2024年3月15日发(作者：)

基本的翻译技巧一般包括

1).Diction(选词用字); 2).Amplification(增益); 3).Omission(省略);4).Repetiton(重复);

5).Conversion(转换); 6).Restructuring(词序调整); 7).Negation(正说反译，反说正译);

8).Division(长句拆译).

遣词用字是任何翻译工作者自始至终需面临的一个现实问题。由于英汉分属不同的语

系，所以在翻译时源语与译语之间往往没用相对固定的词义对应关系。本期用对比的方式

归纳了英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况：1.完全对等，2.多词同义，3.一词多义，4.词义交

织，5.无对等词语。

词义辨析是遣词用字的前提。本期从四个角度探讨了如何判断某一英语词语的准确含

义，即

1.根据构词法辨别词义；

2.根据指代关系辨别词义；

3.根据上下文或词的搭配辨别词义；

4.根据不同学科或专业类型辨别词义。

在词义辨析的基础上，本期归纳了英语词语翻译的8种常用技巧：1.推演法，2.移植

法，3.引伸法，4.替代法，5.释义法，6.合并法，7. 图形法和8.音译法。

1. Correspondence Between English and Chinese at Word Level

----英汉词字层次上的五种对应情况

In most cases there is no existing pattern for sentence translation, nor are there fixed rules

for word transformation. Generally speaking, the correspondence between English and Chinese

at word level may be categorized as follows:

1) Word-for-word Correspondence

This is most evidently shown in proper nouns and technical terms.

For example: Marxism = 马克思主义 Aspirin ＝ 阿斯匹林

2) One Word with Multiple Equivalents of the Same Meaning

This is a common case in translation.

For example:

犬：dog, hound, spaniel, mastiff, pointer, setter, retriever, terrier……

3) One Word with Several Equivalents of Different Meaning

This is also very common in translation. For example:

carry: 搬、运、送、提、拎、挑、担、抬、背、扛、搂、抱、端、举、夹、捧…..

走：walk, saunter, amble, stride, trudge, trapes, shamble, prance, scamper,

clump, tiptoe ….

羊： sheep, goat, ram, ewe, lamb……

4) Equivalents Interwoven with One Another

5) Words Without Equivalents

In this case, an explanation is given instead of an equivalent.

For example:clock-watcher: 老是看钟等下班的人

阴： (in Chinese thought) the soft inactive female principle or force in the world

阳： (in Chinese thought) the strong active male principle or force in the world

（目不识）丁: (not know one's) ABC

2. Methods to Discriminate the Original Meaning of an English Word

-----词义辨析

Since English words are prone to various meanings, it is of vital importance for a translator

to discern the right meaning of a given word. And the following are the major methods of

discriminating word meaning suggested by some linguists.

1) Judging from the Word Formation

In order to discriminate the original meaning of an English word, it is necessary for us to

have a knowledge of English lexicology, and specifically, a knowledge of word formation, such

as compounding, derivation, affixation, blending, acronym, clipping, etc. A good command of

them will help to shed light on the correct meaning of some difficult words.

For example, the word ""parabiospheric"", which consists of para-(outside) +bio-(biologic)

+spheric (having the form of a sphere). After a brief analysis, we may safely put it into ""外生

物层的"". Another more complicated instance,

pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanoconiosis. This extremely long word seems appallingly

complicated. However, an anatomic study of its composition enables us to get a clear

understanding of its meaning: pneumono- (of lung) +ultra- (beyond) + micro (very small) +

scopic- (of viewing or observing) + silico- (of silicon)+ volcano + coni- ( koni, of dust) + osis

(forming the name of a disease). Even if we are not sure of the equivalent of this medical term,

we may roughly get the right meaning of the long word: a kind of lung disease caused by

extremely small silicon particles. And a look into some dictionary leads us to the definite

answer: 硅酸盐沉着病，肺尘病（一种矿工易染的病）。

2) Judging from the References

The meaning of a pronominal word, that is, what it refers to, is to be judged from the

references. The pronominal words include:

(1) third person pronouns; indefinite pronouns such as some, any, each, both; and definite

pronouns such as much, many, few, little, etc. For example:

He [father] sent John to the university and was eager to have him distinguish himself.

他送约翰上大学，巴望能让儿子出类拔萃。

(2) demonstrative pronouns, such as this, that, these, those, and demonstrative adverbs

such as here, there, now, then, etc. For example:

Health is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.

健康比财富更重要，因为财富不能像健康那样给人以幸福。(or: 因为后者不能像前者那样

给人以幸福。)

(3) references of comparison.

For example:

I hate blue shirt; white shirt suits me but gray is the most preferable.

我讨厌穿蓝衬衫，喜欢穿白衬衫，而最喜欢穿灰衬衫。

Without the referential words ""father"", ""health"", ""wealth"" and ""shirt"" in the above

three sentences, it would be very difficult to make out the real meaning of such words as

""him"", ""himself"", ""this"", ""that"" and ""the most preferable"".

3) Judging from the Context and Collocation

The meanings of the words ""tension"" and ""story"" in previous examples are explicit

enough in the context. Here is another example: develop.

1. His plane developed engine trouble only seven miles after takeoff. (发生故障)

2. Modern aircraft are so heavy that the wings must develop a very large lift force in order