2024年3月16日发(作者：)

习题全解

Ⅰ .

Priestley: John Boynton Priestley, English novelist, dramatist and critic, was

born on 13. Sept. 1894, in Bradford, Yourkshire. He was the son of a schoolmaster

and served in the British army during World War 1 . After the end of the war he

attended Cambridge, where he studied English literature, modern history, and

political science. Already publishing, he was able to finance a good deal of his

schooling by selling articles to London and provincial newspapers. In 1922 he went

to London," where he soon established himself as a critic, essayist and novelist.

During World War Ⅱ , Priestley won a huge listening audience with his trenchant,

down-to-earth radio broadcasts. In 1929, The Good Companions, a novel about

the joys and sorrows of the members of a repertory company in the north of

England appeared and was enormously popular in both Great Britain and America.

In 1930 Priestley published the almost equally successful Angel Pavement, whose

characters worked in a small business firm in London. These were followed by

other novels: They Walk in the City (1936), The Doomsday men (1938), Let the

People Sing (1939), and Festival at Farbridge (1951). These novels -long, often

sentimental, packed with living characters testify to Priestley' s astounding power

of observation, to his narrative gifts, and to his craftsmanship. He has maintained

the great tradition of the English pi- caresque novel with distinction. Priestley also

won recognition with his works that combine autobiographical matter with astute

left-of-center social criticism, such as English Journey (1934), Rain upon Gad- shill

(1939), Thoughts in the Wilderness (1957), and The English (1973). Priestley began

his career as a playwright in 1932 with Dangerous Corner which has subsequently

been performed all over the world. Its success encouraged Priestley to organize a

company for which he wrote plays of a consistently high dramatic standard.

Among them were the comedies Laburnum Grove (1933) and When We Are

Married (1938). Priestley also wrote serious "metaphysical" dramas Time and the

Conways (1937), I Have Been Here Before (1938), Johnson over Jordan (1939), and

An Inspector Calls (1945). Priestley has perhaps identified himself more

successfully than any other novelist in the first half of the 20th century with the

thoughts and feelings of the ordinary Englishman, a being whose character he

outlines with vigor and good humor.

Ⅱ.

1. Everything that happens in England is directed and influenced by instinctive

feeling and not rational thought.

2. There are fewer Communists or neo- or potential fascists in England than

there are in most other countries. Murderous encounters with the police or bloody

street battles do not occur in England. From these facts Priestley concludes there

are fewer fanatical believers among the English.

3. He is referring to some shop stewards and wealthy employers who have lost

their Englishness.

4. Priestley puts forward five or six points to show that the English are

different:

1)It is instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colours

actual events in England.

2)The English do not feel at home in the con-temporary world, representing

the accelerated development of our whole age. They are suspicious of largeness,

severe efficiency and Admass.

3) The English are also deeply suspicious of change for changes’ sake.

4)The English can soon feel bored and. that' s why they gamble and booze so

much and enjoy any dramatic change in public life.

5)The English have a sense of community, decent fellow feeling, fairness.

6)The English are at heart and at root an imaginative people immediately

responsive to any suggestion of drama in their lives.

5. Admass stands for ruthless competitiveness, treating men simply as a

producer and consumer and playing upon dissatisfaction, greed and envy, while

Englishness stands for the invisible inner world, offering states of mind. The out-

come of this battle between Admass and Englishness will decide the future of the

English.

6. The future of the English may be shaped by the decision of the now

vacillating huge trade unions. It will be shaped by the role they decide to play.

They must come down decisively either on the side of Admass or that of

Englishness.

7. The following people have rejected Admass:

1)workers in smallish, well-managed and honest enterprises,

2)crusty High Tories who avoid the City and directors' fees,

3)men and women in the professional classes. The last group of people are the

most important for they are articulate and people are ready to listen to them. If the

battle with A& mass can be won, it will probably be these men and women who

will help Englishness to win it.

8. Priestley divides the English young into two groups. He is dubious about the

noisy types, they lack individuality to stand up to Admass. He has more faith in the

quieter young, who may have come under the influence of some mature

professional men and women. They- too, might help to swing the battle.

9. The sloppy people are easy to get along with, rarely unkind, but they are not

dependable; they are inept, shiftless, slovenly, and messy. They lack self-discipline,

accepting no responsibility, skimping the work they are supposed to be doing,

cheating not only "the bosses", the capitalists, but even their neighbors.

10. There is widespread boredom in all heavily industrialized societies not

simply because so much of the work they offer is boring. It is also because, after

having shattered the slow rhythms, the traditional skills, the closely knit

communities of rum societies, they crowd people together; excite them by large

promises that cannot be kept, so drive them into boredom. When the English are

bored they gamble and booze a lot. They enjoy any dramatic change in public life,

any news that encourages excited talk. Bored teenagers, who have not been able

to use up enough energy during the day turn at night to idiot vandalism. Later, if

boredom hardens into frustration, some of them take to crime.

11. Other elements apart from boredom have brought about dishonesty and

vicious criminality in England, There is trying to get rich by any means; there is the

false notion that the world owes you something while you owe it nothing; there is

no fear of punishment in life or after death as long as you are not found out; and

there is the feeling that life is meaningless and purposeless.

12. Priestley considers politics very important. If honest people ignore politics,

then some unscrupulous dictator may seize power and exercise his tyranny over

the people.

Ⅲ.

1. Yes, there are. Such as: stuff, shop , cozy, nudge, the City, safe to say, take a

whip to, shrug off, along the way ,'etc.

2. 1 ) The dominant intention or the controversial topic (thesis) of his

argument is stated early in paragraph 1 in one succinct sentence: "The English are

different”.

2) No. Priestley does not provide sufficient evidence to support his position,

nor is his reasoning on some points logically sound. Hence not all his issues or

conflicts are resolved. This is a rather informal piece of argument, 'so the writer

doesn’t marshal enough evidence to prove his points. In fact he appeals more to

the emotions of his English readers than to their reason to drive home his point of

view.

4. See the answer to 3.

5.1)See the answer to 3.

2)Yes, there' re some fallacies. For example, in his first issue he states that it is

instinctive feeling and not rational thought that shapes and colors actual events in

England. To support this point of view, Priestley states there are fewer fascists in

England than in many other countries. From this the reader concludes more

fascists are to be found in countries where rational thought and not instinctive

feeling shapes and colors actual events. But one fails to find the logical connection

between rational thought and fascism. Furthermore, one has to accept Priestiey’s

statement that there are fewer fascists and fanatical believers in England without

any supporting evidence or proof.

6. See the answer to 3.

The reader is moved by the sincerity and intensity of the feelings of the writer

and feels that the writer, perhaps, has the right instinctive feeling of what the

English are like. Priestley’ s smooth and polished style makes the essay a pleasure

to read.

7. Students’ choice.

Ⅳ.

1. The English people may hotly argue and abuse and quarrel with each other

but there still exists a lot of natural sympathetic feeling for each other.

2. What the wealthy employers would really like to do is to whip all the

workers whom they consider to be lazy and troublesome people.

3. There are not many snarling shop stewards in the work-shop, nor are there

many cruel wealthy employers on the board of managers (or governing board of a

factory).

4. The contemporary world demands that everything be done on a big scale

and the English do not like or trust bigness.

5. At least on the surface, when Englishness is put against the power and

success of Admass, Englishness seems to put up a rather poor weak performance.

6. Englishness is not against change, but it believes that changing just for

changing and for no other useful purpose to be very wrong and harmful.

7. To regard cars and motorways as more important than houses seems to

Englishness a public stupidity~

8. I must further say that while Englishness can go on fighting, there is a great

possibility of Admass winning.

9. Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical

principles, and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles

cannot supply.

10. These people probably believe, as I do, that the 'Good Life' promised by

Admass is false and dishonest in all respects.

11. They can be found too though there are not many of them now because

these kind of people are dying out---among the curt, bad-tempered, extremely

conservative politicians who refuse to accept high posts in big commercial

enterprises.

12. They are incompetent, lazy and inefficient, careless and untidy.

13. He will not even find much satisfaction in his untidy and disordered life

where he manages to live as a parasite by sponging on people. This kind of life

does not help a person to build up any self-respect.

14. These people think of the House of Commons as a place rather far away

where some people are always quarreling and arguing over some small matter.

15. If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst

way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and

for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.

Ⅵ.

1. reservoir: a supply; especially an extra or reserve supply

2. draw on: obtain something from a reserve, store, etc.

3. shop steward, a person chosen by his fellow trade unionists in an industrial

establishment to speak for them to the management and to watch over their

interests

4. board of managers; governing board of a factory

5. proportion ; relative dimensions

6. keep clear of: avoid, refrain from

7. overdraft:

a)a withdrawal of money from a bank in excess of the amount credited to the

drawer;

b)the amount with-drawn in excess

8. catch: a deception ; surprise ; a hidden qualification ; tricky condition

9．Walk-out: a strike(generally spontaneous and of a short duration)

10．van：the foremost position in a line，movement，field of endeavor，etc．

11．count：(1egal term) any of the charges in an indictment， each of which

gives a reason and is sufficient for prosecution

12．junk：(colloquial) useless—or worthless stuff；trash；rubbish，etc．

13．articulate：expressing oneself easily and clearly

14．conforming to Madison Avenue：adapting to Admassian life styles as

advocated by Madison Avenue

15．ungovernable：unruly；(hair)that is difficult to comb down

Ⅶ．

1．instinctive feeling指人生来就具有的感觉。rational feeling 指通过逻辑分析得

出的感觉。

2．rational强调思考的能力，以及“思考”这样一种行为。reasonable强调思考所

得出的结论。

3．odd指与众不同，有时含有古怪离奇的意思，一般用于形容 人或物。eccentric

指深藏于人们身上的不正常的特点，一般用于形容性格特征。

4．instinct指不受主观意识控制、天生的对刺激物的反应能力。 如：Suckling is an

instinct in human beings．(吸吮是人的本能。)intuition是指在通过某种不易觉察的思

考对某事迅速作出理解的能力。如：His intuition told him he was right． (他的直觉告

诉他自己是正确的。)

5．hostile to change指彻底反对变革，语气极重。deeply suspicious of change

指怀疑、不相信变革。语气稍轻。

6．inept指愚笨，没有能力干好某事。shiftless指懒惰，不愿意干好某事。

ly强调的是粗心大意及懒惰而引起的“乱糟糟”，只要稍加注意便可克服。

messy则强调积久成性的“邋遢”，语气较强。

8．pilfering指小偷小摸。robbery指通过暴力抢夺。shop lifting 专指购买东西时

顺手牵羊。

9．refuse指直接拒绝，有时含有粗鲁之意。reject语气稍缓，指委婉拒绝。

Ⅷ．

1．be at their ease

2．remain loyal and firm to

3．dismissing or throwing away lightly 4．overworking

5．boasted about and behaved in a superior manner ;bragged

6．to win; to help to being about

7．to get out； leave ; to fire

8．Loafing around doing nothing

9．drink like a fish ; consume alcohol

10．people

Ⅸ．do—it—yourself；

stay—at—homes；

Fourth-of-July (bombast)；

Left-centre-right(stuff)；

Down-to-earth；Attitude

left-of-centre(social criticism)

productivity-per-man-hour(caper)；

pay-as-you-go；现收现付，按需付费

doo卜die(attempt)；

point-by-point(comparison)

逐点论述 time-and-motion(studies)etc．

Ⅹ．

1．automobile

2. Co-educational

or co-educational student

3．examination

4．demonstration

5．gentlemen

6．Homosexual

7．hydroelectric plant

8. kilogram

9．pornography or pornographic material tion

ulator pə'ræmbjʊleɪtə]

12．Promenade: prome’nade is an area that is used for walking, for example,

a wide road or a deck on a ship. 步行区

13．Tramroad or tramway

14．Trolleybus

Ⅺ．

1．Some destructive and malignant in their character has made these people

lose their Englishness．

2．At least on the surface，when Englishness is put against to power and

success of Admass，Englishness seems to put a rather poor weak

performance．Admass is like a poster painted in deep colors and Englishness is like

a faint sketch drawn in pencil．

3．Englishness draws its strength from a reservoir of strong moral and ethical

principles．and soon it may be asking for strength which this reservoir of principles

cannot supply．

4．At present they only create disorder and confusion (1ike a hippopotamus

going in and out of a tea party held by small tamed domesticated animals).

5. They do not have the old harsh discipline nor do they have the new

self-discipline.

6. Englishness needs extra nourishment and other things to make it strong

especially now because public life seems ready to weaken it.

7. These people regard politics as a game of polo, as a game they themselves

do not play.

8. If a dictator comes to power, these people then will soon learn in the worst

way that they were very wrong to ignore politics for they can now suddenly and

for no reason be arrested and thrown into prison.

9. Englishness cannot flourish on narrow logical reason.

10. The English should not have a national character that is not much different

from those of other people [having traits in common with other national

characters is like entering the Common Market (of Europe)].

Ⅻ.

1. reservoir: History is a reservoir of human experience.

2. cancer: The increasing use of narcotics is a cancer in modern American

society.

3. roots: He has no roots in society.

4. nourishment : These types of books give no nourishment to young people.

5. to feed : The teacher fed the students more and more of his ideas.

6. to starve : The motherless children were starving for affection.

ⅩⅢ.

1. The method of development used in this paragraph is that of analogy.

Analogies are used to explain the unfamiliar in terms of the familiar. They are used

to explain unfamiliar ideas or describe unfamiliar things in point-by-point

comparison with something the reader is familiar with. In some ways, of course,

analogies are simple similes or metaphors that have been stretched out. For

instance, in this paragraph the writer creates a graphic verbal picture of an

unfamiliar object, Ranger VII, by drawing an analogy with the familiar dragonfly.

2. The method of development used in this paragraph is that of classification.

A common and useful kind of logical order is classification. Classification works by

sorting things into groups, by bringing together similar things to show what they

have in common.

3. The method of development used in this paragraph is that of contrast.

Contrast is used to analyze two (or more) things at the same time in order to show

the differences.

ⅩⅣ. Omitted.

ⅩⅤ.

Wuhan Residents

In the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, you can see a bright pearl shining

-- Wuhan, the capital of Hubei Province and the hub of water and land

transportation in China. It boasts not only an advantageous geographical position

but also attractive residents with special traits. Wuhan residents are friendly and

hospitable. If you are a newcomer, don't feel worried about getting lost. Ask a

conductor in a bus or an average Wuhanese in the street, and you will have no

difficulty finding your way to a desired destina- tion.

Wuhanese are open-minded. They are eager to learn from the world and to

know about the state affairs. They love reading and usually get bookstores, big or

small, crowded. With the advance of science and technology, they have come to

realize the importance of computers, and a considerable number of Wuhan

families have invested in personal computers. Wuhan residents, above all, are

intelligent and efficient. Hanzhengjie Minor Commodity Market is famous

throughout the country. It wholesale serves a surprisinly large variety ofgoods to

the businessmen'from different parts of China everyday. The newly built Wuhan

No. 2 Yangtze River Bridge is another symbol of Wuhanese' s intelligence and

efficiency.