2024年6月17日发(作者：)

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operating norms: those which affect the matrix of the text, and those which involve

the textual make-up and verbal formulation of the text (TEXTUAL NORMS).

246. Operative Text 运作型文本 （前称Appeal-focused Texts [感染型文本]）

赖斯采用的术语，指用来指导译者并有助于翻译批评过程的三种基本文本类型之一。

在此类文本中，“内容与形式都受制于文本力图实现的语言外的目的”。这意味着译者的主

要目的，是为了生成一个与原文具有对等说服力的目标文本。

A term used by Reiss to refer to one of three basic text-types intended both as

a guide for translator and to help in the process of translation criticism. In such text

"both content and form are subordinated to the extralinguistic effect which the

text is designed to achieve". This means that a translator's main aim should be to

produce a TT which has an EQUIVALENT persuasive force to that of the original.

247. Optional Equivalents 可换对等语

按照奈达的解释，指在将源文本转换成目标文本时，译者可以选用的语言特征。

According to Nida, the features of a language which a translator may choose

to use when rendering an ST in TL.

248. Organic Form 有机形式

见Content-derivative Form [派生内容的形式]。

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249. Overlapping Translation 重合翻译 （又名Partially-overlapping

Translation [部分重合翻译]）

赫维与希金斯用来描述语义近似对等类型的术语。通过增加源文本中没有的细节同时

又省略源文本中本来有的另一个细节，这种语义近似对等把宽泛化翻译与具体化翻译的因

素综合到一个词和词组当中。

A term used by Hervey & Higgins to describe the type of semantic

near-EQUIVALENCE which combines elements of GENERALIZING TRANSLATION

and PARTICULIZING TRANSLATION in a single word or phrase by adding a detail

not found in ST but at the same time omitting another detail which is given there.

250. Overt Translation 显型翻译

豪斯提出的术语，用来指两种对立的翻译模式之一。所谓显型翻译，就是指译本“必

须明显是翻译文本”。通常，生成一个显型译本是一个相对直接的在语言上重新编码的过程，

而且往往无须做任何细微的文化调整。

A term introduced by House to refer to one of two contrasting modes of

translation. An overt translation "must overtly be a translation". Production of an

overt translation is generally a matter of relatively straightforward linguistic

recoding, usually with no necessity to carry out any subtle cultural realignment.

251. Overtranslation 超额翻译

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1 （又写成Over-translation [超额翻译]） 维纳与达尔贝勒纳采用的术语，描述在实

际上只有一个翻译单位的地方却返现用了两个翻译单位的情形。

2 纽马克采用的术语，指翻译文本中两种常见的现象之一。纽马克认为，每一个翻译

行为都会有一些原文意义的走失，如果这种意义的走失导致细节的增加（而非概括性词语

的增加），这就称为“超额翻译”。

1 （or Over-translation） A term used by Vinay & Darbelnet to describe what

occurs when two UNITS OF TRANSLATION are perceived where there is in fact only

one.

2 A term used by Newmark to refer to one of two phenomena frequently

found in translated texts. As is argued by Newmark, every act of translation

involves some loss of ST meaning. If this loss of meaning entails an increase in

detail (rather than an increase in generalization) it is termed overtranslation.

252. Paradigmatic Equivalence 范式对等

波波维奇将其定义为“在风格层而作为表达元素体系的范式表达轴上各个因素的对

等”。

Defined by Popovič as "equivalence of the elements of a paradigmatic

expression axis upon the stylistic level as a system of expressive elements".

253. Parallel Corpora 平行语料[库] （又名Bilingual Corpora [双语语料（库）]）

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按照贝克的解释，指“用A语写成的源语文本和用B语翻译的译文”组成的一种语料

库。

According to Baker, a type of corpus "consists of original, source

language-texts in language A and their translated versions in language B".

254. Parallel Translation 平行翻译

卡塞格兰德所描述的一种翻译程序。平行翻译实际上是同时将源文本翻译成几种不同

目标语的一种回译。

A procedure described by Casagrande. Parallel translation is in effect a type of

BACK0TRANSLATION in which an ST is translated simultaneously into several

different TLs.

255. Paraphrase 释译

17世纪德莱顿描述的三种翻译方法之一。德莱顿把释译界定为“有一定自由度的翻译，

在这类翻译中，原作者一直留在译者心中，不会消失，但作者的用词却不像他的意思那样

得到尊重”。

One of three methods of translating described in the 17

th

century by Dryden.

Dryden defines paraphrase as "translation with latitude, where the author is kept

in view by the translator, so as never to be lost, but his words are not so strictly

followed as his sense".

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256. Paris School 巴黎学派

见Interpretive Theory of Translation [翻译释意理论]。

257. Partial Theories of Translation 局部翻译理论

按照霍姆斯的解释，指理论翻译研究的两大分支之一。局部翻译理论所关注的现象，

只是翻译研究学科所涵盖的一小部分。局部翻译理论这一范畴可细分为六个次类别：关于

范围的翻译理论、关于媒介的翻译理论、关于问题的翻译理论、关于级阶的翻译理论、关

于文本类型的翻译理论、关于时域的翻译理论。

According to Holmes, one of the two branches of THEORETICAL

TRANSLATION STUDIES. Partial theories of translation are concerned with only a

limited number of the phenomena covered by the discipline of TRANSLATION

STUDIES. The category of partial theories of translation is further divided into six

sub-types: AREA-RESTRICTED, MEDIUM-RESTRICTED, PROBLEM-RESTRICTED,

RANK-RESTRICTED, TEXT-RESTRICTED and TIME-RESTRICTED THEORIES OF

TRANSLATION.

258. Partial Translation 部分翻译

卡特福德采用的术语，指文本中某些部分（通常是词项）留下来“未被翻译”的一种

翻译类型。

A term used by Catford to refer to a kind of translation in which parts of the

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text (usually lexical items) are left "untranslated".

259. Partially-overlapping Translation 部分重合翻译

见Overlapping Translation [重合翻译]。

260. Participative Receiver 参与型接受者

按照皮姆的解释，指文本接受者的三种类型之一。参与型接受者是文本明确针对的读

者（或听者）。

According to Pym, one of three types of text receiver. As such, a participative

receiver is a reader (or listener) to whom the text is explicitly addressed.

261. Particularizing Translation 具体化翻译 （又名Particularization [具体化]）

赫维与希金斯将此界定为将源文本表达形式变为目标语“下定义”（即意义范围没有这

么宽的词）的翻译。具体化翻译用于以下两种情况：“第一，当目标语没有合适的选词时；

第二，当所增添的细节是源文本隐含的细节，并符合源文本的整体语境时”。

Defined by Hervey & Higgins as a translation which renders an ST expression

by a TL

hyponym

(or word with a more exclusive meaning). Particularizing

translation is acceptable on two conditions: "first, that the TL offers no suitable

alternative; second, that the added detail is implicit in the ST and fits in with the

overall context of the ST".

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262. Patronage 赞助

勒弗维尔在讨论影响文学系统及构成系统之各文本的诸种因素时所采用的术语。赞助

被界定为“能促进或阻碍文学阅读、写作和重写的某种类似权利的东西（人、机构）”。

A term used by Lefevere in the context of a discussion of the factors which can

be brought to bear on a literary SYSTEM and the individual texts of which it is

composed. Patronage is defined as "something like the powers (persons,

institutions) that can further or hinder the reading, writing, and rewriting of

literature".

263. Performance 运用

图里采用的术语。严格说来，该术语是用来指语际交际的实例；更具体地说，是指称

为“翻译”的这种语际交际类型的实例。

A term used by Toury. Strictly speaking, the term applies to instances of

interlingual communication, and more specifically, the type of interlingual

communication which is known as translation.

264. Phonemic Translation 音素翻译 （又名Homophonic Translation [同音翻

译]）

勒弗维尔提出的诗歌翻译的七种策略之一。在音素翻译中，译者首先考虑的是对源文

本声音的忠信，所生成的目标文本，既要尽可能接近目标语表达形式，又要努力模仿源文

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本的“语音意象”。

One of seven strategies which Lefevere discusses with reference to English

translations of Catullus' poem sixty-four. In a phonemic translation the translator

places fidelity to the sound of ST above all other considerations, to produce a TT

which attempts to mimic the "phonetic image" of ST while being encoded in as

close an approximation to TL as possible.

265. Phonological Translation 音位翻译

卡特福德采用的术语，指受限翻译的一种类型。在音位翻译中，“一个文本的源语音位

被对应的目标语音位所代替”，而语法和词汇保持不变。

A term used by Catford to refer to a type of RESTRICTED TRANSALTION in

which "the SL phonology of a text is replaced by equivalent TL phonology", the

grammar and lexis remaining unchanged.

266. Pivot Language 中枢语言

当源文本由于某种原因不能直接译为目标语时，用此术语指作为介于源语和目标语之

间的一种语言。

A term used to refer to a language which serves as an intermediate stage

between ST and TL when it is for some reason not possible to transfer ST directly

into TL.

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267. Poetry into Prose 译诗为文

勒弗维尔划分的诗歌翻译的七种策略之一。译诗为文的译者试图将源文本的某些诗歌

特征再现于目标文本。

One of seven strategies of poetry translation catalogued by Lefevere. The

translator attempts to render in TT some of the poetic qualities of the original.

268. Polemical Translation 争辩式翻译

波波维奇界定的一种翻译。在争辩式翻译中，译者在翻译操作上有意识地“针对另一

译者，代表与其不同或对抗性[翻译]理念的翻译操作”。此外，争辩式翻译还可以是针对源

文本作者。

Defined by Popovič as a translation in which the translator's operations are

intentionally "directed against another translator's operations that are

representative of a different or antagonistic conception [of translation]".

Alternatively, a polemical translation can also be aimed at the ST author.

269. Polysystem Theory 多元系统理论

伊文—左哈提出的说明文学系统行文和演变的理论。多元系统指相互联系的各因素组

成的一个多层次集合体，随着其中各个因素的相互作用，该集合体也会发生改变和变异。

A theory proposed by Even-Zohar to account for the behaviour and evolution

of literary SYSTEMS. The term polysystem denotes a stratified conglomerate of

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interconnected elements, which changes and mutates as these elements interact

with each other.

270. Post-editing 译后编辑

讨论机器翻译时使用的术语，塞杰把它界定为“对机器翻译系统的产品进行改编和修

订，删除那些妨碍理解的错误，或使产品读起来像自然语言文本”。

A term used in the context of MACHINE TRANSLATION and defined by Sager

as "the adaptation and revision of output of a machine translation system either to

eliminate errors which impede comprehension or to make the output read like a

natural language text".

271. Pragmatic Translation 语用翻译

1 （又名Pragmatic Approach [语用途径]） 此术语用来指不仅关注指称意义，还关

注“话语在交际情境中的使用方式以及人们在语境中的解读方式”的翻译。

2 卡塞格兰德对翻译的四种分类之一。在这种翻译中，主要目的是“尽可能有效地、

准确地翻译信息”，关注的重点是“信息的内容本身，而非信息的美学形式、语法形式或文

化语境”。

1 (or Pragmatic Approach) A term used to refer to transaltion which pays

attention not only to denotative meaning but also to "the way utterances are used

in communicative situations and the way we interpret them in context".

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2 One of Casagrande's four classifications of translation in which the chief

purpose is to "translate a message as efficiently and as accurately as possible",

with the emphasis on "the content of the message as such rather than on its

aesthetic form, grammatical form or the cultural context".

272. Pre-editing 译前编辑

此术语用来表示为机器翻译系统准备源文本的过程。即对所译文本的语法和词汇进行

简化、清晰化和语义消歧，以确保机器翻译出的产品有过得去的质量。

A term used to refer to the process of preparing an ST for translation by a

MACHINE TRANSALTION system. That is to simplify, clarify and disambiguate the

grammar and vocabulary of the text to be translated, in order to ensure that the

output is of a reasonable quality.

273. Precision, Degree of 精确度

见Degree of Differentiation [区分度]。

274. Preliminary Norms 预先规范

按照图里的解释，指影响翻译过程的不同类型的规范之一。预先规范被界定为在两个

不同但明显相关的方面发生作用的规范。

According to Toury, one of a number of different types of NORM which

influence the translation process. Preliminary norms are defined as operating in

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two distinct clearly related areas.

275. Prescriptive Translation Studies 规定翻译研究；规定翻译学

图里用来表示带有规范观点的翻译途径。换言之，这些翻译途径强加一些标准，规定

特定文化中翻译应当如何操作。

A term used by Toury to refer to approaches to translation which are

normative in outlook, or in other words which impose criteria stipulating the way

translation should be performed in a particular culture.

276.

Primäre Üersetzung

见Primary Translation [首级翻译]。

277. Primary Translation 首级翻译

按照迪勒与康纳留斯的解释，指翻译的两种方法之一。如果翻译的目的是“使源语发

出者和目标语接受者之间产生交际活动”，那么这种翻就被看作是首级翻译。

According to Diller & Kornelius, one of two ways of translating. A TT is

considered to be a primary translation if the aim is "to produce a communication

between an SL sender and a TL receiver".

278. Problem-restricted Theories of Translation 关于问题的翻译理论

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霍姆斯采用的术语，指六种局部翻译理论之一。关于问题的翻译理论处理一些与翻译

具体相关的问题，例如翻译对等的性质、如何翻译隐喻与专有名词等问题。

A term used by Holmes to refer to one of six PARTIAL THEORIES OF

TRANSLATION. Problem-restricted theories of translation deal with specific

translation-related problems, such as for example that concerning the nature of

transaltion EQUIVALENCE, or the translation of metaphors or proper names.

279. Process-oriented Translation Studies 过程取向翻译研究；过程取向翻译学

（又名Process-oriented Descriptive Translation Studies [过程取向描写翻译研究；

过程取向描写翻译学]）

按照霍姆斯的解释，指三种描写翻译研究类型之一。过程取向翻译研究主要考察翻译

活动中的思维过程。

According to Holmes, one of three varieties of DESCRIPTIVE TRANSALTION

STUDIES. Process-oriented Translation Studies is concerned with an examination of

the mental processes involved in the act of translation.

280. Product-oriented Translation Studies 成品取向翻译研究；成品取向翻译学

（又名Product-oriented Descriptive Translation Studies [成品取向描写翻译研究；

成品取向描写翻译学]）

按照霍姆斯的解释，指三种描写翻译研究中的一种。这一方法通常从描写现存译文着

手，进而对同一文本在一个或多个目标语中的各种译文进行比较分析。

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One of three types of DESCRIPTIVE TRANSALTION STUDIES, according to

Holmes. This approach generally starts from the description of existing

translations, and typically progresses to a comparative analysis of various

translations of the same text into one or more TLs.

281. Professional Norms 专业规范

切斯特曼将其定义为两种翻译规范之一。切特斯曼认为，专业规范支配着“翻译过程

中普遍接受的翻译方法与策略”，这样的专业规范旨在反映特定文化的专业译员生成译文的

方式。

Defined by Chesterman as one of two types of translational NORM. According

to Chesterman, professional norms govern "the accepted methods and strategies

of the translation process"; as such they are intended to reflect the way

professional translators in a given culture produce translations.

282. Prose Translation 散文翻译

见Inverse Translation [逆向翻译]。

283. Prospective Science of Translation 前瞻式翻译科学

见Prospective Translation [前瞻式翻译] 和Science of Translation [翻译科学]。

284. Prospective Translation 前瞻式翻译

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波斯特盖特用来描写那种“以读者为核心”的翻译术语。前瞻式翻译是一个以目标语

为取向的翻译过程，在这个翻译过程中，译者关心的主要是如何用对目标语读者合适的语

言来表达源文本的意义。

A term used by Postgate to describe translation "which primarily regards the

Reader". Prospective translation is thus a TL-oriented translation procedure in

which the translator's main concern is to express the ST meaning in terms

appropriate to the TL audience.

285. Protest 抗议

赖斯与弗米尔在目的论的语境中使用的术语。如果接受者的反馈以抗议的形式出现，

换言之，如果交流未能如预想的那样被接受，那么这一交际就被认为是不成功的；信息的

内容或者信息发出者的意图都可能导致这种抗议的产生。

A term used by Reiss & Vermeer in the context of SKOPOS THEORY. If the

recipient's feedback takes the form of a protest, or in other words if the

communication is not received as it was intended, the communication is

considered not to have been successful; such a protest can occur because of either

the content of the message or the intention of the producer.

286. Prototext 原型文本

在波波维奇的元交际理论中，该术语被定义为“作为互文连续体的目标物”的文本。

换言之，任何作为；另一个文本（或元文本）出发点的文本都是原型文本。

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Defined within Popovič theory of metacommunication as a text "which serves

as an ohject of inter-textual continuity". In other words, a prototext is any text

which provides the starting-point for the creation of a further text (or METATEXT).

287. Pseudotranslation 伪翻译

1 此术语用来指“那些并没有真正源文、而在目标文化中却被视为翻译的目标语文本”。

2 拉多采用的术语，指目标文本过度偏离源文本以致不能把它当成翻译。

1 A term used to refer to "TL texts which are regarded in the target culture as

translations though no genuine STs exist for them".

2 A term used by Radó to refer to a TT which deviates to greatly from its ST to

be considered a translation.

288. Public Service Interpreting 公共服务传译

见Community Interpreting [社群传译]。

289. Pure Language 纯语言 （又名Logos [逻各斯]、True Language [本真语言]）

沃尔特·本雅明在其论述语言与翻译性质的著述中使用的术语。纯语言指人类用来命名

天地万物的天堂语言。

A term used by Walter Benjamin in his writings on the nature of language and

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translation. The pure language refers to the language of Paradise which Man used

in order to name everything in Creation.

290. Pure Translation Studies 纯翻译研究；纯翻译学

按照霍姆斯的解释，指翻译研究的一个非应用分支。在此意义上，纯研究研究本身又

分为描写与理论两个部分。

According to Holmes, the non-applied subdivision of TRANSLATION STUDIES.

As such, Pure Translation Studies is itself split into a descriptive and a theoretical

wing.

291. Radical Translation 原始翻译

奎因采用的术语，指“对以前从未接触过的民族语言的翻译”。原始翻译的目的是为了

突出翻译中的不确定性。

A term used by Quine to denote the "translation of the language of a hitherto

untouched people". The purpose of radical translation is to highlight the notion of

indeterminacy in translation.

292. Rank-bound Translation 级阶受限翻译

卡特福德将其描述为完全翻译的一个类别。级阶受限翻译是一种“故意将目标对等语

的选择局限于一个级阶（或少数几个低级阶）”的担忧。

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Defined by Catford as a type of TOTAL TRANSLATION. A rank-bound

translation is one in which "the selection of TL equivalents is deliberately confined

to one rank (or a few ranks, low in the rank scale)".

293. Rank-restricted Theories of Translation 关于级阶的翻译理论

指霍姆斯区分的六种局部翻译理论之一。关于级阶的翻译理论的定义是，它只关注在

小于整个语篇的语言级阶上所做翻译的特征。

One of six types of PARTIAL THEORY OF TRANSLATION identified by Holmes.

A rank-restricted theory of translation is defined as one which is only concerned

with the features of translation at linguistic ranks lower than entire texts.

294. Reader-oriented Machine Translation 读者取向机器翻译

塞杰用此术语来指仅为了向目标语读者传达源文内容，而通过机器翻译快速生成目标

语文本的翻译方式。

A term used by Sager to refer to the speedy production of a TL version of a

text by means of MACHINE TRANSLATION in order simply to inform the TL reader

of the content of ST.

295. Realia 独有特征

夫拉科夫与弗罗林将其定义为具有地方特色与历史色彩的文本因素。独有特征有如下

四类：（1）与地理和民族特征有关的；（2）与民俗和深化有关的；（3）与日常事物有关的；

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（4）与社会历史有关的。

Defined by Vlakhov & Florin as text elements which provide local and

historical colour. There are four categories of realia: a) geographical and

ethnographical; b) folkloric and mythological; c) everyday items; d)

social-historical.

296. Receptor Language 接受语

奈达与泰伯将其定义为“将信息从原文或源发语译入的那种语言”。

Defined by Nida & Taber as "the language into which a message is translated

from the original or source language".

297. Reconstructions, Translation with 重构式翻译

按照古阿德克的解释，指满足在某一专业领域的各种不同翻译需求的七种翻译之一。

在重构式翻译中，源语被作为整体来解释，而不考虑其形式。此类翻译的目的是，以尽可

能简单的形式传达原文内容，因此所有信息都可能以立即为目标语读者所理解。

According to Gouadec, one of seven types of translation which serve to meet

the various translation needs which arises in a professional environment. In

translation with reconstructions ST is translated in its entirety without regard to its

form. The aim of such a translation is to communicate the content of ST in the

simplest way possible; all the information is thus immediately accessible to the TL

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reader.

298. Redundancy 冗余

奈达将其描述为翻译过程中应该保留的所有自然语言都具备的一种特征，指在文本中

加入不必要的或重复的信息。

Described by Nida as a feature of all natural languages which should be

preserved through the translation process, referring to the inclusion of

unnecessary or repeated information within a text.

299. Refraction 折射

勒弗维尔用来指一系列文学过程的普通术语，可以说翻译即属于这样的过程。勒弗维

尔将折射界定为“对文学作品的改编，以适应不同读者，目的在于影响目标读者阅读这个

作品的方式”。

A general term used by Lefevere to refer to the range of literary processes to

which translation can be said to belong. Lefevere defines refraction as "the

adaptation of a work of literature to a different audience, with the intention of

influencing the way in which that audience reads the work".

300. Regulative Translational Conventions 规约性翻译常规

诺德用来指两种翻译常规之一的术语。规约性翻译常规是指“处理语篇层面以下翻译

问题普遍接受的形式”。

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A term used by Nord to denote one of two types of translational

CONVENTION. The concept of regulative translational conventions refers to "the

generally accepted forms of handling certain translation problems below the text

rank".

301. Relay Interpreting 转接传译

指通过第三语言即中介语言在两种（使用范围通常较窄的）语言之间进行传译活动的

术语。

A term used to refer to the practice of interpreting between two (usually less

widely spoken) language via a third, mediating language.

302. Repertoreme 知识库要素

图里将其界定为“不论级阶与范围大小的、构成某种常规化知识库的...任意符号”。知

识库这一术语被理解为“支配任何特定产品制造与使用的规则与材料的总和”。

Defined by Toury as "any sign, irrespective of rank and scope, which forms

apart of ...an institutionalized repertoire". The term repertoire is understood as

referring to "the aggregate of rules and materials which govern both the making

and use of any given product".

303. Rephrasing 变换措词

赫维与希金斯采用的术语，指“在不增删源文本明确传达的细节的情况下，特定源文

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本的信息内容被形式上截然不同的目标文本完全转换的现象”。

A term used by Hervey & Higgins to refer to "the exact rendering of the

message content of a given ST in a TT that is radically different in form, but neither

adds nor omits details explicitly conveyed in the ST".

304. Resistancy 阻抗 （又名Resistance）

韦努迪采用的术语，指保留文本异国情调的一种文学翻译策略。

A term used by Venuti to refer to the strategy of translating a literary text so

that it retains something of its foreignness.

305. Restricted Translation 受限翻译

卡特福德采用的术语，指一种与完全翻译相对的翻译模式。受限翻译被界定为“仅仅

在一个层面上用对等的目标语文本材料取代源文本材料的翻译”。

A term used by Carford to refer to a mode of translation which contrasts with

TOTAL TRANSLATION. Restricted translation is defined as the "replacement of SL

textual material by equivalent TL textual material, not only one level".

306. Restructuring 重组 （又名

Forward-transformation [前向转换]）

Transformation [转换]，或

按照奈达与泰伯的解释，指翻译过程的第三阶段，即最后阶段。重组阶段就是对被转

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换的材料进行加工处理，其目的是为了将转换过程的结果转变成一种“适合接受语与预期

接受者的文体形式”。

According to Nida & Taber, the third and final stage in the translation process.

The restructuring stage processes the transferred material; its purpose is to

transform the results of the transfer process into a "stylistic form appropriate to

the receptor language and to the intended receptors".

307. Retranslation 转译

见Indirect Translation [间接翻译]。

308. Retrospective Science of Translation 后瞻式翻译科学

见Retrospective Translation [后瞻式翻译]、science of Translation [翻译科学]。

309. Retrospective Translation 后瞻式翻译

波斯特盖特采用的术语，指“主要考虑原作者”的翻译。威尔斯用“后瞻式翻译科学”

这个术语来指一种对错误分析与翻译批评等现象的研究，这种研究属于把翻译看做产品而

不是过程的应用翻译研究的一个分支。

A term introduced by Postgate to describe translation "which primarily regards

the Author". Wilss uses the term retrospective science of translation to denote the

study of such phenomena as error analysis and translation criticism, which belongs

to the subdivision of APPLIED TRANSLATION STUDIES associated with translation

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as a product rather than a process.

310. Revoicing 换声

见Dubbing [配音]。

311. Rewording 换词

见Intralingual Translation [语内翻译]。

312. Rewriting 重写

勒弗维尔采用的术语，指包括翻译在内的一系列过程，可以说，这些过程以某种方式

对源文本进行重新解释、改编或操纵。重写被界定为“所有有助于构建作者或文学作品‘形

象’的行为”。

A term introduced by Lefevere to refer to a range of processes, including

translation, which can be said to reinterpret, alter or manipulate an original text in

some way. Rewriting is defined as "anything that contributes to constructing the

'image' of a writer and/or a work of literature".

313. Rhymed Translation 韵体翻译

勒弗维尔用以描述七种是个翻译策略之一的术语。韵体翻译的音步为自我强加的音步

而非复制源文本的音步。此处的源文本由无韵体诗文写成。

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One of seven strategies for translating poetry described by Levefere. The

metre of rhymed translation is self-imposed rather than being copied form ST,

which in this case was composed in non-rhyming verse.

314. Science of Translation 翻译科学

多个意义重叠的术语之一，用来指对翻译现象进行系统研究的学科。

One of several overlapping terms used to denote the discipline concerned

with the systematic study of translation phenomena.

315. Scopos Theory 目的论

见Skopos Theory [目的论]。

316. Secondary Translation 二级翻译

迪勒与康纳留斯用来指两种翻译模式之一的术语。所谓的“二级翻译”是指目的在于

“将源语发送者与源语接受者之间的交流告知目标语接受者”的翻译。

A term used by Diller & Kornelius to refer to one of two modes of translation.

A secondary translation is defined as a translation which has the purpose of

"informing a TL receiver about a communication between an SL sender and an SL

receiver".

317. Second-hand Translation 二手翻译

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见Indirect Translation 1 [间接翻译]。

318.

Sekundäre Übersetzung

见Secondary Translation [二级翻译]。

319. Selective Translation 选译

古阿德克提出的用以应付专业翻译环境下不同翻译要求的七种翻译类别之一。在选译

中，只有与源文本某个特殊方面有关的细节得到翻译，而所有不相关的信息都被排除不译。

One of seven types of translation proposed by Gouadec to fulfil the various

translation needs which can occur in a professional environment. In selective

translation only details relating to one specific aspect of ST are translated, thus

eliminating all irrelevant information.

320. Self Translation 自译

见Autotranslation [自译]。

321. Semantic Disambiguation 语义消歧

用来描述从外语到本族语的翻译过程中一个关键阶段的术语。译者（或读者）的任务

就是在能获得的语境线索基础上确定各个词的准确意义。

A term used to describe a vital stage in the process of translating from a

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foreign language. The task of the translator (or reader) is to determine the precise

meanings of individual words on the basis of the contextual clues which are

available.

322. Semantic Translation 语义翻译

按照纽马克的解释，指两种翻译模式之一。在这种翻译中，“译者只在目标语句法和语

义的限制内，试图再现作者的准确语境意义”。

According to Newmark, one of two modes of translation, in which "the

translator attempts, within the bare syntactic and semantic constraints of the TL, to

reproduce the precise contextual meaning of the author".

323. Semantic Voids 语义空缺

见Void [空缺]。

324. Sense, Theory of 意义理论

见Interpretive Theory of Translation [翻译释意理论]。

325. Sense-for-sense Translation 意对意翻译

用来描述强调移译文本意义或“精神”比准确再现原文措词更重要的翻译类型的一般

术语。这种方法的目的，是译出符合目标语言及文化规范的译文，使译文读起来没有“外

国味”，从而满足目标语读者的需要。

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A general term used to describe the type of translation which emphasizes

transfer of the meaning or "sprint" of an ST over accurate reproduction of the

original wording. The purpose of such a policy is to accommodate the needs of the

TL reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms

of the target language and culture and which does not therefore sound "foreign".

326. Serial Translation 序列翻译

卡塞格兰德把它界定为回译的一种特殊类型。在序列翻译中，“语码A中的信息被连

续译入语码B、C、D等等，如有需要，再回译到语码A”。

Defined by Casagrande as a special type of BACK-TRANSLATION in which "a

message in code A is translated successively into codes B, C, D, etc. and if desired,

back into code A".

327. Service Translation 服务型翻译

纽马克采用的术语，亦称为逆向翻译。服务型翻译即从母语到外语的翻译。

A term used by Newmark to denote what is also known as INVERSE

TRANSLATION. Service translation is the practice of translating our of one's native

language.

328. Shifts 转换 （又名Shifts of Expression [表述转换]）

最初由卡特福德界定为“偏离从源语到目标语过程中的形式对应”。波波维奇将转换更

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宽泛地定义为“所有那些原文中没有，或原文中有而译文中没有出现的内容”。

Originally defined by Carford as "departures from formal correspondence in

the process of going form the SL to the TL". Popovič defines shifts more generally

as "all that appears as new with respect to the original, or fails to appear where it

might have been expected".

329. Sight Translation 视译

这个术语一般用来指对书面文本的未经准备的口头翻译。古阿德克用它更具体地指专

业环境里的七种翻译之一。

A term in general use which refers to the unprepared, usually oral translation

of a written text. Gouadec uses it more specifically to denote one of seven types of

translation which can be employed in a professional environment.

330. Signed Language Interpreting 手语传译

传译的一种，在这种传译中，传译者要将口头语言和聋人所用的视觉手势语言相互转

换。

A type of INTERPRETING in which the interpreter works between a spoken

language and a visual-gestural language used by Deaf people.

331. Simultaneous Interpreting 同声传译

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用来指两类主要传译方式之一的术语。在同声传译中，译员并不露面；他们坐在特别

隔开的小间里，用耳机或麦克风工作，一边听源语发言，一边用目标语重新表述出来。

A term used to refer to one of two main modes of INTERPRETING. In

simultaneous interpreting the interpreter acts as a kind of invisible presence;

sitting in a special booth and working with headphones and a microphone; he or

she listens to an SL speech, and reformulates it in TL as it is delivered.

332. Skopos Theory 目的论

由赖斯与弗米尔提出的一种翻译观。目的论强调翻译的互动、语用特征。目的论认为

目标文本的形式应当首先由功能目标文本在目标语境中想要达到的“目的”来决定。图里

将目的论描述为另一种可供选择的目标文本取向范式。

An approach to translation proposed by Reiss & Vermeer. Skopos theory

stresses the interactional, PRAGMATIC aspects of translation, arguing that the

shape of TT should above all be determined by the function or "skopos" that it is

intended to fulfil in the target context. Toury describes skopos theory as an

alternative TARGET TEXT-ORIENTED paradigm.

333. Source Language （简称SL）源语；原语

描述被译文本（即源文本）所用语言的标准术语，是源文本所属系统之一。

The standard term describing the language in which the text being translated

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(or SOURCE TEXT) is written. The source language is one of the SYSTEMS to which

ST belongs.

334. Source Text （简称ST）源文本；源语篇 （又名Source-language Text [源

语文本；源语语篇]）

为译文提供起点的（书面或口头的）文本。源文本通常是用源语写成的原始文本脸蛋

在间接翻译中，它本身可能就是另一种语言所写的另一个文本的翻译。

The text (written or spoken) which provides the point of departure for a

translation. The source text will typically be an original text written in SL; however,

in the case of INDIRECT TRANSLATION 1, it may itself be a translation of another

text in another language.

335. Source Text-oriented Translation Studies 源文本取向翻译研究；源文本取

向翻译学

图里采用的术语，指任何一种这样的翻译观，按照这种翻译观，如果目标文本“有资

格”作为译本的话，那么人们就会期望目标文本必须在线原文本的某些特征。

A term used by Toury to refer to any approach to translation in which certain

ST features are expected to be reproduced in TT if TT is to "qualify" as a

translation.

336. Specification 具体化 （又名Modulation/Specification [调适/具体化]）

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范·路文兹瓦特采用的术语，指两种调适之一。向更具体化方向的转换通过增加额外的

词或使用意思更具体的词，来产生一个意义更准确的译素。

A term used by van Leuven-Zwart to refer to one of two types of

MODULATION 2. A shift towards greater specification will produce a transeme the

meaning of which is made more precise, by either the addition of extra words or

the use of words with a less general meaning.

337.

Sprachschöpferische Übersetzung

见Linguistically Creative Translation [语言创造性翻译]。

338. Structure Shift 结构转换

按照卡特福德的解释，指范畴转换的一种，涉及源文本与目标文本之间语法结构上的

变化。

According to Catford, a type of CATEGORY SHIFT which involves a change in

grammatical structure between ST and TT.

339. Stylistic Equivalence 问题对等；风格对等 （又名Translational

Equivalence [翻译对等]）

波波维奇把它界定为“原文与译文成分的功能对等，目的是用相同意义的不变量达到

表达上的一致”。

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Defined by Popovič as "functional equivalence of elements in both original

and translation aiming at an expressive identity with an invariant of identical

meaning".

340. Sublanguage 子语言

机器翻译语境中采用的术语，指“专业技术领域使用或为了专业目的而使用的语言”。

A term used in the context of MACHINE TRANSLATION to refer to "a language

used to communicate in a specialized technical domain or for a specialized

purpose".

341. Subtitling 配字幕

用来指在翻译电影、电视等大众音像交际类型时使用的两种主要的语言转换方式之一

的术语。可以把它界定为替电影、电视对话（后来还有现场歌剧）提供同步字幕的过程。

A term used to refer to one of the two main methods of language transfer

used in translating types of mass audio0visual communication such as film and

television. Subtitling can be defined as the process of providing synchronized

captions for film and television dialogue (and more recently for live opera).

342. Success 成功

赖斯和弗米尔使用的术语。如果一个信息不包含抗议成分，换言之，如果信息内容和

对信息的解释在接受者的情境中是连贯的，那么就可以认为这个信息是成功的。

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A term used by Reiss & Vermeer. A message is considered to have been

successful if it contains no PROTEST, or in other words if both the content and the

interpretation of the message have COHERENCE in the recipient's situation.

343.

Surtraduction

见Overtranslation 1 [超额翻译]。

344. Syntagmatic Equivalence 组合对等

见Textual Equivalence 2 [文本对等]。

345. System 系统

就翻译研究而言，可以把系统界定为“一系列假定可观察物的假想关系网”。

For a purposes of TRANSLATION STUDIES, a system is defined as "the network

of relations that can be hypothesized for a certain set of assumed observables".

346. TAPs

见Think-aloud Protocols 有声思维记录。

347. Target Language （简称TL）目标语

用来指译入语的两个标准术语之一。目的语往往是译者的本族语，但也有例外。

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One of two standard terms used to denote the language which is being

translated into. The target language is usually the translator's native language,

although there are exceptions to this.

348. Target Text （简称TT）目标文本；目标语篇 （又名Target-language Text

[目标语文本；目标语语篇]）

用来描述由翻译行为生成的文本的标准术语之一。目标文本是根据某个特别的翻译策

略（或某组规范）从所假定的源文本派生而成的，它可能因文化、流派、甚至译者个人的

不同而极大不同。

One of the standard terms used to describe a text which has been produced

by an act of translation. A target text is derived from its posited SOURCE TEXT in

accordance with a particular translation strategy (or set of NORMS), which may

differ widely between cultures, schools or even individual translators.

349. Target Text-oriented Translation Studies 目标文本取向翻译研究；目标文

本取向翻译学

指图里提出的一种文学翻译研究方法，把注意力放在目标文本及其在目标文化中的地

位上。这种以目标文本取向的研究方法其目的在于用完全规定的观点来解释翻译应如何进

行。其最终目的是要从特定个案研出发，来推断出翻译过程中那些东西具有一般甚至普遍

意义的东西。

An approach to the study of literary translation proposed by Toury. It focuses

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on TT and its position in the target culture. Such a target text-oriented approach

aims to be entirely non-PRESCRIPTIVE in its understanding of how the translation

process should be carried out. The ultimate aim is to extrapolate from particular

case studies in order to reach conclusions as to what is general or even universal in

the process of translation itself.

350. Term Banks 术语库 （又名Terminological Data Banks [术语数据库]）

该术语指各种自动化的术语集合，这些术语库是为某些特定用户创建并在网上储存的。

塞杰提出将术语库界定为“储存在计算机中的特殊词汇集合...同时具有识别这些词汇所需

要的相关信息”。

A term used to refer to automated collections of TERMINOLOGY, created to

serve particular users and stored on-line. Sager suggests that a term bank should

be defined as "a collection, stored in a computer, of special language

ther with the information required for their identification".

351. Terminology 术语

该术语用来指与任何科技领域相关的话语中所存在的大量专业词汇。

A term used to refer to the vast bodies of specialist vocabulary which is found

in the discourse relating to any technical domain.

352.

Tertium comparationis

第三项对比 （又名Interlingual [语际语言]，或

Das

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Gemeinte

[所用意义]，或Mediating Language [中介语言]，或

Lingua Universalis

[普遍语言]）

一些学者采用的术语，指在源语和目标语之间进行调停的一种理论语言。按照艾柯的

解释，使用该概念的学者认为，“一定...存在一个第三项对比，它通过判断A语中的某一表

达和B语中的某一表达都对等于元语言C的某一表达，而容许我们在A语和B语表达之间

进行转换”。

A term used by some writers to denote a theoretical language which mediates

between SL and TL. Writers who utilize this notion argue, according to Eco, that

"ist a

tertium comparationis

which might allow us to shift from an

expression in language A to an expression of language B by deciding that both

are equivalent to an expression of a metalanguage C".

353. Text Typology 文本类型学；语篇类型学

见Expressive Texts [表情型文本]、Informative Texts [信息型文本]、Multimedial

Texts [多媒介型文本]、Operative Texts [运作型文本]。

354. Texteme 文本素

伊文—佐哈和图里采用的术语，指特定文学文本（或语境）中具有特殊功能意义的任

何语言或文本特征（包括从小到大至整个文本片段的特征）。图里将文本素界定为“参与文

本关系从而在相关文本中具有文本功能的任何层次和类型的语言单位”。

137

A term used by Even-Zohar and Toury to refer to any linguistic or textual

feature (ranging in size from a single sound to an entire textual segment) which

takes on a special functional significance in a given literary text (or context). Toury

defines textemes as "linguistic units of any type and level, participating in textual

relationships and, as a result, carrying textual functions in the text in question".

355. Text-type Restricted Theories of Translation 关于文本类型的翻译理论

（又名Discourse-type Restricted Theories of Translation [关于话语类型的翻译理

论]）

霍姆斯用来指六种局部翻译理论之一的术语。关于文本类型的翻译理论旨在处理翻译

具体文本或具体体裁类型的问题。

A term used by Holmes to refer to one of six types of PARTIAL THEORY OF

TRANSLATION. Text-type Restricted Theories of Translation deal with the problems

of translating specific text or genre-types.

356. Textual Equivalence 文本对等

1 卡特福德所界定的一种对等类型。当任何目标语文本或文本片段“在特定场合...被

认为与某一特定源语文本或文本片段对等”的时候，即出现文本对等。

2 （又名Syntagmatic Equivalence [组合对等]）波波维奇采用的术语，指“按照文

本横向组合轴而作出的语言成分排列”。

138

1 Defined by Catford as a type of EQUIVALENCE which occurs when any TL

text or portion of text is "observed an a be the equivalent of

a given SL text or portion of text".

2 A term used by Popovič to refer to the "arrangement of the elements upon

the syntagmatic axis of the text".

357. Textual Norms 文本规范 （又名Textual-linguistic Norms [文本语言规范]）

图里界定的两种操作规范类别之一。这类规范的作用在于决定选择目标语材料以取代

源语的文本和语言材料。

Defined by Toury as one of two types of OPERATIONAL NORM. The function of

such NORM is to determine the selection of TL material to replace the textual and

linguistic material of the original.

358. Theoretical Translation Studies 理论翻译研究；理论翻译学

按照霍姆斯的解释，指构成纯翻译研究领域的两个分支之一。理论翻译研究的目的在

于“建立一般性原则，用以解释和预测（翻译行为和作品等现象）”。理论翻译研究细分为

普通翻译理论和局部翻译理论。

According to Holmes, one of two branches making up the area of PURE

TRANSLATION STUDIES. The aim of Theoretical Translation Studies is "to establish

general principles by means of which [the phenomena of translating and

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translation(s)]" can be explained and predicted". Theoretical Translation Studies is

further subdivided into GENERAL and PARTIAL THEORIES OF TRANSLATION.

359. Theory of Sense 意义理论

见Interpretive Theory of Translation [翻译释意理论]。

360. Theory of Translation 翻译理论

见Theoretical Translation Studies [理论翻译研究]与Translation Theory 2 [翻译理

论]。

361. Thick Translation 增量翻译

阿皮尔将该术语界定为“试图以注解和附属词表形式把文本置于丰富的文化及语言环

境中的”翻译。

Defined by Appiah as a translation "that seeks with its annotations and its

accompanying glosses to locate the text in a rich cultural and linguistic context".

362. Think-aloud Protocols （简称TAPs）有声思维记录 （又写成

Thinking-aloud Protocols）

用来探索各种心智活动中出现的认知过程的一种方法。有声思维记录是研究翻译行为

的心理因素时使用的诸多实验方法之一。有声思维记录用在翻译研究领域时，主要是让受

试者用词语表述他们创作目标文本时脑海中所想到的一切动作。

140

A technique used to probe the cognitive processes entailed in different kinds

of mental activity. TAPs constitute one of a number of empirical methods used in

the investigation of the psychological aspects of the act of translating. When used

in the field of TRANSLATION STUDIES, TAPs will typically involve the "subject"

verbalizing everything that comes into their minds and all the actions they

perform as they work on the creation of a TT.

363. Third Code 第三语码

弗劳利在论述文学翻译时创造的术语。每一套独特的翻译环境中，目标文本的语言会

吸收所需源语和源文本的特点，以便在目标语中表达源项目。

A term coined by Frawley within the context of a discussion of literary

translation. Within each unique set of translational circumstances, the language of

TT will take over those SL and ST features that it needs in order to communicate

source items in TL.

364. Third Language 第三语言

见Translationese [翻译体]。

365. Time-restricted Theories of Translation 关于时域的翻译理论

霍姆斯的六种局部翻译理论之一。关于时域的翻译理论关注的是当代或历史更久远的

文本的翻译。

141

One of Holmes' six types of PARTIAL THEORY OF TRANSLATION.

Time-restricted theories of translation are concerned with either the translation of

contemporary texts or those of an older period.

366. Total Translation 完全翻译

按照卡特福德的模式，指与受限翻译形成对照的翻译模式。完全翻译是非专业用词“翻

译”所通常表达的含意；然而，在形式层面上可以把它界定为“用对等的目标语语法和词

汇替换源语语法和词汇，并随之用（不对等的）目标语音位与字形替换源语音位与字形”。

According to Catford's model, the mode of translation that contrasts with

RESTRICTED TRANSLATION. Total translation is what is generally meant by the

non-technical use of the word "translation"; however, on a formal level it may be

defined as the "replacement of SL grammar and lexis by equivalent TL grammar

and lexis with consequential replacement of SL phonology/graphology by

(non-equivalent) TL phonology/graphology".

367. Tower of Babel 巴别塔

见Babel (Tower of) [巴别（塔）]

368.

Traduction Absolute

见Absolute Translation [绝对翻译]。

369.

Traduction avec Reconstructions

142

见Reconstructions (Translation with) [重构式翻译]。

370.

Traduction Diagrammatique

见Diagrammatic Translation [图表翻译]。

371.

Traduction Directe

见Direct Translation 4 [直接翻译]。

372.

Traduction Documentaire

见Selective Translation [选译]。

373.

Traduction Sélective

见Selective Translation [选译]。

374.

Traduction Signalétique

见Keyword Translation [关键词翻译]。

375.

Traduction Synotique

见Abstract Translation [摘要翻译]。

143

376. Traductology 翻译学

哈里斯创造术语，用来指“翻译的科学研究”。

A term coined by Harris to refer to "the scientific study of translation".

377. Transcription 注音

指原文形式（如语音、字母或单词）在目标文本中保持不变的一种语际转换的一般性

术语。卡特福德使用“注音”这个术语来指非拼音文字，如汉字的音译。

A general term used to refer to a type of interlingual transfer in which the

forms of the original (e.g. sounds, letters or words) are preserved unchanged in TT.

Catford uses the term transcription to refer to transliteration from

non-alphabetical scripts such as Chinese.

378. Transeme 译素

范·路文兹瓦特采用的术语，指对文学文本与其整合翻译文本做语言比较的基本单位。

A term used by van Leuven-Zwart to refer to a basic unit for the linguistic

comparison of a literary text and its INTEGRAL TRANSLATION.

379. Transfer 转移

1 具有多个各不相同意义的一般性术语。在翻译研究中，该术语也许最常用于指翻译

144

所从属的一组过程，以及指可以把翻译与之做有效比较的其他过程。在此含义下，该术语

所指的是把一个文本（或别的符号集合）引入另一种语言（或非语言系统）的所有过程。

2 指奈达与泰伯所提翻译过程三阶段模式中第二阶段的术语。转移被界定为“在译者

大脑中把经过分析的语料从A语转移到B语”的阶段。

1 A general term which has various different meanings. The term is used in

TRANSLATION STUDIES most frequently to refer to the set of processes to which

translation belongs and to the other members of which it may be fruitfully

compared. Used in this sense the term will thus describe all processes which

involve the introduction of a text (or other collection of signs) into another

language (or non-linguistic system).

2 A term used to refer to the second stage of Nida & Taber's three-stage

model of the translation process. Transfer is defined as the stage "in which the

analyzed material is transferred in the mind of the translator from language A to

language B".

380. Transfer-oriented Translation Studies 转移取向翻译研究；转移取向翻译学

用来指格丁根文学翻译合作研究中心提出的历史描写翻译研究途径的一个术语。“转

移”取向途径的重点在于把翻译“作为跨语言、文学及文化界线的转移行为的结果”；比纯

目标文本取向有更强的综合性。更具体地说，它把文学翻译看成译者对四个规范领域的要

求加以协调的结果。

145

A term used to refer to an approach to historical-descriptive translation

research developed by the Göttingen Center for the Cooperative Study of Literary

Translation. The transfer-oriented approach focuses on a translation "as the result

of an act of transfer across lingual, literary, and cultural boundaries"; it is more

comprehensive than a pure TT orientation. More specifically, it views literary

translation as the result of a compromise on the part of the translator between the

demands of four NORM areas.

381. Transference 迁移

卡特福德把它界定为“源语意义向目标语文本的植入”。换言之，该术语把源语项目以

其源语意义用于目标文本的过程。

Defined by Catford as containing an "implantation of SL meanings into the TL

text". In other words, the term refers to a process in which an SL item is used in a TT,

but with an SL meaning.

382. Transformation 转换

见Restructuring [重组]。

383. Translat (Translated Text [翻译文本]，又名Translatum [译本])

卡德为防止

Übersetzung

这个词产生歧义而创造的术语。

Translat

这个词专门用来指

作为翻译过程结果的译本。

146

A term coined by Kade to circumvent the ambiguity of the word

Übersetzung.

The term was specifically designed to refer to the translated text, as the product of

the process of

TRANSLATION

.

384. Translatability 可译性

与其反义词“不可译性”一起用于讨论在多大程度上，单个词、词组或者整个文本可

以从一种语言译成另一种语言的术语。

A term used --along with its opposite, untranslatability --to discuss the extent

to which it is possible to translate either individual words and phrases or entire

texts from one language to another.

385. Translation 翻译；笔译

卡特福德把翻译界定为“把一种语言（源语）的文本材料替换为另一种语言（目标语）

中对等的文本材料”。雅各布森用符号学的观点，将翻译看作“用另外某种语言解释语言符

号”，并将翻译过程理解为“将一种语言中的信息替换为另一种语言中的完整信息，而非替

换为孤立的语码单位”。

Catford, defines translation as "the replacement of textual material in one

language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)". Jakobson

sees translation in semiotic terms as "an interpretation of verbal signs by means of

some other language", understanding the translation process as a substitution of

"messages in one language not for separate code-units but for entire messages in

147

some other language".

386.

Translation

翻译过程

卡德提出的术语，作为两个不同概念

Übersetzen

（笔译）和

Dolmetschen

（口译）

的总称。

A term introduced by Kade as a general designation for the two distinct

concepts

ÜBERSETZEN

（i.e. written TRANSLATION）and

DOLMETSCHEN

（i.e.

INTERPRETING）.

387. Translation and the Theory of Games 翻译与博弈理论

见Games (Translation and the Theory of) [翻译与博弈理论]。

388. Translation as Decision-making 翻译即抉择

见Decision-making (Translation as) [翻译即抉择]。

389. Translation as Industrial Process 翻译即产业过程

见Industrial Process (Translation as) [翻译即产业过程]。

390. Translation Equivalence 翻译对等

见Equivalence [对等]。

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391. Translation Studies 翻译研究；翻译学

用来指“处理翻译中出现的问题和对翻译进行描述的学科”的术语。

A term used to describe the "discipline which concerns itself with problems

raised by the production and description of translations".

392. Translation Theory 翻译理论

1 用来指翻译研究整个学科的术语。波波维奇将翻译理论界定为“对翻译进行系统研

究的学科”，任务是“使翻译过程和翻译文本模式化”。

2 （又写成Theory of Translation [翻译理论]）用来指以系统方式解释某些或所有与

翻译相关现象的具体努力。

1 A term used to refer to the entire discipline of TRANSLATION STUDIES.

Popovič defines translation theory as a "discipline engaged in the systematic study

of translation", whose task consists of "modeling the translational process and

text".

2 A term used to refer to a specific attempt to explain in a systematic way

some or all of the phenomena related to translation.

393. Translation Unit 翻译单位

见Unit of Translation [翻译单位]。

149

394. Translation Universals 翻译普遍特征

见Universals of Translation [翻译普遍特征]。

395. Translation with Reconstructions 重构式翻译

见Reconstructions (Translation with) [重构式翻译]。

396. Translation Equivalence 翻译对等

见Stylistic Equivalence [文体对等]。

397. Translationese 翻译体 （又名Third Language [第三语言]）

通常来说是一个贬义术语，用来指因明显依赖源语的语言特色而让人觉得不自然、费

解、甚至可笑的目标语用法。翻译体的主要原因是翻译过程中过度使用字面翻译，或是因

为目标语知识不足。

A generally pejorative term used to refer to TL usage which because of its

obvious reliance on features of SL is perceived as unnatural, impenetrable or even

comical. Translationese is typically caused by an excessively LITERAL approach to

the translation process or an imperfect knowledge of TL.

398. Translatology 翻译学

此术语曾别建议作为学科名称，现在人们通常称此学科为翻译研究。

150

A term suggested as a possible title for the discipline now generally known as

TRANSLATION STUDIES.

399. Translatorial Action 译者行动 （又名Translational Action [翻译行动]，或

Intercultural Cooperation [跨文化合作]）

赫尔兹—曼塔里提出的术语，用来描述生成目标文本的合作过程。

A term introduced by Holz-Mänttäri to describe the collaborative process

which leads up to the production of a TT.

400.

Translotum

见

Translat

[译本]。

401. Transliteration 音译

1 按照卡特福德的解释，指“源语字形单位被目标语字形单位替代”的过程。

2 见Signed Language Interpreting [手语传译]。

1 According to Carford, a process in which "SL graphological units are

replaced by TL graphological units".

402. Transmutation 符际转化

151

见Intersemiotic Translation [符际翻译]。

403. Transposition 置换

按照维纳与达尔贝勒纳的解释，指七种翻译程序之一。置换被界定为“将一种词性替

换为另一种词性，而不改变信息意义”的过程。

According to Vinay & Darbelnet, one of seven translation procedures.

Transposition is defined as the process of "replacing one word class with another

without changing the meaning of the message".

404.

Übersetzen

笔译；书面翻译

德文中表示书面翻译的常用词。卡德把它重新界定为指包括任何用于固定或可随意重

复源文本的，译者随后可以检查或修正的语际转移行为。

The usual German word for written TRANSLATION, redefined by Kade to

include any act of interlingual transfer in which ST is fixed, or can be repeated at

will, and which may consequently be checked or corrected by the translator on a

subsequent occasion.

405. Unbounded Translation 不受限翻译

卡特福德采用的术语，指完全翻译的一种类型。在这种翻译中，“对等可以通过自由地

上下转换级阶来实现”。

152

A term used by Catford to denote a type of TOTAL TRANSLATION in which

"equivalences shift freely up and down the rank scale".

406. Undertranslation 欠额翻译

纽马克采用的术语，指译本中常见的两种现象之一。纽马克认为，每个翻译行为都会

不可避免地导致源文本意义的走失，这就使译者不得不根据具体语境，在目标文本中或增

加细节，或进行宽泛化处理，如果采用宽泛化翻译，这个译法就称欠额翻译。

A term used by Newmark to refer to one of two phenomena frequently found

in translated texts. According to Newmark, the inevitable loss of SL meaning

entailed by every act of translation can, depending on the precise circumstances,

lead to an increase in either detail or generalization in TT; if it leads to the latter, it

is termed undertranslation.

407. Units of Translation 翻译单位 （又写为Translation Unit [翻译单位]）

用来指源文本在目标语中被重现编码的语言层次的术语。巴尔胡达罗夫将翻译单位界

定为“在目标语中有对等项的最小源语单位”。

A term used to refer to the linguistic level at which ST is recodified in TL.

Barkhudarov defines a unit of translation as "the smallest unit of SL which has an

equivalent in TL".

408. Unit Shift 单位转换

153

按照卡特福德的解释，指范畴转换的一种类型。在单位转换中，不会严格采用级阶对

级阶的对应。很显然，在这个意义上，单位转换是几乎所有“正常”翻译的一个重要特征。

常常出现单位转换的一个情境是：源语词项因为没有现成的目标对等词而被译成一个短语。

According to Carford, a type of CATEGORY SHIFT in which strict rank-rank

CORRESPONDENCE is not observed; as such, unit shifts clearly constitute a major

feature of virtually any "normal" translation. A situation in which unit shift

frequently occurs is when an SL lexical item for which no one convenient TL

equivalent exists is translated by a phrase.

409. Universals of Translation 翻译普遍特征

用来指一些目标文本的特征的术语，这些特征被有些学者认为是不受具体语言对影响、

翻译过程几乎必然会产生的副产品的。贝克将翻译普遍特征界定为“通常在译本而不在源

话语中出现的并非由特定语言系统干扰而造成的那些特征”。

A term used to refer to a number of features of TTs which are posited by some

as being the almost inevitable by-products of the process of translation,

irrespective of the specific language pair involved. Baker defines universals of

translation as "features which typically occur in translated text rather than original

utterances and which are not the result of interference from specific linguistic

systems".

410. Untranslatability 不可译性

154

见Translatability [可译性]。

411. Verbal Consistency 词语一致 （又名Concordance [一致性]、Verbal

Concordance [词语一致]）

奈达与泰伯将词语一致界定为不考虑词语上下文的多样性而“将原文中的某一特定词

持续地译成接受语中同一词”。

Defined by Nida & Taber as the "quality resulting from the effort to translate a

given word from the original consistently by a single word in the receptor

language" regardless of the variety of contexts in which it appears.

412. Verbal Translation 词语翻译

见Metaphrase [词译]。

413. Verifiability 可核实性

赖斯与弗米尔提出的术语，指将

Übersetzen

（笔译）过程与

Dolmetschen

（口译）

过程区分开来的两个特征之一。目标文本若要被认为具有可核实性，译者就必须能够在翻

译过程中修改译本。

Suggested by Reiss & Vermeer as one of two features which distinguish the

process of

ÜBERSETZEN (

i.e. TRANSLATION

)

from that of

DOLMETSCHEN.(

i.e.

INTERPRETING

).

For a TT to be considered verifiable it is necessary for the

translator to be able to revise his or her translation while it is still being produced.

155

414. Version 改本；改译

1 改本 此术语通常用来描述在评论家看来偏离源文本太远而无法成为翻译的目标文

本。

2 改译 勒弗维尔采用的术语，指被他成为解释的这种翻译策略之下的两种子类型之

一。他认为改译的特点是，根据改译者和目标语受众的口味对源文本进行改编，以提高文

本在目标语境中的交际影响力。

1 A term commonly used to describe a TT which in the view of the

commentator departs too far from the original to be termed a translation.

2 A term used by Lefevere to refer to one of two sub-types of the translation

strategy which he terms INTERPRETATION. He characterizes versions as

ADAPTATIONS 1and ST made in accordance with the taste of both version-writer

and TL audience in order to heighten the communicative impact of the text in the

target context.

415. Vertical Translation 纵向翻译

按照福勒纳的解释，指中世纪所用的两种翻译模式之一。他创造出纵向翻译这个术语，

用来指“源语（通常为拉丁语）的声望和价值都超过目标语”的翻译类型。

According to Folena, one of two modes of translation used in the Middle Ages.

Folena coins the term to refer to the type of translation where "the source

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language, usually Latin, has prestige and value which transcend that of the target

language".

416. Voids 空缺 （又名Semantic Voids [语义空缺]，或

Lacunes

[空白]，或Blank

Space [空位]，或Gaps [空隙]）

达戈特将此术语界定为“一种语言中的某个指称用词在另一种语言中找不到单个对等

词的现象”。

Defined by Dagut as the "non-existence in one language of a one-word

equivalent for a designatory term found in another."

417. Whispered Interpreting 耳语传译

口译的一种。在耳语传译中，译者坐在座位服务对象的客户或会议代表旁边，将听到

的话语用耳语传译出来。

A form of INTERPRETING in which the interpreter sits next to the client or

delegate for whom he or she is interpreting and whispers the interpreted version

of what is being said.

418. Word-for-word Translation 词对词翻译 （又名Word-by-word

Translation [逐词翻译]）

一种必须严格忠信于原文措词的翻译方法。在词对词翻译中，每一个源文本单词都由

一个目标语单词来替换，而不考虑诸如词序等句法因素。

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A method of translating which entails precise fidelity to the wording of ST. In

word-for-word translation, a TL word is substituted for each ST word without

inference to syntactical factors such as word order.

419. Writer-oriented Machine Translation 作者取向机器翻译

按照塞杰的解释，指在于原文作者互动基础上生成机器翻译文本的一种方法。这种翻

译程序要求作者参与译前编辑过程，在这个译前编辑过程中，机器对不能分析的各种成分

提出问题。机器的编辑程序对目标语很敏感，可以预知翻译困难。

According to Sager, the method of producing a MACHINE-TRANSLATED text

on the basis of interaction with the writer of the original. Such a procedure involves

a writer in a PRE-EDITING process in which the machine asks questions about

elements which it cannot analyze; the machine's editing device is TL-sensitive, and

so will anticipate translation difficulties.