2023年7月27日发(作者：)

　　为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO40阅读Passage1原文文本+题目+答案解析，希望对大家备考有所帮助。　　Ancient Athens　　One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800

500 the rise of the polis,or city-state,and each polis developed a system

of government that was appropriate to its problems that were faced

and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established

aristocracy and the emerging other classes,and the adjustment of aristocratic ways

of life to the ways of life of the new was the harmonious blending of all

of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.　　Entering the polis age,Athens had the traditional institutions of other Greek

proto democratic states:an assembly of adult males,an aristocratic council,and

annually elected this traditional framework the Athenians,between

600 450 B.C.,evolved what Greeks regarded as a fully fledged democratic

constitution,though the right to vote was given to fewer groups of people than is

seen in modem times.　　The first steps toward change were taken by Solon in 594 B.C.，when he broke the

aristocracy's stranglehold on elected offices by establishing wealth rather than

birth as the basis of office holding,abolishing the economic obligations of ordinary

Athenians to the aristocracy,and allowing the assembly(of which all citizens were

equal members)to overrule the decisions of local courts in certain strength

of the Athenian aristocracy was further weakened during the rest of the century by

the rise of a type of government known as a tyranny,which is a form of interim rule

by a popular strongman(not rule by a ruthless dictator as the modern use of the term

suggests to us).The Peisistratids,as the succession of tyrants were called(after the

founder of the dynasty,Peisistratos),strengthened Athenian central administration

at the expense of the aristocracy by appointing judges throughout the

region,producing Athens’first national coinage,and adding and embellishing

festivals that tended to focus attention on Athens rather than on local villages of

the surrounding the end of the century,the time was ripe for more change:the

tyrants were driven out,and in 508 B C a new reformer,Cleisthenes,gave final form

to the developments reducing aristocratic control already under way.　　Cleisthenes'principal contribution to the creation of democracy at Athens was

to complete the long process of weakening family and clan structures,especially among

the aristocrats,and to set in their place locality-based corporations called

demes,which became the point of entry for all civic and most religious life in

of the demes were created 10 artificial tribes of roughly equal

the demes,by either election or selection,came 500 members of a new

council,6,000 jurors for the courts,10 generals,and hundreds of assembly was sovereign in all matters but in practice delegated its power to

subordinate bodies such as the council,which prepared the agenda for the meetings

of the assembly,and the courts,which took care of most judicial s

committees acted as an executive branch,implementing policies of the assembly and

supervising,for instance,the food and water supplies and public wide-scale participation by the citizenry in the government distinguished the democratic

form of the Athenian polis from other,less liberal forms.　　The effect of Cleisthenes’reforms was to establish the superiority of the

Athenian community as a whole over local institutions without destroying

al politics rather than local or deme politics became the focal

the same time,entry into national politics began at the deme level and gave local

loyalty a new focus:Athens the next two centuries the implications of

Cleisthenes’reforms were fully exploited.　　During the fifth century council of 500 was extremely influential in

shaping the next century,however,it was the mature assembly that took on

decision-making any measure other than that of the aristocrats,who

had been upstaged by the supposedly inferior"people,"the Athenian democracy was a

stunning before,or since,have so many people been involved in the

serious business of was precisely this opportunity to participate

in public life that provided a stimulus for the brilliant unfolding of classical Greek

culture.　　paragraph 1　　One of the most important changes in Greece during the period from 800

500 the rise of the polis,or city-state,and each polis developed a system

of government that was appropriate to its problems that were faced

and solved in Athens were the sharing of political power between the established

aristocracy and the emerging other classes,and the adjustment of aristocratic ways

of life to the ways of life of the new was the harmonious blending of all

of these elements that was to produce the classical culture of Athens.　　aph 1 supports which of the following statements about the Greek city-states?　　 city-states followed the model provided by Athens.　　 city-states were based on aristocratic rule.　　ent types of government and organization were used by different city-states.