The more developed a legal system becomes, the more society takes

responsibility for the discovery, control, and punishment of violent acts.

In most tribal societies the only means to deal with an act of violence is

revenge. Each family group may have the responsibility for personally

carrying out judgment and punishment upon the person who committed

the offense. But in legal systems, the responsibility for revenge becomes

depersonalized and diffused. The society assumes the responsibility for

protecting individuals from violence. In cases where they cannot be

protected, the society is responsible for imposing punishment. In a state

controlled legal system, individuals are removed from the cycle of

revenge motivated by acts of violence, and the state assumes

responsibility for their protection.

The other side of a state legal apparatus is a state military apparatus.

While the one protects the individual from violence, the other sacrifices

the individual to violence in the interests of the state. In war the state

affirms its supreme power over the individuals within its own borders.

War is not simply a trial by combating to settle disputes between states;

it is the moment when the state makes its most powerful demands upon

its people for their commitment allegiance, and supreme sacrifice. Times

of war test a community’s deepest religious and ethical commitments.

31. Human violence shows evidence of being a learned behavior in that

________.

A) it threatens the existing social systems

B) it is influenced by society

C) it has roots in religious conflicts

D) it is directed against institutions of law

32. The function of legal systems, according to the passage, is

________.

A) to control violence within a society

B) to protect the world from chaos

C) to free society from the idea of revenge

D) to give the government absolute power

33. What does the author mean by saying “... in legal systems, the

responsibility for revenge becomes depersonalized and diffused” (Lines

4-5, Para. 2)?

A) Legal systems greatly reduce the possibilities of physical violence.

B) Offenses against individuals are no longer judged on a personal basis.

C) Victims of violence find it more difficult to take revenge.

D) Punishment is not carried out directly by the individuals involved.

34. The word “allegiance” (Line 4, Para. 3) is closest in meaning to

________.

A) loyalty

B) objective

C) survival

D) motive

35. What can we learn from the last paragraph?

A) Governments tend to abuse their supreme power in times of war.

B) In times of war governments may extend their power across national

borders.

C) In times of war governments impose high religious and ethical

standards on their people.

D) Governments may sacrifice individuals in the interests of the state in

times of war.

Passage Four

Questions 36 to 40 are based on the following passage.

Researchers who are unfamiliar with the cultural and ethnic groups they

are studying must take extra precautions to shed any biases they bring

with them from their own culture. For example, they must make sure

they construct measures that are meaningful for each of the cultural or

ethnic minority groups being studied.

In conducting research on cultural and ethnic minority issues,

investigators distinguish between the emic approach and the etic

approach. In the emic approach, the goal is to describe behavior in one

culture or ethnic group in terms that are meaningful and important to

the people in that culture or ethnic group, without regard to other

cultures or ethnic groups. In the etic approach, the goal is to describe

behavior so that generalizations can be made across cultures. If

researchers construct a questionnaire in anemic fashion, the concern is

only that the questions are meaningful to the particular culture or ethnic

group being studied. If, however, the researchers construct a

questionnaire in an etic fashion, they want to include questions that

reflect concepts familiar to all cultures involved.

How might the emic and etic approaches be reflected in the study of

family processes? In the emic approach, the researchers might choose to

focus only on middle-class White families, without regard for whether

the information obtained in the study can be generalized or is

appropriate for ethnic minority groups. In a subsequent study, the

researchers may decide to adopt an etic approach by studying not only

middle-class White families, but also lower-income White families, Black

American families, Spanish American families, and Asian American

families. In studying ethnic minority families, the researchers would likely

discover that the extended family is more frequently a support system in

ethnic minority families than in White American families. If so, the emic

approach would reveal a different pattern of family interaction than

would the etic approach, documenting that research with middle-class

White families cannot always be generalized to all ethnic groups.

36. According to the first paragraph, researchers unfamiliar with the

target cultures are inclined to ________.

A) be overcautious in constructing meaningful measures

B) view them from their own cultural perspective

C) guard against interference from their own culture

D) accept readily what is alien to their own culture

37. What does the author say about the emic approach and the etic

approach?

A) They have different research focuses in the study of ethnic issues.

B) The former is biased while the latter is objective.

C) The former concentrates on the study of culture while the latter on

family issues.

D) They are both heavily dependent on questionnaires in conducting

surveys.

38. Compared with the etic approach, the emic approach is apparently

more ________.

A) culturally interactive

B) culturally biased

C) culture-oriented

D) culture-specific

39. The etic approach is concerned with ________.

A) the general characteristics of minority families

B) culture-related concepts of individual ethnic groups

C) features shared by various cultures or ethnic groups

D) the economic conditions of different types of families

40. Which of the following is true of the ethnic minority families in the

________ U.S. according to the passage?

A) Their cultural patterns are usually more adaptable.

B) Their cultural concepts are difficult to comprehend.

C) They don’t interact with each other so much as White families.

D) They have closer family ties than White families.

Part III Vocabulary (20 minutes)

Directions: There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each

sentence there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). Choose the

ONE answer that best completes the sentence. Then mark the

corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the

centre.

41. It was ________ that the restaurant discriminated against black

customers.

A) addicted

B) alleged

C) assaulted

D) ascribed

42. The medicine ________ his pain but did not cure his illness.

A) activated

B) alleviated

C) mediated

D) deteriorated

43. He is the only person who can ________ in this case, because the

other witnesses were killed mysteriously.

A) testify

B) charge

C) accuse

D) rectify

44. Professor Hawking is ________ as one of the world’s greatest living

physicists.

A) dignified

B) clarified

C) acknowledged

D) illustrated

45. The financial problem of this company is further ________ by the

rise in interest rates.

A) increased

B) strengthened

C) reinforced

D) aggravated

46. We shall probably never be able to ________ the exact nature of

these sub-atomic particles.

A) assert

B) impart

C) ascertain

D) notify

47. All the people in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds

of colourful balloons ________ slowly into the sky.

A) ascending

B) elevating

C) escalating

D) lingering

48. Many years had ________ before they returned to their original

urban areas.

A) floated

B) elapsed

C) skipped

D) proceeded

49. What you say now is not ________ with what you said last week.

A) consistent

B) persistent

C) permanent

D) insistent

50. Military orders are ________ and cannot be disobeyed.

A) defective

B) conservative

C) alternative

D) imperative

51. Some educators try to put students of familiar abilities into the

same class because they believe this kind of ________ grouping is

advisable.

A) homogeneous

B) instantaneous

C) spontaneous

D) anonymous

52. Even sensible men do ________ things sometimes.

A) abrupt

B) absurd

C) acute

D) apt

53. The commission would find itself ________ at every turn if its

members couldn’t reach an agreement.

A) collided

B) savaged

C) crumbled

D) hampered

54. Grain production in the world is ________,but still millions go

hungry.

A) staggering

B) shrinking

C) soaring

D) suspending

55. He developed a ________ attitude after years of frustration in his

career.

A) sneaking

B) disgusted

C) drastic

D) cynical

56. They believed that this was not the ________ of their campaign for

equality but merely the beginning.

A) climax

B) summit

C) pitch

D) maximum

57. Several guests were waiting in the ________ for the front door to

open.

A) porch

B) vent

C) inlet

D) entry

58. As the mountains were covered with a ________ of cloud, we

couldn’t see their tops.

A) coating

B) film

C) veil

D) shade

59. We couldn’t really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire

purchase and paid monthly ________.

A) investments

B) requirements

C) arrangements

D) installments

60. The magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces but it was

merely an ________.

A) illusion

B) impression

C) image

D) illumination

61. A good education is an ________ you can fall back on for the rest of

your life.

A) asset

B) ethic

C) inventory

D) obligation

62. Giving a gift can convey a wealth of meaning about your

appreciation of their ________ and the importance you place upon the

relationship.

A) solidarity

B) priority

C) superiority

D) hospitality

63. The designer has applied for a ________ for his new invention.

A) tariff

B) discount

C) version

D) patent

64. The toy maker produces a ________ copy of the space station, exact

in every detail.

A) minimal

B) minimum

C) miniature

D) minor

65. An energy tax would curb ordinary air pollution, limit oil imports

and cut the budget ________.

A) disposition

B) discrepancy

C) defect

D) deficit

66. They have decided to ________ physical punishment in all local

schools.

A) put away

B) break away from

C) do away with

D) pass away

67. Astronauts are ________ all kinds of tests before they are actually

sent up in a spacecraft.

A) inclined to

B) subjected to

C) prone to

D) bound to

68. Individual sports are run by over 370 independent governing bodies

whose functions usually include ________ rules, holding events,

selecting national teams and promoting international links.

A) drawing on

B) drawing in

C) drawing up

D) drawing down

69. Up until that time, his interest had focused almost ________ on fully

mastering the skills and techniques of his craft.

A) restrictively

B) radically

C) inclusively

D) exclusively

70. All the ceremonies at the 2000 Olympic Games had a unique

Australian flavor, ________ of their multicultural communities.

A) noticeable

B) indicative

C) conspicuous

D) implicit