2024年3月19日发(作者：安全模式解除手机)

The Ancient Greek philosophers have played a pivotal role in the shaping of

the western philosophical tradition. This article surveys the seminal works and

ideas of key figures in the Ancient Greek philosophical tradition from the

Presocratics to the Neoplatonists. It highlights their main philosophical concerns

and the evolution in their thought from the sixth century BCE to the sixth century

CE.

The Ancient Greek philosophical tradition broke away from a mythological

approach to explaining the world, and it initiated an approach based on reason

and evidence. Initially concerned with explaining the entire cosmos, the

Presocratic philosophers strived to identify its single underlying principle. Their

theories were diverse and none achieved a consensus, yet their legacy was the

initiation of the quest to identify underlying principles.

This sparked a series of investigations into the limit and role of reason and of

our sensory faculties, how knowledge is acquired and what knowledge consists of.

Here we find the Greek creation of philosophy as “the love of wisdom,” and the

birth of metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle were

the most influential of the ancient Greek philosophers, and they focused their

attention more on the role of the human being than on the explanation of the

material world. The work of these key philosophers was succeeded by the Stoics

and Epicureans who were also concerned with practical aspects of philosophy and

the attainment of happiness. Other notable successors are Pyrrho's school of

skepticism and the Neoplatonists such as Plotinus who tried to unify Plato's

thought with theology.

古希腊哲学家在塑造西方哲学传统有举足轻重的作用。这篇文章调查的开创性著作和

思想的古希腊哲学传统从苏格拉底到 Neoplatonists 中的关键人物。它突出了哲学关注的

主要问题和他们的思想，从公元前六世纪到公元六世纪的演变。

古希腊哲学传统打破神话的方式解释世界，，它开创了一种基于的理由和证据。最初

关注与解释整个宇宙，像前苏格拉底时代哲学家努力查明其单一的基本原则。他们的理论

了多样和没有达成共识，他们的遗产也没有开始寻求确定的基本原则。

这引发了一系列的调查作用与限制的原因和我们感官的能力、 知识是如何和什么知识

组成。在这里我们找到了希腊哲学的产生作为"爱智慧"与形而上学、 认识论和伦理学的诞

生。苏格拉底、 柏拉图和亚里斯多德是最具影响力的古希腊哲学家们，和他们把注意力更

多的作用比人类对物质世界的解释。这些关键的哲学家们的工作是由斯多葛学派和享乐主

义者，也担心实际方面的理念和实现幸福成功的。其他显著的继任者的怀疑和普罗提诺试

图统一与神学的柏拉图的思想如Neoplatonists 磁铁的学校

Ancient Greek philosophy arose in the 6th century BCE and continued

throughout the Hellenistic period and the period in which Ancient Greece was

part of the Roman Empire. It dealt with a wide variety of subjects,

including political

philosophy, ethics, metaphysics, ontology, logic, biology,rhetoric, and aesthetics.

Many philosophers today concede that Greek philosophy has influenced

much of Western thought since its inception. Alfred North Whitehead once noted:

"The safest general characterization of theEuropean philosophical tradition is that

it consists of a series of footnotes to Plato."[1] Clear, unbroken lines of influence

lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers to Early Islamic philosophy,

the European Renaissance and the Age of Enlightenment.

Some claim that Greek philosophy, in turn, was influenced by the older

wisdom literature and mythological cosmogonies of the ancient Near East. Martin

Litchfield West gives qualified assent to this view, stating, "contact with

oriental cosmology and theology helped to liberate the early Greek

philosophers' imagination; it certainly gave them many suggestive ideas. But they

taught themselves to reason. Philosophy as we understand it is a Greek

creation."[2]

Subsequent philosophic tradition was so influenced by Socrates (as presented

by Plato) that it is conventional to refer to philosophy developed prior to Socrates

as pre-Socratic philosophy. The periods following this until the wars of Alexander

the Great are those of "classical Greek" and "Hellenistic" philosophy。

古希腊哲学产生于公元前 6 世纪，并继续在整个希腊化时期和古希腊在罗马帝国的一

部分的期间。它处理各种各样的科目，包括政治哲学、 伦理学、 形而上学、 本体论、 逻

辑、 生物学、 修辞和美学。

许多哲学家今天承认希腊哲学影响了很多西方思想自成立以来。阿尔弗雷德 ·诺思 · 怀

特海德曾指出："的欧洲哲学传统最安全的一般特征是它是由一系列引用柏拉图的注脚"。

[1] 清晰，完整的线的影响从古希腊和古希腊哲学家导致早期伊斯兰哲学，对欧洲文艺复兴

和启蒙时代。

有些人声称希腊哲学，反过来，影响老年人的智慧文学和古代近东地区的神话宇宙。

马丁 · 利奇菲尔德西给合格的同意这种看法，指出，"接触东方宇宙学和神学有助于解放早

期的希腊哲学家的想象力 ；这无疑给了他们许多有启发性的观点。但他们教自己的原因。

哲学作为我们理解这是一个希腊创造。"[] 2

随后的哲学传统就受到了苏格拉底 （如由柏拉图给出） 这是常规来指开发前苏格拉底

作为前苏格拉底哲学的哲学。后这直到亚历山大大帝的战争都是那些"古典希腊"和"希腊化

"时期哲学。

Western philosophy began in ancient Greece in the 6th century BCE. The

Presocratics were mostly from the eastern or western fringes of the Greek world.

Their efforts were directed to the investigation of the ultimate basis and essential

nature of the external world.[7] They sought the material principle (archê) of things,

and the method of their origin and disappearance.[7] As the first philosophers,

they emphasized the rational unity of things, and rejected mythological

explanations of the world. Only fragments of the original writings of the

presocratics survive. The knowledge we have of them derives from accounts of

later philosophical writers (especially Aristotle, Plutarch, Diogenes Laërtius,

Stobaeus and Simplicius), and some early theologians (especially Clement of

Alexandria and Hippolytus of Rome). The Presocratic thinkers present a discourse

concerned with key areas of philosophical inquiry such as being and the cosmos,

the primary stuff of the universe, the structure and function of the human soul,

and the underlying principles governing perceptible phenomena, human

knowledge and morality.

在公元前 6 世纪，西方哲学始于古希腊。苏格拉底被大多来自东部或西部边缘的希腊

世界。他们的努力被定向到的终极依据的调查和外部世界的本质。[7] 他们寻求物质原

则 （archê） 的事情和他们的原籍国和失踪的方法。[7] 作为第一个哲学家，他们强调理

性统一的事情，并拒绝神话世界的解释。只有支离破碎的记忆原著作的苏格拉底生存。我

们拥有的他们的知识来自于帐户以后哲学作家 (尤其是亚里斯多德、 普鲁塔克、 第欧根尼

完成、 Stobaeus 和 Simplicius） 和一些早期的神学家 （尤其是克莱门特的亚历山德里亚

和罗马希）。像前苏格拉底时代的思想家提出了关切的哲学探究等关键领域的话语和宇宙，

宇宙的结构、 功能的人的灵魂和可感知的现象，人类知识和道德的基本原则的主要东西。

1 Pre-Socratic philosophy

1.1 Milesian school

1.2 Xenophanes

1.3 Pythagoreanism

1.4 Heraclitus

1.5 Eleatic philosophy

1.6 Pluralism and atomism

1.7 Sophistry

2 Classical Greek philosophy

2.1 Socrates

2.2 Plato

2.3 Aristotle

3 Hellenistic philosophy

4 Transmission of Greek philosophy under Islam

1 前苏格拉底哲学

1.1 米利都学派

1.2 色诺芬尼

1.3 Pythagoreanism

1.4 赫拉克利特

1.5 利亚哲学

1.6 多元化和原子论

1.7 诡辩

2 古典希腊哲学

2.1 苏格拉底

2.2 柏拉图

2.3 亚里斯多德

3 希腊哲学

根据伊斯兰教的古希腊哲学的

The greatest achievements of the 4th century was in philosophy. There were

many Greek philosophers, but Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle tower above the rest

and had enormous influence on Western society. Socrates himself wrote nothing,

but his thought (or a reasonable presentation of it) is believed to be given by

Plato's early socratic dialogues. Aristotle is virtually without rivals among scientists

and philosophers. The first sentence of his Metaphysics reads: "All men by nature

desire to know." He has, therefore, been called the "Father of those who know." His

medieval disciple Thomas Aquinas referred to him simply as "the Philosopher."

Aristotle was a student at Plato's Academy, and it is known that like his teacher he

wrote dialogues, or conversations. None of these exist today. The body of writings

that has come down to the present probably represents lectures that he delivered

at his own school in Athens, the Lyceum. Even from these books the enormous

range of his interests is evident. He explored matters other than those that are

today considered philosophical. The treatises that exist cover logic, the physical

and biological sciences, ethics, politics, and constitutional government. There are

also treatises on The Soul and Rhetoric. His Poetics has had an enormous influence

on literary theory and served as an interpretation of tragedy for more than 2,000

years. With his death in 322 BC, the classical era of Greek literature drew to a close.

第 4 个世纪最伟大的成就是在哲学中。有许多的希腊哲学家，但苏格拉底、 柏拉图

和亚里斯多德塔上面休息和对西方社会的巨大影响。苏格拉底自己写了什么，但他的思

想 （或合理的表示） 据说是由柏拉图早期苏格拉底的对话。亚里斯多德是几乎没有科学家

和哲学家之间的竞争对手。他的形而上学的第一句："所有人的本性都渴望知道"。他有，

因此，被称为"的那些人知道父"。Thomas 阿奎那的中世纪弟子简称他为"哲学家"。亚里

士多德是柏拉图的学院一名学生，众所周知的像他的老师，他写的对话或对话。这些问题

都不存在的今天。大概一直流传到现在的文字体表示他在他自己的学校在雅典学园发表的

演讲。甚至从这些书他利益的巨大范围是明显的。他探索者今天被认为是哲学以外的事项。

存在覆盖逻辑、 物理和生物科学、 伦理、 政治和宪政的专著。也有灵魂和修辞的专著。

其诗学已有极大的影响，在文学理论上并担任释法悲剧为两千多年。在公元前322 年去世，

古典时代的希腊文学中接近尾声。