2024年4月12日发(作者：)

2023托福阅读理解试题

The history of clinical nutrition, or the study of the

relationship between health and how the body takes in and utilizes

food substances, can be divided into four distinct eras: the first

began in the nineteenth century and extended into the early

twentieth century when it was recognized for the first time that

food contained constituents that were essential for human function

and that different foods provided different amounts of these

essential agents. Near the end of this era, research studies

demonstrated that rapid weight loss was associated with nitrogen

imbalance and could only be rectified by providing adequate dietary

protein associated with certain foods.

The second era was initiated in the early decades of the

twentieth century and might be called the vitamin period. Vitamins

came to be recognized in foods, and deficiency syndromes were

described. As vitamins became recognized as essential food

constituents necessary for health, it became tempting to suggest

that every disease and condition for which there had been no

previous effective treatment might be responsive to vitamin therapy.

At that point in time, medical schools started to become more

interested in having their curricula integrate nutritional

concepts into the basic sciences. Much of the focus of this

education was on the recognition of vitamin deficiency symptoms.

Herein lay the beginning of what ultimately turned from ignorance

to denial of the value of nutritional therapies in medicine.

Reckless claims were made for effects of vitamins that went far

beyond what could actually be achieved from the use of them.

In the third era of nutritional history in the early 1950s to

mid-1960s, vitamin therapy began to fall into disrepute.

Concomitant with this, nutrition education in medical schools also

became less popular. It was just a decade before this that many drug

companies had found their vitamin sales skyrocketing and were quick

to supply practicing physicians with generous samples of vitamins

and literature extolling the virtue of supplementation for a

variety of health-related conditions. Expectations as to the

success of vitamins in disease control were exaggerated. As is known

in retrospect, vitamin and mineral therapies are much less

effective when applied to health-crisis conditions than when

applied to long-term problems of undernutrition that lead to

chronic health problems.

1. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(A) The effects of vitamins on the human body

(B) The history of food preferences from the nineteenth century

to the present

(C) The stages of development of clinical nutrition as a field

of study

(D) Nutritional practices of the nineteenth century

2. It can be inferred from the passage that which of the

following discoveries was made during the first era in the history

of nutrition?

(A) Protein was recognized as an essential component of diet.

(B) Vitamins were synthesized from foods.

(C) Effective techniques of weight loss were determined.

(D) Certain foods were found to be harmful to good health.

3. The word tempting in line 12 is closest in meaning to

(A) necessary

(B) attractive

(C) realistic

(D) correct

4. It can be inferred from the passage that medical schools

began to teach concepts of nutrition in order to

(A) convince medical doctors to participate in research studies

on nutrition

(B) encourage medical doctors to apply concepts of nutrition

in the treatment of disease

(C) convince doctors to conduct experimental vitamin therapies

on their patients

(D) support the creation of artificial vitamins

5. The word Reckless in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(A) recorded

(B) irresponsible

(C) informative

(D) urgent

6. The word them in line 19 refers to

(A) therapies

(B) claims

(C) effects

(D) vitamins

7. Why did vitamin therapy begin losing favor in the 1950s

(A) The public lost interest in vitamins.

(B) Medical schools stopped teaching nutritional concepts.

(C) Nutritional research was of poor quality

(D) Claims for the effectiveness of vitamin therapy were seen

to be exaggerated.

8. The phrase concomitant with in line 21 is closest in meaning

to

(A) in conjunction with

(B) prior to

(C) in dispute with

(D) in regard to

9. The word skyrocketing in line 23 is closest in meaning to

(A) internationally popular

(B) increasing rapidly

(C) acceptable

(D) surprising

10. The word extolling in line 24 is closest in meaning to

(A) analyzing

(B) questioning

(C) praising

(D) promising

11. The paragraph following the passage most probably discusses

(A) the fourth era of nutrition history

(B) problems associated with undernutrition

(C) how drug companies became successful

(D) why nutrition education lost its appeal

参考答案：CABBB DDABC A

PASSAGE 26

(20)

In July of 1994, an astounding series of events took place. The

world anxiously watched as, every few hours, a hurtling chunk of

comet plunged into the atmosphere of Jupiter. All of the twenty-odd

fragments, collectively called comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 after its

discoverers, were once part of the same object, now dismembered and

strung out along the same orbit. This cometary train, glistening

like a string of pearls, had been first glimpsed only a few months

before its fateful impact with Jupiter, and rather quickly

scientists had predicted that the fragments were on a collision

course with the giant planet. The impact caused an explosion clearly

visible from Earth, a bright flaming fire that quickly expanded as