法律英语教程齐筠课后答案|江阴雨辰互联

2023年6月26日发(作者：)

Unit One Legal System

Listening

I. c a d a b

II.

statutes, constitutions, cite, interpreted, civil, cases, liability, created,

modified, repealed

Text A.

Building up your vocabulary

I. Match the items in the following two columns

A-civil law b-code c-validity d-jurisdiction e-cluster

f-decree g-codification h-statute i-parliament j-legislature

II. Fill in the blanks:

1. subdivision 2. maxim 3. federal 4. enforcement 5. statutes

6. precedent 7. Legislation decisis 9. legal ,legal 10. judicial , judicial

Cloze

Documents lawsuit trial attorneys advisors,

Clients juries alternative practice representation

Translation

1. 根据美国宪法，联邦政府分为行政、立法和司法三大部门，每个部门都被认为是独立的，并且能够相互制衡。

2. 通常有三类案件可以到达最高法院，即：牵涉到诉讼当事人分属不同的州的案件，牵涉到解释联邦法案的案件和解释美国宪法的案件。

3. 大律师事务所的律师平均收入最高；他们常常代理那些最有钱且最有社会地位的当事人；而且同高层次的法官和政府官员有着密切的联系。个人执业者和小律师事务所的律师收入最低，代理那些既没钱又没社会地位的当事人，而且主要同最低级别的法院和行政机构打交道。

4. 州立大学的法学院倾向于集中在一些传统的法律课程上：契约、侵权行为、宪法、诉讼程序、财产、遗嘱、信托与遗产、公司、合伙、代理、国际法、海商法、劳动法、行政法；私立法学院由于规模略小且师生人数比例一般较大，故有条件开设品种更多的课程，在新的、开拓中的领域尤其如此。这些私立法学院的课程目录中都列有诸如精神病学与法学、法学与社会学、城市法、贫困法、环境法、城市财政、土地规划等方面的课程或研讨班。

5. 英美法系的法官比起他们大陆法系的同行们来威信更高，其部分原因在于人们一般都觉得只有较优秀的律师才能当得上法官。尽管任命和遴选有其政治背景，这一结论恐怕还是大致符合实际情况的。

Text B

Check Your Understanding.

1 1. T 2. F 3. F 4.T 5.F 6.T 7.T 8.F 9.F 10.T

Building up your vocabulary.

I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.

English Chinese

jurisdiction

司法权

writ of certiorari

诉讼文件[案卷]调取令

session

开庭

Circuit court

巡回法庭

Claims Court

求偿法院

petition

诉状

arbiter

仲裁者

felony

重罪

Appellate Courts

上诉法院

conviction

定罪

misdemeanors

轻罪

II. Put the following terms into Chinese.

Probate or surrogate’s courts遗嘱检验法庭 juvenile courts少年法庭

Tax Court税务法院 Court of International Trade国际贸易法院

Bankrupcy Courts破产法院 appellate court巡回法院

Attorney General司法部长 Court of Military Appeals军事上诉法院

The Corut of Veterans Appeals退伍军人上诉法院 Trial court受理法院

Translation

1. The National People's Congress (NPC) is the highest institution of state power and together

with its permanent body --- the Standing Committee of the NPC, exercises the legislative power

of the state.

2. The NPC Standing Committee's power of legislation is not without restraints. Compared with

the legislative power of the NPC, the Standing Committee may not amend the Constitution. But

it is authorized:

(1) to interpret the Constitution and supervise its enforcement;

(2) to enact and amend laws, with the exception of those which should be enacted by

the NPC;

(3) to partially supplement and amend, when the NPC is not in session, laws enacted

by the NPC provided that the basic principles of these laws are not contravened;

(4) to interpret laws.

3. In accordance with the structure of the lawmaking powers, Chinese law can be divided

into four levels, i.e., the Constitution, laws adopted by the NPC and its Standing

Committee, administrative regulations adopted by the State Council and local

regulations by the people's congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and cities.

2 4. General laws include the Constitution, the General Principles of Civil Law, the Civil

Procedure Law, and the Criminal Law etc. Special legislation include legislation dealing

with foreign investments, such as the Joint Venture Law, the Wholly Foreign-owned

Enterprises Law, the Foreign Economic Contract Law, and legislation governing

matters such as registration of business, labor and management, taxation, exchange

control, financial matters, customs duties etc.

Unit Two CONSTITUTIONAL LAW

Listening

dictation.

Declaration, human, political, assume, nature, impel, self-evident,

Creator, unalienable, institute, Prudence, abolishing , throw off , usurpations

II. Compound dictation.

a fundamental right

the right to be left alone

no explicit guarantee of privacy in the Constitution

source of privacy secured by the First Amendment

unreasonable searches and seizures

TEXT A

Building up your vocabulary

I. Match the items in the following two columns.

1.k 2..g 3.b 4.f 5.j 6.l 7.h 8.a 9.e 10.d 11.c 12.i

in the blanks

1. ascertaining,

2. statutory interpretation.

3. prolixity, a ready solution

4. power of the purse, commander-in-chief

5. checks and balances

6. unreasonable searches and seizures

7. standing

8. elimination of racial discrimination, accommodation, badges of servitude

Cloze

commitment, majority, To that end, .a democratic society,

Litigants, preferential treatment, strict neutrality,

at taxpayer expense, violating, state legislatures, ruled

Translation

任何人恶意或故意地以过高或异常的噪音，以喧闹或无理的行为，以威胁、诽谤、争吵、挑衅、斗殴行为扰乱周围地区或个人的宁静或平静；或在非自治乡镇的街道或公路上为赌博或娱乐进行赛马，在这样的乡镇开枪，在妇女儿童面前或可听到的范围内大声使用粗俗、亵渎、或不雅的语言，均构成轻罪。经由有资格管辖的法院判决，应处以不超过200元的罚金，或不超过90天的县监狱监禁，或者可并处罚金与监禁，或由法院自由裁量，二择其一。

TEXT B

Check your understanding

1． T

2． F

3． T

4． T

5． F

6． F

7． F

8． T

9． T

10． F

11． F

12． T

Building up your vocabulary

I. Give the English Version to the following legal terms.

English

Chinese

Freedom of speech, press, and assembly

言论、出版、与集会自由

Right of privacy

隐私权

Racial discrimination

种族歧视

The right to trial by jury

接受陪审团审判的权利

Judicial review

Minority right

Right to legal equality

racial diversity

Freedom of religious exercise

Right to counsel / an attorney

司法审查

少数民族的权利

平等权

种族的多样性

宗教信仰自由

聘请律师辩护的权利

4 Unlawful detention, deprivation, or restriction

Civil rights

personal dignity

constitutionality

suffrage

privilege against self-incrimination

association, procession and demonstration

The Bill of Rights

unlawful search of the person of citizens

amendment

非法拘禁、剥夺或者限制

公民权利

人格尊严

合宪性

选举权；投票权

反对自我归罪的权利

结社、游行、示威权

权利法案

非法搜查公民的身体

修正案

2. Put the following terms into Chinese:

direct democracy 直接民主

checks and balances相互制衡

voting qualifications投票资格

amending process of the Constitution宪法的修正程序

due process正当程序

the right to bear arms持枪权

the doctrine of constitutional supremacy 宪法至上原则

process of impeachment 弹劾程序

personal stake 个人利害关系

two-chamber legislature 两院立法机构

judiciary司法制度；司法体系；司法机构

the separation of legislative, executive and judicial powers 立法、行政、司法权的分立

Translation

1. Article 33 Anybody who holds the nationality of the People's Republic of China is a citizen

of the People's Republic of China. All citizens of the People's Republic of China are equal

before the law. Every citizen has the rights and at the same time shall perform the duties

prescribed by the Constitution and the laws.

2. Article 34 Citizens of the People's Republic of China whoever have reached the age of 18

have the right to vote and stand for election, regardless of ethnic status, race, sex, occupation,

family background, religious belief, education, property status or length of residence, except

persons deprived of political rights according to law.

3. Article 35 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of speech, of the press,

of assembly, of association, of procession and of demonstration.

4. Article 36 Citizens of the People's Republic of China enjoy freedom of religious belief. No

state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not believe

in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe

in, any religion. The state protects normal religious activities. No one may make use of

religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or

5 interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are

not subject to any foreign domination.

5. Article 37 Freedom of the person of citizens of the People's Republic of China is inviolable.

No citizens may be arrested except with the approval or by decision of a people's

procuratorate or by decision of a people's court, and arrests must be made by a public security

organ. Unlawful detention or deprivation or restriction of citizens' freedom of the person by

other means is prohibited, and unlawful search of the person of citizens is prohibited.

6. Article 38 The residences of citizens of the People's Republic of China are inviolable.

Unlawful search of, or intrusion into, a citizen's residence is prohibited.

Unit Three Criminal Law

Warming-up Exercises.

I. F, T, T, F, T, F, F

II．criminal, damages, distinction, wrong, prosecution,

victim, against, difference, as, civil

Text A

Build up your vocabulary

the items in the following two columns.

1. E

2.G

3. D

4. F.

5.A

6. H

7. I

8. J

9. B

10. C

in the Blanks .

ble es tion 4. violation 5. committed

ution ntive es iction

Cloze

statut, accused, jurisdiction, property,

commit, criminal,

fraud, constitute,

prosecution offense, enactment,

Translation

1．根据《标准刑法典》的规定，故意的意思是：当（1）若一个要件含有行为人行为的性质或结果，他的主观目的则是从事该性质的行为或造成该结果；以及（2）若一个要件含有若干伴随情形，他则意识到该等情形的存在并且相信或希望该等

6 情形存在时，一个人的行为构成针对一重要要件的行为意图。

2．布莱克斯通把重罪仅仅界定为一种由社会共同承担抓捕罪犯责任的制度，该制度是威廉一世为保护入侵敌对国家的诺曼第人而设立，在英国一直持续到17世纪。

3．同一行为常常同时构成刑事犯罪和民事不法行为，最突出的表现是，在控告不成或作出不控告决定后，受害人或其家庭会对所指称的加害人提出民事诉讼要求损害赔偿；但我们仍然可以提出将一个行为作为刑事犯罪加以定义和对待和将其作为民事不法行为加以定义和对待的区别是什么。

4．对犯罪定义的规定的一般目的是：

(1) 禁止和阻止对个人或公共利益的不正当和没有理由的侵害或潜在的实质性的损害的行为；

(2) 置行为显示其有可能犯罪的人于公众监控之下；

(3) 保证无过错行为不被宣判刑事违法；

(4) 对公布构成犯罪的行为的性质给予合理的提示；

(5) 合理区分重罪和轻罪。

Text B

Check Your Understanding

1．T 2. T 3. T 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. F 8.T

Build up Your Vocabulary

I Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms:

English Chinese

legal consequence

法律后果

strict liability

严格责任

mistake of fact

事实错误

minor

未成年人

crime of negligence

过失犯罪

civil damages

民事损害赔偿

motive

动机

material matter

重要事项

Guilty minds

犯意

specific intent

特定故意

II. Put the following terms into Chinese:

1. grading systems 分级制

2. first degree murder 一级谋杀

3. retributive sentence 惩罚性刑法

4. aggravated assault 严重伤害

5. peremptory challenges 绝对回避

6. presumption of innocence 无罪推定

7. case at bar 正在审理中的案件

7 8. case of first impression 未有先例的案件

9. verdict of acquittal 无罪裁决

10. verdict of guilty 有罪裁决

Translation

Under Article 231 of Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, whoever uses on

identical commodities the trademark which is identical to the registered trademark without the

permit of the registrant shall be sentenced to up-to-three-year imprisonment or criminal

detention, or may be concurrently or exclusively be sentenced to a fine if the circumstances

are serious, and shall be sentenced to fixed-term imprisonment of more than three years but

not more than seven years and a fine concurrently if the circumstances are particularly

serious.

2． If an act in fact results in harmful consequences due to unavoidable or unforeseeable causes

rather than intent or negligence, it shall not be deemed a crime.

3． Whoever takes public or private property by force, threat or other methods shall constitute the

crime of property violation and whoever, by means of force or threat, obstructs a state

functionary from carrying out his functions according to law shall constitute the crime of

disturbing public order.

4． A criminal who is liable for civil damages and is at the same time sentenced to a fine and

whose property is not sufficient to pay the civil damages in full or sentenced to a confiscation

of property shall first undertake his liability to the victim for civil compensation

Unit Four Criminal Procedure Law

Listening

sentences, conduct, abuse and unfairness, maximum and minimum, penalty, inmate behavior,

liberal and conservative, draft legislation, abandoned.

II.

(1)Substantive penal law and constitutional law.

(2)There is no one single system.

(3)Each of the 50 states, as well as the District of Columbia and the central federal government,

has its own legislature, penal laws, and criminal justice system

(4)The primary responsibility of controlling criminality and defining crime.

Text A

Building up you vocabulary.

the items in the following two columns

1-o, 2-c, 3-p, 4-n , 5- e, 6-a , 7-f , 8- b, 9-m, 10-g , 11-j, 12-i , 13-l , 14-d , 15-h , 16-k

in the Blanks with the words or expressions given below. Changing the form if necessary:

8 1. defendant

2. jurisprudence

3. grand jury, government tyranny.

4. prosecution

5. the capital punishment

6. conviction, proceeding

7. self-incrimination,

8. the nature of criminality

9. governmental searches and seizures,

10. adversarial

Cloze

civil liberty, searches and seizures, vague and broad, government conduct, unlawful, proof,

provides, violation, inadmissible, prosecution, coupled, witness, appeared

Translation

重要证人的释放或羁押

如果一方递交的正式书面陈述中显示某人的证词在刑事诉讼程序中很重要，而且如果情况表明发传票无法保证该人能出庭作证，审判人员可下令逮捕该人，并依照本章的3142款处置。如果能充分保证该证人能通过庭外作证提供证言，而且如果延时羁押并不一定能防止不公正，那么任何重要证人不得因未满足释放条件而被羁押。遵照《联邦刑事诉讼规则》，重要证人的释放可适当延期直到获得该证人的庭外作证。

TEXT B

Check Your Understanding

1. F

2. T

1. T

2. F

3. T

4. T

5. F

6. T

7. F

8. F

Build Up Your Vocabulary

the corresponding translation of each of the following terms:

English Chinese

Guilty verdict

有罪裁定

Criminal procedure 刑事诉讼程序

Double jeopardy

双重危险

Beyond a reasonable doubt 排除合理怀疑

Arraignment

提审，传讯

Right to remain silent 沉默权

Right to speedy trial

快速审判权

Death sentence with a reprieve/ death sentence

死刑缓期执行

with a say of execution

Voir dire

选陪审员，预先审核陪审员

Termination of action

诉讼终结

Hearing 听审，听证

Presumption of innocence

无罪推定

Guilty plea 认罪，有罪答辩

the following terms into Chinese.

dismissing an appeal驳回上诉

appeal against conviction 不服定罪的上诉

counter action 反诉

effect of appeal上诉效力

principal action/ action in chief主诉

private prosecution/oneself action自诉

appellant上诉人

counter-charge/protest抗诉

protestant抗诉人

complaint/ caption起诉书/（起诉书上的）案件说明

custody/ detention羁押/拘留

inquisitorial system纠问制度

appeal for mercy诉请宽刑

instituting prosecution提起公诉

bill of prosecution公诉书

10 dossier案卷

brief案情摘要

major case主案件

pending case待决案件

adversary system抗辩制度

defeat suit败诉案件

hot criminal被警方通缉的罪犯

commitment/commital/detention/custody关押监禁/拘留/羁押

evidentiary presumption证据推定

Translation

1． The aim of the Criminal Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China is: to ensure

accurate and timely ascertainment of facts about crimes, correct application of law,

punishment of criminals and protection of the innocent against being investigated for

criminal responsibility; to enhance the citizens' awareness of the need to abide by law and

to fight vigorously against criminal acts in order to safeguard the socialist legal system, to

protect the citizens' personal rights; their property rights, democratic rights and other

rights; and to guarantee smooth progress of the cause of socialist development.

2． The public security organs shall be responsible for investigation, detention, execution of

arrests and preliminary inquiry in criminal cases. The People's Procuratorates shall be

responsible for procuratorial work, authorizing approval of arrests, conducting

investigation and initiating public prosecution of cases directly accepted by the

procuratorial organs. The People's Courts shall be responsible for adjudication. Except as

otherwise provided by law, no other organs, organizations or individuals shall have the

authority to exercise such powers.

3． Defence lawyers may, with the consent of the witnesses or other units and individuals

concerned, collect information pertaining to the current case from them and they may also

apply to the People's Procuratorate or the People's Court for the collection and obtaining

of evidence, or request the People's Court to inform the witnesses to appear in court and

give testimony.

4．During a trial, the defendant may refuse to have his defendant continue to defend him and

may entrust his defence to another defender.

Unit Five Civil procedural Law

Listening

1.T, 2.F, 3.T, 4. F, 5.T

II. the adversary, shaping, investigating, guiding, arise,

manifold, contest, resolution, determination, battle

11 Text A

Build up your vocabulary

I. Match the items in the following two columns.

1-c 2-e 3-a 4-g 5-h 6-b 7-d 8-f 9-i 10-j

II. Fill in the blanks

1. issue sed ent g

ion ntive 9. entitled

10. remedy, remedies

Cloze

reflective, randomly, panel, criminal, plea, trial, Sitting, duty, contempt, justice

Translation

1. 民事案件是民事法院管理的因民事侵权行为而要求得到损害赔偿金的诉讼案件或法律诉讼。

2. 如果被告声称彻底解决争议还必须有其他当事人，他可以将其他人作为第三人被告纳入该案。

3. 民法调整的是涉及财产所有权、土地所有权、订立契约和履行契约、组织企事业、雇用劳力、买卖货物、结婚离婚、继承财产等人和人之间的主要社会关系。

4. 当法院收到原告的起诉书以后，就会通知被告人已经有人对他提起法律诉讼，并指示被告人提交答辩书。

5. 当辩论程序开始时，双方律师作首次发言，并通过安排自己一方的证人作证，展示物证和相互盘问对方证人等方式，分别为自己的一方提出证据，最后作结束性发言。

Text B

Check your understanding

1.T, 2. F, 3.T, 4.F, 5. T,

6.T,

7.T,

8.F, 9. F, 10.T

Building up your vocabulary

I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.

English Chinese

summary judgment

litigation process

procedural device

jurisdictions

testimony

allegation

deposition

affidavits

The court of Appeal

即决判决

诉讼程序

程序性手段

管辖权

证词

指控

作证

宣誓书

上诉法院

12 II. Put the following terms into Chinese. Some of them are not present in the text.

affidavit宣誓书 injunction禁令

affirmative defense积极抗辩 compensatory damages补偿性损害赔偿

cross cllaim相互提出诉讼请求 declaratory judgment宣告式判决

jurisdiction管辖权，审判权 negligence过失

punitive damages惩罚性的损害赔偿费 sanction制裁

voir dire预先审核 directed verdict直接裁决

Translation

1．The Civil Procedure Law of the People's Republic of China aims to protect the

exercise of the litigation rights of the parties and ensure the ascertaining of facts

by the people's courts, distinguish right from wrong, apply the law correctly, try

civil cases promptly, affirm civil rights and obligations, impose sanctions for civil

wrongs, protect the lawful rights and interests of the parties, educate citizens to

voluntarily abide by the law, maintain the social and economic order, and

guarantee the smooth progress of the socialist construction.

2．The people's conciliation committees shall be mass organizations to conduct

conciliation of civil disputes under the guidance of the grass- roots level people's

governments and the basic level people's courts. The people's conciliation

committee shall conduct conciliation for the parties according to the Law and on a

voluntary basis. The parties concerned shall be bound by the settlement agreement

reached through conciliation; those who refuse conciliation or those for whom

conciliation has failed or those who have backed out of the settlement agreement

may file a suit in a people's court. If a people's conciliation committee, in

conducting conciliation of civil disputes, acts against the law, rectification shall be

made by the people's court.

3．A civil lawsuit brought against a citizen shall be under the jurisdiction of the

people's court of the place where the defendant has his domicile; if the place of the

defendant's domicile is different from that of his habitual residence, the lawsuit

shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place of his habitual

residence. A civil lawsuit brought against a legal person or any other organization

shall be under the jurisdiction of the people's court of the place where the

defendant has his domicile. Where the domiciles or habitual residences of several

defendants in the same lawsuit are in the areas under the jurisdiction of two or

more people's courts, all of those people's courts shall have jurisdiction over the

lawsuit.

4．In applying for the withdrawal, the party shall state the reason and submit the

application at the beginning of the proceedings; the application may also be

submitted before the closing of arguments in court if the reason for the withdrawal

is known to him only after the proceedings begin. Pending a decision by the

people's court regarding the withdrawal applied for, the judicial officer concerned

shall temporarily suspend his participation in the proceedings, with the exception,

however, of cases that require the taking of emergency measures.

Unit Six Tort Law

1. Spot dictation.

1) Torts are civil wrongs recognized by law as grounds for a lawsuit. These wrongs result in an

injury or harm constituting the basis for a claim by the injured party. While some torts are also

crimes punishable with imprisonment, the primary aim of tort law is to provide relief for the

damages incurred and deter others from committing the same harms. The injured person may

sue for an injunction to prevent the continuation of the tortious conduct or for monetary damages.

Among the types of damages the injured party may recover are: loss of earnings capacity, pain and

suffering, and reasonable medical expenses. They include both present and future expected

losses.

2) There are numerous specific torts including trespass, assault, battery, negligence, products

liability, and intentional infliction of emotional distress. Torts fall into three general categories:

intentional torts; negligent torts; and strict liability torts. Intentional torts are those wrongs which

the defendant knew or should have known would occur through their actions or inactions.

Negligent torts occur when the defendant's actions were unreasonably unsafe. Strict liability

wrongs do not depend on the degree of carefulness by the defendant, but are established when a

particular action causes damage.

2. Why do we need tort law?

What if we had no legal system to deal with injuries like these? First, people would have less

incentive to avoid injuring other people. Sometimes injuries would occur intentionally; more often,

the injuries would be accidental, because people would have less incentive to be careful. An auto

manufacturer would have an incentive to cut back on safety measures if it knew it would have an

incentive to cut back on safety measures if it knew it would not be liable for injuries that were

caused by defective cars. Drivers might be less careful, and property owners might be less inclined

to repair their sidewalks. Conversely, businesses and individuals who did act safely would be

penalized for their good behavior because it is often more expensive to act carefully with no

corresponding reduction in liability.

Second, the victims of accidents would be left to their own resources to pay for medical expenses,

lost wages, property damage, and other consequences of injuries they suffer. For most victims the

cost would be significant; for the unlucky few, the cost would be catastrophic. Stella Liebeck’s

misadventure with hot coffee, for example, would cost her tens of thousand of dollars in

hospitalization and doctor bills.

Third, it just would not seem fair that people could freely inflict harm on other people, either

intentionally or carelessly. The careless driver would get away with acting wrongfully if he did not

have to pay for his actions, and the innocent victim would have to suffer the consequences.

14 2. Listern to the passage again and complete the chart.

Actors Acts

People would have less incentive to avoid injuring other people

Auto manufacturers

drivers

Property owners

Would have an incentive to cut back on safety measures.

might be less careful

might be less inclined to repair their sidewalks

Businesses and would be penalized for their good behavior

individuals who did act

safely

Text A

Build up your vocabulary

I. Match the items in the following two columns

1. c, 2. g, 3. a, 4. h, 5. b, 6. e, 7. i, 8. j 9. d, 10.f

II. Fill in the blanks.

ent 2. fault 3. intentional tort 4. offensive 5. battery

6. trespass 7. breached their duty 8. misconduct 9. Strict liability 10. cause

Cloze

harm, conduct, risks. actor, risk of harm, intentionally, Motive, foreseen, unreasonable,

wrongful, burden, fault

Translation

1. 一般原则

（1）侵犯他人隐私权的人对给他人的权益造成的损害承担责任。

（2）侵犯隐私权的形式有：

A 如652条b款规定的情形，不合理地入侵他人的私密住所，；或者

B 如652条c款规定的情形，使用他人的姓名或明星人身权；或者

C 如652条d款规定的情形，不合理地公开他人的隐私；或者

D 如652条e款规定的情形, 公开行为不合理地致使他人给公众留下错误印象。

2．食品出售人或分销商，若出售或分销第2、3、4条中规定的有缺陷的食品，则对该缺陷造成的人身或财产损害承担责任。根据第2条a款，食品中的致害成分，若为理性消费者不能预见该食品中会含有该成分的，则构成缺陷。

3．《侵权法重述》对“侵入”的普通法诉因做如下界定：

入侵他人财产者，无论是否因此行为给他人的合法权益造成损害，只要发生下列故意情形之一，均应承担责任：

A 进入他人土地，或使一物品或第三人进入他人土地；或者

B 在该土地上停留；或者

C 未将有义务移走的物品从该土地上移走。

4．《侵权法重述（二）》第525条规定：

对事实、意见、意图或法律进行虚假陈述，以诱使他人因此作为或不作为的人，对于该被欺骗者因合理信赖该虚假陈述而遭受的金钱损失，应当承担责任。

15 Text B

Check your understanding

1. F 2. F 3.T 4.F. 5. T 6.T 7. T 8. T 9. F 10. F

Build up your vocabulary

I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.

English Chinese

prescriptive right

因时效而取得的权利

interference with the interest of another

干预他人的权益

redress

赔偿，救济

enjoyment of land

土地享用权

concurrent remedy

共同救济

exclusive possession

独占权

a wrong

违法行为

omission

不作为

assumption of risk

personal injury

the following terms into Chinese:

public nuisance 公害

basis of liability 承担责任的根据

a tort action 侵权诉讼

cause in fact 事实原因

remote cause 远因

superseding cause 替代原因

reasonable care 合理注意

de facto tort 事实上的侵权行为

Translation

危险推定

人身损害

private nuisance 私人妨害

consequential injury 继起的伤害

cause of action 诉因

proximate cause 近因

intervening cause 介入原因

per se 本质的

feasibility 可行性

illegal omission 违法的不作为

1．When a civil act is determined null and void or is rescinded, the party who obtained the

property as a result of the act shall return it to the party who suffered a loss. The erring party

shall compensate the other party for the losses incurred as a result of the act; if both parties are

in error, they shall each bear their proper share of the responsibility.

2．One who is engaged in the businesses of manufacturing or selling products is subject to

liability to the other for the injury to property or person caused by its defective products. The

manufacturers or sellers shall have a claim for damages to the transporter or storekeeper who

is liable for the injury.

3．One who feeds or keeps an animal shall be subject to liability for the injury caused by the

animal to another, unless the injury is caused due to the fault of the victim, or a third party

where the third party shall be liable.

4． The General Principles of Civil Law of the PRC provides both fault liability and no-fault

liability. Under the doctrine of fault liability, a wrongdoer(tortfeasor) shall be found liable on

the basis of his fault. The tort which is determined under the doctrine shall satisfy the four

requirements: the wrongdoer’s fault and the illegality of his act, the certainty of injury, the

16 causation between the tortious act and the injury. Under the doctrine of no-fault liability, the

wrongdoer shall be liable if his act is what is prescribed by the law and there is injury incurred

regardless of the wrongdoer’s fault.

5． If the defect of a product causes personal injury or damage to other's property, the injured or

damaged person may claim compensation from the producer of the product or may also claim

compensation from the seller of the product. If the compensation lies to the liability of the

producer of the product but the seller of the product has made the compensation, the seller of

the product has the right to seek the compensation from the producer of the product. If it lies to

the liability of the seller of the product but the producer of the product has made the

compensation, the producer of the product has the right to seek the compensation from the

seller of the product.

Unit Seven Contract Law

Listening

I. 1.F 2. T 3. F 4. T 5.T

II. .promise consideration offer acceptance written express

oral conduct implied enforced

Text A

Build up your vocabulary

the items in the following two columns.

1-b 2-j 3-c 4-h 5-g 6-a 7-f 8-d 9-k 10-e

g the blanks

ation damages ic performance roffer tion ution

6. misrepresentation assent 8. rejection 9. minors ibility

Cloze

consideration offer meeting of the minds promise unilateral contract

performance bilateral contract oral contract counteroffers option

Translation

1．如果商人在签名的书面函件中提出购买或出售货物的要约，且函件保证该要约将保持有效，则即使无对价，在要约规定的有效时间内，或如果未规定时间，在合理时间内，要约不可撤销。在任何情况下，此种要约不可撤销的时间都不超过３个月。而且，如果此种保证条款载于受要约人所提供的表格上，则该条款必须由要约人另加签名。

2．如果法院在法律上发现合同或合同的任何条款在制定时显失公平，法院可以拒绝强制执行，或仅执行显失公平部分之外的其它条款，或限制显失公平条款的适用以避免显失公平的后果。

3．受要约人用信函或电报发出的拒绝要约或反要约，在要约人收到时方可终止承诺权，但仍可对受约人的承诺权形成限制，因此受要约人在发出否则有效的拒绝要约或反要约之后发出的承诺信函或电报只能作为反要约，除非要约人在收到拒绝要约或反要约之前收

17 到该承诺。

4．允诺人在作出允诺时应该合理预见其允诺可能导致受允诺人或第三方作为或不作为，且该允诺确实导致了该作为或不作为的，若只有通过法律强制履行其诺言方能避免不公正，则该允诺具有约束力，但救济只限于公正所需。

Text B

Checking your understanding

1. T 2. F 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. T 7.T 8.F 9. T 10. F

Build up your vocabulary

I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.

Adhesion contract – 附意合同；格式合同

sufficiency of consideration – 对价的充分性

adequacy of consideration – 对价的适当性

undue influence – 不正当影响

illusory promises – 虚假允诺

past consideration – 过去的对价

detrimental reliance – 不利益的信赖；致人损害的信赖

promisor – 允诺人

unconscionable – 显失公平的

rescission – 解除（合同）；撤销（合同）

injunction – 禁止令

II. Put the following terms into Chinese

express contract 明示合同 liquidated damages 约定违约金

implied contract 默示合同unjust enrichment 不当得利

executory contract 待履行的合同 reliance damages 基于信赖利益的损害赔偿金

executed contract 已履行的合同 quantum meriut 合理金额

void contract 无效合同 substantial performance 实质履行

voidable contract 可撤销的合同material breach 重大违约；实质性违约

unenforceable contract 不可强制执行的合同nominal consideration 名义对价；象征性对价

anticipatory repudiation 预期违约 constructive condition 推定条件

Translation

1. The terms of the acceptance shall be identical to those of the offer. A purported acceptance

dispatched by the offeree which materially alters the terms of the offer constitutes a new offer.

A change in the subject matter, quantity, quality, price or remuneration, time, place and

method of performance, liabilities for breach of contract or method of dispute resolution is a

material change to the terms of the offer.

2. The parties may prescribe that effectiveness of a contract be subject to certain conditions. A

contract subject to a condition precedent becomes effective once such condition is satisfied. A

contract subject to a condition subsequent is extinguished once such condition is satisfied.

Where in order to further its own interests, a party improperly impaired the satisfaction of a

condition, the condition is deemed to have been satisfied; where a party improperly facilitated

18 the satisfaction of a condition, the condition is deemed not to have been satisfied.

3. The parties shall fully perform their respective obligations in accordance with their contract.

The parties shall abide by the principle of good faith, and perform obligations such as

notification, assistance, and confidentiality, etc. in light of the nature and purpose of the

contract and in accordance with the relevant usage.

4. Where a party breached the contract, the other party shall take the appropriate measures to

prevent further loss; where the other party sustained further loss due to its failure to take the

appropriate measures, it may not claim damages for such further loss. Any reasonable expense

incurred by the other party in preventing further loss shall be borne by the breaching party.

Unit Eight Property Law

Listening

I. Listen to the passage, and then answer the questions according to what you hear on the tape.

1. Both tangible and intangible things.

2. Copyright and financial instruments such as stocks, bonds and mutual fund shares.

2. Relationships among people with respect to valuable resources.

3. A bundle of rights.

4. A bundle of sticks.

5. Liberty to use, right to exclude, power to transfer, immunity from damage.

6. The right to exclude.

II. Spot dictation.

center trespass property invasion exclude

unreasonable nuisances things allocation qualifies

Text A

Build up your vocabulary

I. Match the items in the following two columns.

1-f 2-e 3-d 4-g 5-g 6-c 7-i 8-b 9-j 10-k

II. Fill in the blanks

simple property 3. life estate 4. Tenancy by the entirety 5. joint tenancy

6. right of survivorship 7. tenancy in common 8. Personal property 9. lateral support

10. subjacent support

Cloze

nuisance easements run with the land servitudes life estate air rights

condominium joint ownership future interest land use Zoning

Translation

1．共有就是由两人或更多的人平等享有的财产权益，该共有权可以是由单独一份遗嘱或转让产生，并且在该遗嘱或转让契约中明确表明该财产为共有；或由独一所有人转让给他自己与他人共有；或是普通共有人或共同占有人转让给自己或其中一部分共有人共有，

19 或全体共有人或其中任何共有人与其他人共有；或由夫妻作为共同财产或其他形式财产所有权人将财产转让给他们自己共有或他们自己与他人共有，或者其中一人与给他人共有，并且在转让契约中明确表明是共有，或让与或遗赠给遗嘱执行人或信托人共有。

2．任何制作、印刷或出版，或致使制造、印刷或出版任何有关出售、出租住房的通知、声明或广告的行为，且该通知、声明或广告含有对种族、肤色、宗教、性别、生理缺陷、婚姻状况、民族等的偏好、限制或歧视，或有该偏好、限制或歧视的意图，均为非法。

3．共同占有财产与普通共有财产的分割。有管辖权的法院（适格法院）在利害关系人提出衡平法上的救济请求时，可以命令共同财产所有人对共同占有的地产进行分割，并可为此目的指定一个委员会，还可以同样方式分割限嗣继承地产保有人占有的地产；分割地产的法令对所有当事人以及作为继承人而随后主张权利的所有共有人都具有约束力。

4．要求获得地产所有权或占有权的诉讼得在诉因产生之日起21年内提起，但是如果有权提起该诉讼的当事人在诉因产生时未成年、有智障或被监禁，则该当事人可在诉因产生21年期满后，在该种无能力解除后10年内提起该诉。

Text B：

Checking your understanding

1.F 2. F 3.F 4. T 5. F 6. F 7. F 8. T 9. T 10. T

Build up your vocabulary

I. Give the corresponding translation of each of the following terms.

adverse possession – 逆占有；实效占有

permanent injunction – 长期禁止令

premises – 房屋

mortgage – 抵押权人

constructive possession – 推定占有

Statute of Limitations/ Law of Limitations/ Limitation Act – 诉讼时效法

Power of attorney – 授权书；委托书

tenant – 承租人

lien – 留置权

grantee – 受让人

II. Put the following trms into Chinese.

freehold estate 自有保有地产（权）

partition 分割

eminent domain 国家征用权

condemnation 征用（补偿）

zoning 分区；分区制

takings 没收；征用

marketable title 可转让的产权

warranty of habitability 可居住性担保

accessions 添附物；添附

improvements 不动产的改进

reversion 归复（权）；土地归复（权）；财产归复（权）

alienability 可转让性；可流通性

20 contingent remainders 不确定的剩余地产权；期待性剩余地产权

vested remainders 确定的剩余地产权

dower 寡妇地产

curtesy 鳏夫产；丈夫应得的亡妻遗产

Translation

1. A citizen's personal property shall include his lawfully earned income, housing, savings,

articles for daily use, cultral relics, books, reference materials, trees, livestock, as well as

means of production the law permits a citizen to possess and other lawful property. A citizen's

lawful property shall be protected by law, and no organization or individual may appropriate,

encroach upon, destroy or illegally seal up, distrain, freeze or confiscate it.

2. Property may be owned jointly by two or more citizens or legal persons. There shall be two

kinds of joint ownership, namely co-ownership by shares and common ownership. Each of the

co-owners by shares shall enjoy the rights and assume the obligations respecting the joint

property in proportion to his share. Each of the common owners shall enjoy the rights and

assume the obligations respecting the joint property. Each co-owner by shares shall have the

right to withdraw his own share of the joint property or transfer its ownership. However, when

he offers to sell his share, the other co-owners shall have a right of pre-emption if all other

conditions are equal.

3. If the owner of a buried or concealed object is unknown, the object shall belong to the state.

The unit that receives the object shall commend or give a material reward to the unit or

individual that turns in the object. Lost-and-found objects, flotsam and stray animals shall be

returned to their rightful owners, and any costs thus incurred shall be reimbursed by the

owners.

4. Neighboring users of real estate shall, motivated for the desire to help production, make things

convenient for people's lives, enhance unity and mutual assistance, and be fair and reasonable,

maintain proper neighborly relations over such matters as water supply, drainage, passageway,

ventilation and lighting. Anyone who causes obstruction or damage to his neighbor, shall stop

the infringement, eliminate the obstruction and compensate for the damage.

Unit Nine Corporation Law

Listening

I. Listen to the passage, and then answer the questions according to what your hear on the tape.

1. NO, there is no difference. It is different from civil law.

2. Noncommercial corporations are often formed for charitable or religious purposes and are

subject to special statutory provisions while commercial corporations are not.

3. In public corporations, shares are traded on public exchanges; but in private corporations,

shares are closely-held.

4. Only one.

5. The corporate charter does.

II. Spot dictation.

board president charter shareholders legislation

21 compensation management care obligation equity

Text A

Build up your vocabulary.

I. Match the items in the following two columns

1-k 2-j 3-b 4-a 5-g 6-i 7-h 8-f 9-d 10-c

II. Fill in the blanks

1. certificate of incorporation 2. bond es of incorporation ties

5. Preferred stock 6. dividend 7. fiduciary duty olders 9. business judgment rule

10. legal entity

Cloze

legal entity corporation shareholders publicly held corporations

Closely held corporations transfer of shares incorporated secretary of state

dissolution directors

Translation

1．任何个人、合伙、组织或公司，无论其居住地、住所或法人设立地，均可根据本章要求

单独或共同设立公司或组建公司，依据本法103款的规定需向州国务卿提交生效的、确认的、备案并登记的公司注册证书。

2．如果在第一届股东大会召开之前，在公司注册证书中没有指定董事，那么公司创办人就

充当董事负责处理公司业务、从事任何必要、适当的完善公司组织的事务，包括批准通过公司内部章程和选举董事，直至选出新董事。

3．除了本法第122条所列举的权力之外，每个公司及其管理人员、董事和股东只要是为经

营、宣传或实现公司注册证书中所述的业务或购置所必需或便利，得拥有并可行使本法或任何其他法或公司注册证书所赋予的一切权力、特权，连同附带之权力。

4．每个股东都有权在股东大会上就公司行为投票，或在未召开股东大会时以书面形式对公

司行为表示赞同或反对，也可以授权委托书的形式授权他人代为行使权利，但是以授权委托书方式行使权利的不得超过授权委托书订立日起三年，否则不得行使权利，除非授权委托书规定更长期限。

5. 当公司的管理人员、董事或股东依据本章的规定对公司的债务负有赔偿责任时，债务受益方可以对他们中任何人提出法律上或衡平法上的诉讼，在起诉书中原告应向公司提出诉求，以及希望对被告个人提出指控的理由。

Text B

Check your understanding

1.F 2. T 3.F 4. T 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. F 9. F 10. T

Build up your vocabulary.

I. Give the corresponding translation of each of he following terms.

alter ego – 第二个我

legal entity – 法律实体

affiliated corporation – 附属公司；关联公司；联营公司

22 corporate veil – 公司面纱

stock ledger book – 股票分类账簿；股票分户账簿

corporate minute book – 公司股东大会议事记录

corporate records – 公司记录；公司档案

corporate bylaws – 公司内部章程

stock certificate – 股权证书；股票

bank account(s) – 银行往来帐户

II. Put the following terms into Chinese.

partnership 合伙

limited liability company 有限责任公司

agency 代理

principal （代理关系中的）委托人，被代理人；本金；资本；票面价值

promoter 发起人；创办人

subscription 认购

indenture 多方契据

par value 面值；票面价值

preemptive right 优先认购权；优先认购股

subsidiary corporation 子公司

individual proprietorship 个人独资企业

assets and liabilities 资产与负债

ultra vires 越权；越权原则

issuance of shares 股票发行

merger 兼并

public offering 公开发行；公开发售

Translation

1. All limited liability companies and companies limited by shares are enterprise legal persons.

In the case of a limited liability company, a shareholder is liable to the company to the extent

of the amount of the shareholder's capital contribution. A limited liability company is liable

for the debts of the company with all its assets. In the case of a company limited

by shares, its entire capital is divided into shares of equal value and shareholders shall be

liable to the company to the extent of the shares held by them. A company limited by shares

is liable for the debts of the company with all its assets.

2. In establishing a company, the company's articles of association shall be prepared in

accordance with this Law. The articles of association are binding on the

company, the shareholders, directors, supervisors and managers. A company's business

scope is specified in its articles of association and registered in accordance

with the law. For items in a company’s business scope which are restricted by law or

administrative regulations, approval shall be obtained in accordance with the law. A company

shall conduct business activities within its registered business scope. A company may change

its business scope by amendments to its articles of association in accordance with procedures

provided by law and after changing its registration with the company registration authority.

3. Shareholders may appoint proxies to attend shareholders’ general meetings. A proxy shall

23 present to the company a power of attorney from the shareholder and shall exercise his voting

rights within the scope of his authorization.

4. If any resolution adopted by a shareholders' general meeting or the board of

directors violates any law or administrative regulation or infringes the lawful rights

and interests of shareholders, shareholders have the right to initiate proceedings in the

people's court to require that such acts of violation or infringement be stopped.

5. If a director or manager in violation of this Law operates for himself or on behalf of another a

business in the same line of business as the company in which he holds a position,

in addition to turning over all income obtained, he shall be subject to sanctions by the

company.

Unit Ten Evidence Law

Listening

Dialogue One

Cross-examiner: During your direct testimony you said that the Ford had the green light when it

entered the intersection, didn’t you?

Witness: Yes.

Cross-examiner: Two days after the accident you signed a statement under oath that the Chevrolet

had the green light, didn’t you?

Witness: I was confused.

Cross-examiner: Move to strike, your honor, as non-responsive, and will your honor instruct the

witness to answer the questions that are asked?

Judge: The response is stricken; jurors, you are to disregard the witness’ previous

answer; and, witness, you should listen to the question and answer only what is

asked. If there are explanations required, you may be asked about them on

redirect examination.

Dialogue Two

Requesting that counsel give a specific ground.

Proponent: Dr. Green, when did you first see the patient?

Opponent: Objection.

Judge: Sustained.

Proponent: Your honor, may I request that counsel state a specific ground for objection, so

that I can ask the question in a proper form?

Judge: What is the basis for the objection?

Opponent: No foundation.

Proponent: Your honor, that is still a general objection. Counsel should specify what type of

foundational objection is being made.

Opponent: No foundation has been laid for the witness’s use of the notes to refresh memory

or as past recollection recorded.

Asking the trial judge for help.

Proponent: Mr. Green, would you indicate on the diagram where you were standing at the

24 Opponent:

Judge:

Proponent:

Judge:

Proponent:

time of the collision?

Objection, no foundation.

Sustained.

Your Honor, may I approach the bench?

Yes.

Your Honor, I am having problems here. I think that the witness’s testimony

would be admissible if I could put the questions in the proper form. Could you

give me some guidance about how to proceed?

Text A

Build up your vocabulary.

I. Match the items in the following two columns.

1. b 2. g 3. f 4. j 5. a 6. l 7. d 8. h 9. i 10. k 11.c 12.e

II. Fill in the Blanks with the words or expression given below. Changing the form if necessary:

1. credibility

2. establish

3. testify

4. adverse party

5. subpoena

6. demeanor

7. physical exhibits

8. identify

9. veracity

10. cross-examine

Cloze:

substantive, factfinder, determination, establish, prescribed, trial judge, submitted, party,

sufficient, grant, producing

Translation

1．当对一方当事人或为某一目的具有可采信性但对另一方当事人或为另一目的不具有可采信性的证据被接受时，经请求，法庭应将该证据限制在适当的范围，并因此向陪审团作出指示。

2．一切相关证据都具有可采信性，《美国宪法》、《国会法案》或联邦最高法院，依法授权作出的这些规定或其他规定中另行规定的除外。不相关的证据不具有可采信性。

3．《美国法典》第18编第3500条刑事诉讼中另有规定的除外，若证人为作证之目的借助文字材料进行回忆，在（1）作证过程中，或者（2）若法庭自行决定为公平利益有必要，则在作证前，对方当事人有权要求庭审时出示并审查该书面材料，据此质证该证人，并将与该证人证言相关的部分作为证据。若该文字材料被认为包含与证明的事项不相关的事实，法庭则应对该文字材料进行秘密审查，删去一切不相关的部分，并命令将剩余部分送达原当事人。经反对仍被保留下来的部分都应该受保护，并且，可供上诉使用。若文字材料未按本规定提交法庭或送达，法庭应依照公平原则作出裁决，但是，下列情形除外，即：在控方提出反对的刑事案件，法庭应裁决不予采信该证言，或者若法庭自行

25 裁量确定不予采信是公平的，并宣布审判无效。

4．在科技或其他专业知识可以帮助事实审理者理解证据或决定争议的事实的情况下，掌握知识、技能、经验、或接受过训练或教育的合格专家证人，可以以意见书或其他形式向法庭作证，如果：（1）该证言基于充分的事实或数据，（2）该证言是通过适用可靠的原则或方法得出的结论，并且（3）证人可靠地适用这些原则和方法于案件的事实。

5．文字材料、录音带或照片因体积大不方便在法庭进行验证时，其内容可以以图表、总结或计算的形式出示。应准备好其原件或复制品，供另一方当事人在合理的时间和地点进行审查或复制、或者进行审查和复制。法庭可以命令在法庭上出示它们。

Text B

Check your understanding

1.f 2. t 3. t 4. f 5. t 6.t 7.t 8.f 9. t 10.f 11.f

Build Up Your Vocabulary

the corresponding translation of each of the following terms:

English Chinese

conclusive evidence

确凿证据/结论性证据

relevance