2024年4月1日发(作者：)

26

汉

语

的构词法

与构形法

—————

作者：范晓 Fan Xiao

翻译：杨祎辰 Yang Yichen

Chinese Word

Formation and

Inflection

27

的基本建筑材料。词的存在有两种形式：一种是原

式，如“学生”“学习”等；另一种是变形词（非原

形词，也称“词汇的词”，即在词典里通常列出的形

位。如果把句子比作建筑物，那么词可以说是句子

词是能在句子中自由运用的最小的语言单

形词），它是原形词在使用中的变化形式，如“学生

它涉及词汇和语法。变形词在使用中通过变化其

纯粹是语法上的问题。

们”“学习了”等。原形词的构成方法称作构词法，

形式而增添某种语法意义的方法称作构形法，它

Words are the smallest linguistic unit

that can be used freely in a sentence. In

other words, the word is like the fundamental

construction material of a sentence. There are

two forms of words in Chinese. First, there are

prime words, commonly known as “vocabulary

words”, which are usually listed as lexical

dictionary entries, such as

xuesheng

(Student)

and

xuexi

(learn). Second, there are variational/

non­prime words, which is the variations

of a prime word in use, such as

xuesheng­

men

(students) and

xuexi­le

(learned). In the

Chinese language, the composition of prime

words is called word formation, which involves

the application of lexicon and grammar,

while inflection concerns the change of the

word forms and the gaining of grammatical

meanings, and is purely a grammatical

phenomenon.

首先，讲一讲汉语的构词法。从结

构上分析，汉语的原形词可分为两

大类：单纯词和合成词。

Let’s first take a look at the Chinese

word formation. Structurally speaking,

Chinese prime words can be divided

into two categories: simple words and

complex words.

音节的，其中有的是联绵词，如“蜘蛛”“徘徊”“翩

音译外来词，如“葡萄”“咖啡”等。

翩”等；有的是摹声词，如“乒乓”“叮当”等；有的是

词。汉语的单纯词多数为单音节的，也有少数是多

单纯词由一个语素构成，所以也可称为单语素

的构词方式。合成词可分为两种：复合词和派生词。

称为多语素词。汉语的构词法，重点是要讲合成词

复合词由两个或两个以上词根复合构成，根据

合成词由两个或两个以上语素构成，所以也可

28

式

(

也称并列式

)

、偏正式、支配式

(

也称动宾式

)

、陈

词根间的结构关系，复合词的构成方式主要有联合

monosyllabic, with a few exceptions of polysyllabic

words, some of which are interlinked words, such

as

zhizhu

(spider),

paihuai

(wander),

pianpian

(elegant). Other examples in this category include

phonetic words, such as

pingpong

(table tennis)

and

dingdang

(jingle), and transliterated foreign

words, such as

putao

(grape) and

kafei

(coffee).

Complex words are composed of two or more

morphemes, and are therefore also called multi­

morpheme words. When we discuss the word

formation of the Chinese language, we mainly focus

on the formation of complex words. Complex words

can be divided into two types: compound words and

述式

(

也称主谓式

)

、重叠式和后补式。后补式有两

复合词是动词

)

，如“看见”“改良”等；另一种是名

补式，如“马匹”“纸张”等。

三个或三个以上词根构成的复合词，往往由上述

种：一种是动补式

(

核心成分为动词性语素，构成的

几种构词方式错综地综合构成，且内部结构具有层次

性。例如：

Simple words are composed of a morpheme,

and are therefore also called single­morpheme

words. Most of the simple words in Chinese are

29

derivational words.

Compound words are composed of two or

more roots. The major composition modes, given

the structural relationships between the roots, are:

coordinative (also parallel), endocentric, dominant

(also verb­object), declarative (also subject­

predicate), reduplicative and post­complementary.

There are two types of post­complementary modes:

verb­complementary mode, with the core component

being a verb morpheme and the resulting compound

word being a verb, such as

kanjian

(see) and

gailiang

(improve), and noun­complementary mode, such as

子”“手指头”“字眼儿”等。

复合式和派生式综合构成，且有层次性，如“皮夹

Derivational words are composed of roots and

their attached affixes. Given the position of the

attached affix, there are two major types: prefix

(affix+root) and suffix (root+affix).

Some morphemes in Chinese are similar to

affixes, and therefore can be called semi­affixes,

which are further divided into class prefixes

and class suffixes. Examples of class prefixes

are

xiao­

(small­),

zhun­

(quasi­),

fei­

(non­) and

chao

­ (super­). Typical class suffixes include

­zhe

(­person),

­yuan

(­member),

­jia

(­master),

­xing

(­ity),

­hua

(­ize),

­yu

(at/to) and

­du

(­degree).

Derivational words composed of three or more

morphemes are often products of hierarchical

compounding and derivation, such as

pi­jia­zi

(wallet),

shou­zhi­tou

(finger) and

zi­yan­er

(word).

mapi

(horse) and

zhizhang

(paper).

Compound words composed of three or

more roots are often products of hierarchical

combinations of the above­mentioned word­

forming modes. For example

：

展览馆（“展/览”是联合式，“展览/馆”是偏正式）

照相机（“照/相”是支配式，“照相/机”是偏正式）

zhanlanguan

 (exhibition hall): 

zhan-lan

 is 

coordinative, and 

zhan-lan 

+

 guan

 is endocentric.

zhaoxiang ji

 (camera): 

zhao 

+ 

xiang

 is dominant, 

and 

zhao-xiang 

+

 ji

 is endocentric.

派生词由词根和词缀构成，词缀附加在词根

接着，再讲一讲汉语的构形法问

题。汉语的构形法主要有两种：附

加法和重叠法。

Then, let’s talk about the inflection of

Chinese words. There are mainly two

modes of inflection in Chinese: addition

and reduplication.

)

来表示该词所增添的某种语的语法书称为“助词”

1. 附加法。指在原形词上附加有某个构形词缀

(

有

法意义。汉语构形词缀附加在原形词上的位置有三

构形词缀：构形后缀、构形前缀、构形中缀。

上。根据词缀附加在词根上的位置，汉语派生词的构

词缀

)

。

成方式主要有：前加式

(

词缀+词根

)

、后附式

(

词根+

类前缀和类后缀，类前缀有“小”“准”“超”“非”等，

三个或三个以上语素构成的派生词，内部往往由

汉语里有些语素跟词缀类似，可称类词缀，包括

类后缀有“者”“员”“家”“性”“化”“于”“度”等。

种形式：后附式、前加式、中插式。相应地形成三种

30

1. Addition: The addition mode refers to the

attachment of a inflectional affix (named “auxiliary

word” in some grammar books) to a prime word

to indicate the adding of a certain grammatical

meaning. There are three places a inflectional affix

can appear: behind the prime word, before it, and

as an insertion within it. Correspondingly, there

are three types of inflectional affixes: inflectional

suffixes, inflectional prefixes, and inflectional

infixes.

着——附加在动词后表示动作行为的“持续”或

“正在进行”的语法意义，如“

(

正在

)

玩着”“

(

正

)

病

着”“

(

大门

)

关着”“唱着

(

歌

)

”等。

-zhe

: used after a verb to indicate the 

continuity

 of 

an action, such as 

(zhengzai) wan-zhe

 (be playing), 

(zheng) bing-zhe

 [(being) sick], 

(damen) guan-zhe

 

[(the door) is closed], 

chang-zhe (ge)

 [be singing (a 

song)].

过——附加在动词后表示动作行为的“经历”

(

曾经

发生

)

的语法意义，如“去过

(

北京

)

”“看过

(

这部电

影

)

”“玩过

(

三次

)

”等。

(

1

)

后附式。指一个原形词后边附着有构形后缀的形

“起来”“下去”等。

式。汉语的构形后缀主要有“们”“了”“着”“过”

(1) Suffix: The suffix refers to the inflectional affix

attached behind a prime word. Major examples

include

­men

,

­le

,

­zhe,

­guo

,

­qilai

and

­xiaqu

.

们——附加在某些指人名词后边表示“多数”或“群”

的语法意义，如“老师们”“学生们”“作家们”等。

-guo

: used after a verb to indicate a 

past

 experience 

or action, such as 

qu-guo Beijing

 [have been to 

(Beijing)], 

kan-guo (zhebu dianying)

 [have watched 

(this movie)], 

wan-guo (sanci)

 [have played (three 

times)].

起来——附加在动词后表示动作行为“开始”的语法

意义，如“笑起来”“打起来”“讨论起来”等。

-men

: used after a noun referring to a person 

to indicate its 

plural

 form, such as 

laoshi-men

 

(teachers), 

xuesheng-men

 (students) and 

zuojia-

-qilai

: used after a verb to indicate the 

beginning

 of 

an action, such as 

xiao-qilai

 (start to laugh), 

da-qilai

 

(start to fight) and 

taolun-qilai 

(start to discuss).

下去——附加在动词后表示动作行为“继续”的语法

men

 (writers).

了——附加在动词后表示动作行为的“完成”或“实

现”的语法意义，如“吃了

(

饭

)

”“写了

(

文章

)

”“走了”

等。

意义，如“说下去”“看下去”“玩儿下去”等。

-xiaqu

: used after a verb to indicate the 

progression

 

of an action, such as 

shuo-xiaqu

 (continue talking), 

-le

: used after a verb to indicate the 

completion

 of 

an action, such as 

chi-le (fan)

 [ate (meal)], 

xie-le

 

kan-xiaqu

 (continue watching) and 

wan-er-xiaqu

 

(continue playing).

(wenzhang)

 [wrote (an article)], 

zou-le

 (left).

31

“了”“着”“过”“起来”“下去”等，分别表示性状的

“出现”“持续”“曾经发生”“开始显露”“继续”等语

法意义。例如，“

(

天已经

)

黑了”“忙了

(

三天

)

”“

(

从

物性状的变化，有时也可以在原形形容词后边附加

某些形容词在言语里使用时，如果要表示事

­qilai

,

­xiaqu

are attached behind a prime adjective,

corresponding to a specific grammatical meaning as

is stated above. For example,

(tian yijing) hei­le

[(the

sky has) turned dark],

mang­le

(santian)

[have been

busy (for three days)],

(conglai meiyou zheyang)

(

身体要累垮了

)

”。

来没有这样

)

忙过”“

(

从没

)

骄傲过”“

(

再这样

)

忙下去

To indicate changes in the property of a

matter, sometimes suffixes like

­le

,

­zhe

,

­guo

,

mang­guo

[(never) have been (so) busy],

(cong­mei)

jiao’ao­guo

[(never) have been proud],

(zai zheyang)

mang­xiaqu (shenti jiuyao kua­le)

[(if we continue)

being (this) busy, (we will be exhausted physically)].

32

(

2

)

前加式。指一个原形词前边添加构形前缀的形式。

它们可附加在数词前表示“序数”的语法意义，如“第

一

(

名

)

”“第十

(

排

)

”“第一百六十二号”。

汉语的构形前缀极少，语素“第”似可看作构形前缀，

的形式来表示该词所增添的某种语法意义。汉语的

构形重叠主要有以下几种：

2. 重叠法。指采取原形词整体重叠或内部语素重叠

2. Reduplication: The reduplication mode refers

to the adding of grammatical meanings through

repetitions of either a whole prime word or the

constitutive morpheme(s) of a prime word. There are

mainly three types of morphological reduplication in

Chinese:

(2) Prefix: The prefix refers to the inflectional affix

attached before a prime word. There are very few

prefixes in Chinese. One of the rare examples is the

morpheme

di­

. It can be attached before a numeral

to indicate the grammatical meaning of “sequence”,

such as

di­yi (ming)

[the first (name)],

di­shi pai

(the

tenth row), and

di­yibailiushi’er hao

(No. 162).

(

1

)

名词重叠。有一部分单音节名词通过词的整体重

(

每一

)

或

(

全部

)

的语叠的形式表示“逐指”“遍指”

法意义，如“人人

(

有责

)

”“家家

(

欢乐

)

”“事事

(

称

(

3

)

中插式。指一个原形词中间插有构形中缀的形

“不”。

式。汉语的构形中缀也很少，公认的主要有“得”和

(3) Infix: The infix refers to the inflectional affix

attached as an insertion within a prime word. There are

very few inflectional infixes in Chinese. Two widely­

acknowledged examples are

­de­

and

­bu­

.

得——插加在动词性后补式复合词里表示“可能”的

语法意义，如“看得见”“抓得住”等。

心

)

”等。

(1) Reduplication of nouns: Some monosyllabic

nouns repeat itself to express the grammatical

meaning of “every” or “all”, such as

ren­ren

(youze)

[everyone (has responsibility)],

jia­jia (huanle)

[every

family (is happy)] and

shi­shi (chenxin)

[everything (is

satisfactory)].

(

2

)

动词重叠。动词整体重叠的形式可以表示“尝

等。某些双音节动词通过内部语素重叠可表示“多

–de-

: inserted between a verb and its post-

complement to indicate 

possibility

, such as 

kan-de-

试”或“短暂”的语法意义，如“想想”“讨论讨论”

次”或“反复”的语法意义，如“摇摇晃晃”“指指点

点”等。

jian

 (can see) and 

zhua-de-zhu

 (can catch).

不——插加在动词性后补式复合词里表示“不可能”

的语法意义，如“看不见”“抓不住”等。

(2) Reduplication of verbs: The repetition of a

whole verb (phrase) can indicate the grammatical

meaning of “trying” or “brief duration”, such as

-bu-

: inserted between a verb and its post-

complement to indicate 

impossibility

, such as 

kan-

xiang­xiang

(try thinking) and

taolun­taolun

(try

discussing). Some two­syllable verbs can express

the grammatical meaning of “multiple times” or

“repeatedly” through a repetition of its internal

morphemes, such as

yao­yao­huang­huang

(keep

bu-jian

 (cannot see) and 

zhua-bu-zhu

 (cannot 

catch).

33

wobbling) and

zhi­zhi­dian­dian

(keep pointing

fingers).

gao

(­de)

(fairly tall),

chang­chang (­de)

(fairly long),

qing­qing­chu­chu

(fairly clear) and

pu­pu­tong­

tong

(fairly ordinary).

(

3

)

形容词重叠。形容词可通过整体重叠的形式表

示性状程度加深的语法意义，如“高高

(

的

)

”“长长

(

的

)

”“清清楚楚”“普普通通”等。

(3) Reduplication of adjectives: The repetition of an

adjective word/phrase can express the grammatical

meaning of a deepening of its degree, such as

gao­

词已演变为“词汇的词”。

汉语的变形词一般不列入词典，除非某个变形

Variational words are generally not included in

Chinese lexical dictionaries unless they have gained

the status of a “vocabulary word”.