2024年4月21日发(作者：如何找回qq以前的聊天记录)

宫琦制作

TPO31

Speciation(物种形成)inGeographicallyIsolatedPopulations

Evolutionarybiologistsbelievethatspeciation,theformationofanewspecies,often

beginswhensomekindofphysicalbarrierarisesanddividesapopulationofasinglespecies

alseparationbetweensubpopulations(分组人口，族群)

promotestheformationofnewspeciesbecauseoncethemembersofonesubpopulation

cannolongermatewithmembersofanothersubpopulation,theycannotexchange

variant(变异，异体)bsenceofgene

flowbetweenthesubpopulations,geneticdifferencesbetweenthegroupsbeginto

allythesubpopulationsbecomesogeneticallydistinctthattheycannot

interbreed(异种交配，杂交)

utetospeciationis

knownasallopatry(异域性)(“allo-”means“different”,and“patria”means“homeland”).

ouldnotbesurprising,

ral,thesubpopulationsofmostspeciesare

undernormalsituations

thegeneflowamongthesubpopulationsismoreofanintermittent(间歇的，断断续续的)

trickle(滴，细流，流淌)tion,barrierscanrapidlyariseandshut

mple,inthe1800samonstrous(巨大的，怪异的)earthquakechanged

thecourseoftheMississippiRiver,alargeriverflowinginthecentralpartoftheUnited

ngeseparatedpopulationsofinsectsnowlivingalongopposite

shores(海滨，支柱),completelycuttingoffgeneflowbetweenthem.

Geographic(地理的，地理学的)isolationcanalsoproceed(开始，继续进行)slowly,over

evidenceofsuchextendedeventsinthefossilrecord,which

affordsglimpse(一瞥，瞥见)

example,duringpasticeages,glaciersadvanceddownthroughNorthAmericaandEurope

eglaciersretreated,

oupsthat

haddescendedfromthesameparentpopulationwerenolongerreproductively

compatible(能兼容的，共处的)–rgroups,

however,geneticdivergences(分歧)hadnotproceededsofar,andthedescendantscould

stillinterbreed–forthem,reproductiveisolationwasnotcompleted,andsospeciationhad

notoccurred.

Allopatricspeciationcanalsobebroughtbytheimperceptibly(细微的，察觉不到的)

slowbutcolossal(巨大的，异常的)movementsofthetectonicplatesthatmakeupEarth’s

5millionyearsagosuchgeologicmovementscreatedthelandbridge

betweenNorthAmericaandSouthAmericathatwecalltheIsthmus(地峡，管峡)of

Panama[1].Theformationoftheisthmushadimportantconsequencesforglobalpatternsof

reviouslythegapbetweenthecontinentshadallowedafreeflow

ofwater,nowtheisthmuspresentedabarrierthatdividedtheAtlanticOceanfromthe

visionsetthestageforallopatricspeciationamongpopulationsof

fishesandothermarinespecies.

Inthe1980s,JohnGravesstudiedtwopopulationsofcloselyrelatedfishes,one

populationfromtheAtlanticsideofisthmus,ared

foundthatallfourPacific

enzymesfunctionbetteratlowertemperaturesthanthefourAtlanticversionsofthesame

significantbecausePacificseawateriftypically2to3degreescoolerthan

isbygelelectrophoresis(凝胶电泳)revealed

slight(轻微的，少量的)differencesinaminoacid(氨基酸)sequenceoftheenzymesoftwo

significantbecausetheaminoacidsequenceofanenzymeis

determinedbygenes.

,atleastsomeofthe

observeddifferencesbetweentheenzymesoftheAtlanticandPacificfishpopulationswere

,itappearsthatclosely

relatedpopulationsoffishesonbothsidesoftheisthmusarestartingtogeneticallydiverge

eGraves’studyofgeographicallyisolatedpopulationsofisthmus

fishesoffersaglimpseofthebeginningofaprocessofgradualaccumulationof

mutations(突变，变化)thatareneutral(中立的)oradaptive,divergencesheremightbe

evidenceofallopatricspeciationinprocess.

Paragraph1:Evolutionarybiologistsbelievethatspeciation,theformationofanew

species,oftenbeginswhensomekindofphysicalbarrierarisesanddividesapopulationofa

singlespeciesintoseparatesubpopulations(亚种群).Physicalseparationbetween

subpopulationspromotestheformationofnewspeciesbecauseoncethemembersofone

subpopulationcannolongermatewithmembersofanothersubpopulation,theycannot

bsenceofgeneflow

betweenthesubpopulations,geneticdifferencesbetweenthegroupsbegintoaccumulate.

Eventuallythesubpopulationsbecomesogeneticallydistinctthattheycannotinterbreed

pointthesubpopulations

utetospeciationisknownasallopatry(“allo-”

means“different”,and“patria”means“homeland”).

1.

A.

B.

C.

Theword“promotes”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Describes

Encourages

Delays

es

ingtoparagraph1,allopatricspeciationinvolveswhichofthefollowing?

ision(分割，部门)ofapopulationintosubspecies

niting(重聚)ofseparatedpopulationsaftertheyhavebecomedistinct

species

ementofapopulationtoanewhomeland

enceofgeneflowbetweensubpopulations

Paragraph2:ouldnotbe

surprising,ral,thesubpopulationsofmostspecies

undernormal

situationsthegeneflowamongthesubpopulationsismoreofanintermittent(断断续续的)

trickle(细流)tion,barrierscanrapidlyariseandshutoffthe

mple,inthe1800samonstrousearthquakechangedthecourseofthe

MississippiRiver,

changeseparatedpopulationsofinsectsnowlivingalongoppositeshores,completely

cuttingoffgeneflowbetweenthem.

stheauthorprovidetheinformationthat“subpopulationsofmostspecies

areseparatedfromeachotherbysomemeasurabledistance"?

catehowscientistsareabletodeterminewhethersubpopulationsofaspecies

areallopatric

newhatitmeansforagroupofanimalsorplantstobeasubpopulation

estthatallopatricspeciationisnottheonlyroutetospeciation

explainwhyallopatricspeciationisacommonwayfornewspeciestocome

about

d“accumulate”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

moresignificant

andomly

llyincreaseinnumber

hanges

graph2,whydoestheauthormentionthatsomeinsectpopulationswere

separatedfromeachotherbyachangeinthecourseofMississippiRivercausedbyan

earthquake?

thepointthatsomekindofphysicalbarrierseparatesthesubpopulationsof

mostspecies

orttheclaimthattheconditionofallopatrycansometimesariseinashort

time

ideanexampleofasituationinwhichgeneflowamongthepopulationsa

specieshappensataslowrate

ainwhyinsectlivingalongoppositeshoresoftheMississippiRiverarevery

differentfromeachother

Paragraph3:Geographicisolationcanalsoproceedslowly,overgreatspansoftime.

Wefindevidenceofsuchextendedeventsinthefossilrecord,whichaffordsglimpseinto

mple,duringpasticeages,

glaciersadvanceddownthroughNorthAmericaandEuropeandgraduallycutoffpartsof

eglaciersretreated,theseparatedpopulationsof

oupsthathaddescendedfromthe

sameparentpopulationwerenolongerreproductivelycompatible–theyhadevolvedinto

rgroups,however,geneticdivergenceshadnotproceededsofar,

andthedescendantscouldstillinterbreed–forthem,reproductiveisolationwasnot

completed,andsospeciationhadnotoccurred.

ingtoparagraph3,separationofsubpopulationsbyglaciersresultedin

speciationinthosegroupsofplantsandanimalsthat

productivelyisolatedevenaftertheglaciersdisappeared

ustedtotheoldconditionscausedbytheglaciers

letosurvivebeingseparatedfromtheirparentpopulation

eriencedsomegeneticdivergencesfromtheirparentpopulation

Paragraph4:Allopatricspeciationcanalsobebroughtbytheimperceptiblyslowbut

colossalmovementsofthetectonicplatesthatmakeupEarth’5million

yearsagosuchgeologicmovementscreatedthelandbridgebetweenNorthAmericaand

mationoftheisthmushad

reviouslythegap

betweenthecontinentshadallowedafreeflowofwater,nowtheisthmuspresenteda

visionsetthestagefor

allopatricspeciationamongpopulationsoffishesandothermarinespecies.

d“colossal”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

tent

l

us

ive

ingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofthegeologicmovements

thatbroughtabouttheIsthmusofPanama?

ementsbroughtpopulationsofcertainfishesandmarineorganismsinto

contactwithoneanotherforthefirsttime.

ementstransferred(转移，转让)populationsoffishesandothermarine

animalsbetweenthePacificandAtlanticOceans.

ementcreatedconditionsthatallowedwatertoflowmorefreelybetween

thePacificandAtlanticOceans.

ementcreatedconditionsfortheformationofnewspeciesoffishesand

othermarineanimals.

Paragraph5:Inthe1980s,JohnGravesstudiedtwopopulationsofcloselyrelatedfishes,

onepopulationfromtheAtlanticsideofisthmus,

foundthatallfour

PacificenzymesfunctionbetteratlowertemperaturesthanthefourAtlanticversionsofthe

significantbecausePacificseawateriftypically2to3degreescooler

isbygelelectrophoresisrevealedslight

significant

becausetheaminoacidsequenceofanenzymeisdeterminedbygenes.

9.

A.

B.

C.

D.

Theword“sequence”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Quality

Order

Function

Number

ingtoparagraph5,bycomparingtheenzymesfromtworelatedgroupsof

fishesonoppositesidesoftheisthmus,Gravesfoundevidencethat

ereslightgeneticdivergencesbetweenthetwogroups

anticgroupoffishesweredescendedfromthePacificgroupoffishes

peratureofwateroneithersideoftheisthmushadchanged

cchangesintheAtlanticgroupoffishesweremorerapidanfrequentthanin

thePacificgroupoffishes

Paragraph6:,atleastsome

oftheobserveddifferencesbetweentheenzymesoftheAtlanticandPacificfishpopulations

,itappearsthat

closelyrelatedpopulationsoffishesonbothsidesoftheisthmusarestartingtogenetically

eGraves’studyofgeographicallyisolatedpopulationsof

isthmusfishesoffersaglimpseofthebeginningofaprocessofgradualaccumulationof

mutations(突变)thatareneutral(中立的)oradaptive,divergencesheremightbeevidence

ofallopatricspeciationinprocess.

einferredfromparagraph5and6thatthereasonGravedconcludedthat

someofthedifferencesbetweenthePacificandAtlanticenzymeswerenotrandomwas

that

thePacificenzymesworksbetterincoolerwaters

ymesoftheAtlanticfishpopulationshadnotchangedsincetheformationof

theIsthmusofPanama

ctrophoresisshowedthatthechangesbenefitedboththeAtlanticandthe

Pacificfishpopulations

ferencesbetweentheenzymesdisappearedwhenthetwofishpopulations

wereexperimentallyswitchedtoothersideoftheisthmus

fthesentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportant

waysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

’sstudyprovidesevidencethatisthmusfishesareintheprocessofbecoming

geographicallyisolated.

’sstudyofmutatingisthmusfishesyieldsresultsthatdifferfromresultsof

otherstudiesinvolvingallopatricspeciation.

’sstudyofisolatedpopulationsofisthmusfishesprovidessomeevidencethat

allopatricspeciationmightbebeginning.

’sstudyindicatesthatwhenisolated,populationsofisthmusfishesregister(登

记，注册)neutraloradaptivemutations.

Allopatricspeciationcanalsobebroughtbytheimperceptiblyslowbutcolossal

movementsofthetectonicplatesthatmakeupEarth’ssurface.■About5millionyearsago

suchgeologicmovementscreatedthelandbridgebetweenNorthAmericaandSouth

AmericathatwecalltheIsthmusofPanama.■Whilepreviouslythegapbetweenthe

continentshadallowedafreeflowofwater,nowtheisthmuspresentedabarrierthat

dividedtheAtlanticOceanfromthePacificOcean.■Thisdivisionsetthestageforallopatric

speciationamongpopulationsoffishesandothermarinespecies.■

thefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecanbe

addedtothepassage.

Theformationoftheisthmushadimportantconsequencesforglobalpatternsof

oceanwaterflow.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

ions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovided

tethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemost

ntencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausethey

express

questionisworth2points.

Allopatricspeciationtakesplacewhenphysicallyseparatedpopulationsofasingle

speciesgraduallydivergegeneticallytothepointofbecomingunabletointerbreed.

AnswerChoices

tricspeciationiscommonbecausethegeneflowbetweensubpopulationsis

generallylimitedandthebarriersthatcompletelyseparatesubpopulationscanariseina

varietyofways.---文章第二段

pasticeages,some,butnotall,subpopulationsseparatedbyglaciersevolved

intodistinctspecies.---文章第三段

tiondoesnotneedtotakeplacethroughallopatrybecausesubpopulations

willformdistinctspecieswheneverthereareadaptiveadvantagestonotinterbreedingwith

othersubpopulations.---没说，文章一直在强调allopatry是最主要的speciationroute

albarriersfromglaciersandthemovementoftectonicplatesformsoslowly

thatthesubpopulationsoneithersideofthebarriersusuallydonotformdistinctspecies.---

说反，对应文章第三段，可参考词汇题colossal的分析，文章中不仅提到了Slow也说

到的大量，从而导致了distinctspecies

’sstudyoffishpopulationsseparatedbytheIsthmusofPanamamaywell

provideapictureofthebeginningstagesofspeciation.---与12题的对应的位置一样

’sstudyofphysicallyseparatedfishpopulationsshowthattheremustbelarge

differencesbetweentheenvironmentsoftheisolatedpopulationsifallopatricspeciationis

totakeplace.---没说到这个点，原文中的词汇题sequence所再句矛盾，氨基酸序列与

生活环境相对应，那一句提到了slightdifference

EarlyChildhoodEducation

Preschools–educationalprogramsforchildrenundertheageoffive–differ

significantlyfromonecountrytoanotheraccordingtotheviewsthatdifferentsocietieshold

tance,inacross-country(越野的，

横越全国的)comparisonofpreschoolsinChina,Japan,andtheUnitedStates,researchers

foundthatparentsinthethreecountriesviewthepurposeofpreschoolsverydifferently.

WhereasparentsinChinatendtoseepreschoolsprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrenagood

startacademically,Japaneseparentsviewthemprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrenthe

nitedStates,incomparison,parentsregard

theprimarypurposeofpreschoolsasmakingchildrenmoreindependentandself-reliant(自

力更生的，自恃的),althoughobtainingagoodacademicstartandhavinggroupexperience

arealsoimportant.

Whilemanyprogramsdesignedforpreschoolersfocusprimarilyonsocialand

emotionalfactors,somearegeared(适合，开始)mainlytowardpromotingcognitivegains(收

益，获得)andpreparingpreschoolersfortheformalinstructiontheywillexperiencewhen

theystartkindergarten(幼儿园).IntheUnitedStates,thebest-knownprogramdesignedto

ishedinthe1960swhentheUnited

Statesdeclared(宣布，断言)theWaronPoverty(贫困，困难),theprogramhasservedover

gram,whichstressesparentalinvolvement,

wasdesignedtoservethe“wholechild”,includingchildren’sphysicalhealth,self-confidence,

socialresponsibility,andsocialandemotionaldevelopment.

WhetherHeadStartisseenassuccessfulornotdependsonthelensthroughwhichone

,forinstance,theprogramisexpectedtoprovidelong-termincreasesinIQ

(intelligencequotient)scores,ghgraduatesofHeadStart

programstendtoshowimmediateIQgains,therhand,

itisclearthatHeadStartismeetingitsgoalofgettingpreschoolersreadyforschool.

PreschoolerswhoparticipateinHeadStartarebetterpreparedforfutureschoolingthan

rmore,graduatesofHeadStartprogramshavebetterfutureschool

y,someresearchsuggeststhatultimatelyHeadStartgraduatesshowhigher

academicperformanceattheendofhighschool,althoughthegainsaremodest.

Inaddition,resultsfromothertypesofpreschoolreadinessprogramsindicatethat

thosewhoparticipateandgraduatearelesslikelytorepeatgrades,andtheyaremorelikely

tocompleteschoolthanreadinessprogram,foreverydollarspentontheprogram,

taxpayers(纳税人)savedsevendollarsbythetime(等到..时候)thegraduatesreachedthe

ageof27.

Themostrecentcomprehensive(综合的，广泛的)evaluationofearlyintervention(介入，

调停)programssuggeststhat,takenasagroup,preschoolprogramscanprovidesignificant

benefits,andthatgovernmentfundsinvestedearlyinlifemayultimatelyleadtoareduction

tance,comparedwithchildrenwhodidnotparticipateinearly

intervention(辅导，介入，调停)programs,participantsinvariousprogramsshowedgainsin

emotionalorcognitivedevelopment,bettereducationaloutcomes,increasedeconomic

self-sufficiency(自给自足),reducedlevelsofcriminal(犯罪的)activity,andimproved

se,noteveryprogramproducedallthesebenefits,andnot

rmore,someresearchersarguethat

less-expensiveprogramsarejustasgoodasrelativelyexpensiveones,suchasHeadStart.

Still,theresultsoftheevaluationwerepromising(有希望的，有前途的),suggestingthatthe

potentialbenefitsofearlyinterventioncanbesubstantial(大量的，实质的).

Noteveryoneagreesthatprogramsthatseektoenhanceacademicskillsduringthe

,accordingtodevelopmentalpsychologistDavid

Elkind,UnitedStatessocietytendstopushchildrensorapidlythattheybegintofeelstress

arguesthatacademicsuccessislargelydependentupon

factorsoutofparents’control,suchasinherited(继承)abilitiesandachild’srateof

uently,childrenofaparticularagecannotbeexpectedtomaster

educationalmaterialwithouttakingintoaccounttheircurrentlevelofcognitive

t,childrenrequiredevelopmentappropriateeducationalpractice,

whichiseducationthatisbasedonbothtypicaldevelopmentandtheuniquecharacteristics

ofagivenchild.

Paragraph1:Preschools–educationalprogramsforchildrenundertheageoffive–

differsignificantlyfromonecountrytoanotheraccordingtotheviewsthatdifferent

tance,ina

cross-countrycomparisonofpreschoolsinChina,Japan,andtheUnitedStates,researchers

foundthatparentsinthethreecountriesviewthepurposeofpreschoolsverydifferently.

WhereasparentsinChinatendtoseepreschoolsprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrenagood

startacademically,Japaneseparentsviewthemprimarilyasawayofgivingchildrenthe

nitedStates,incomparison,parentsregard

theprimarypurposeofpreschoolsasmakingchildrenmoreindependentandself-reliant,

althoughobtainingagoodacademicstartandhavinggroupexperiencearealsoimportant.

ingtoparagraph1,parentsinJapantendtothinkofpreschoolprimarilyasa

placewherechildrencan

Getagoodacademicstart

Expandtheiremotionaldevelopment

Becomemoreindependent

Experiencebeingpartofagroup

d“whereas”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto表示对比转折

Although

Because

Moreover

already

Paragraph2:Whilemanyprogramsdesignedforpreschoolersfocusprimarilyonsocial

andemotionalfactors,somearegearedmainlytowardpromotingcognitivegainsand

preparingpreschoolersfortheformalinstructiontheywillexperiencewhentheystart

nitedStates,thebest-knownprogramdesignedtopromotefuture

ishedinthe1960swhentheUnitedStatesdeclared

theWaronPoverty,

program,whichstressesparentalinvolvement,wasdesignedtoservethe“wholechild”,

includingchildren’sphysicalhealth,self-confidence,socialresponsibility,andsocialand

emotionaldevelopment.

d“focus”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Consider

Respect

Concentrate

Advise

einferredfromparagraph2thattheHeadStartprogramwasdesignedto

servechildrenwho

ComefromfamiliesthatdonothavealotofmoneyArenotdoingverywellin

kindergarten

Wereborninthe1950s

Needprogramsthatfocusprimarilyonsocialandemotionalfactors

Paragraph3:WhetherHeadStartisseenassuccessfulornotdependsonthelens

,forinstance,theprogramisexpectedtoprovidelong-term

increasesinIQ(intelligencequotient)scores,ghgraduatesof

HeadStartprogramstendtoshowimmediateIQgains,

otherhand,itisclearthatHeadStartismeetingitsgoalofgettingpreschoolersreadyfor

oolerswhoparticipateinHeadStartarebetterpreparedforfutureschooling

rmore,graduatesofHeadStartprogramshavebetterfuture

y,someresearchsuggeststhatultimatelyHeadStartgraduatesshow

higheracademicperformanceattheendofhighschool,althoughthegainsaremodest.

ingtoparagraph3,theHeadStartprogramhadNOTbeensuccessfulatwhich

ofthefollowing?

Helpingchildrenadjusttoschool

Providinglong-termincreaseinIQscores

Improvingschoolperformancethroughouthighschool

Preventingchildrenfrombeingplacedinspecial-educationclasses

Paragraph4:Inaddition,resultsfromothertypesofpreschoolreadiness

programsindicatethatthosewhoparticipateandgraduatearelesslikelytorepeat

grades,andtheyaremorelikelytocomplete(完整的，完成)schoolthanreadinessprogram,

foreverydollarspentontheprogram,taxpayerssavedsevendollarsbythetimethe

graduatesreachedtheageof27.

graph4,theauthormentionsthe“resultsfromothertypesofreadiness

programs”to

Providesupportfortheideathatpreschoolreadinessprogramshavebeensomewhat

successful

QuestiontheideathatHeadStartismoreeffectivethanotherpreschoolreadiness

programs

Indicateschoolcompletionisusuallythemostreliableindicatorofsuccessinmost

readinessprograms

Emphasizethatparticipatinginreadinessprogramscanbeincreasedifcostsare

reduced

ingtoparagraph4,acost-benefitanalysisofonepreschoolreadinessprogram

revealedthat

Onlyonedollar’sworthofbenefitwasgainedforeverysevendollarsspentonthe

program

Thebenefitsoftheprogramlastedonlyuntiltheparticipantsreachedage27

Taxpayerssavedsevendollarsforeverydollarspentontheprogram

Tobesuccessful,theprogramwouldneedtoreceiveaboutseventimesasmuchmoney

asitcurrentlyreceives

Paragraph5:Themostrecentcomprehensiveevaluationofearlyintervention

programssuggeststhat,takenasagroup,preschoolprogramscanprovidesignificant

benefits,andthatgovernmentfundsinvestedearlyinlifemayultimatelyleadtoareduction

tance,comparedwithchildrenwhodidnotparticipateinearly

interventionprograms,participantsinvariousprogramsshowedgainsinemotionalor

cognitivedevelopment,bettereducationaloutcomes,increasedeconomicself-sufficiency,

reducedlevelsofcriminalactivity,se,not

everyprogramproducedallthesebenefits,andnoteverychildbenefitedtothesameextent.

Furthermore,someresearchersarguethatless-expensiveprogramsarejustasgoodas

relativelyexpensiveones,,theresultsoftheevaluationwere

promising,suggestingthatthepotentialbenefitsofearlyinterventioncanbesubstantial.

Theword“comprehensive”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Easilyunderstood

Thorough彻底的，十分的，周密的

Respectable

Objective客观的，目标的

Paragraph5mentionsthatparticipantsinearlyinterventionprogramshavebeen

showntodoallofthefollowingbetterthannonparticipantsEXCEPT

Takecareoftheirhealth

Supportthemselvesfinancially

Takecareoftheirownchildren

Haveincreasedemotionaldevelopment

Accordingtoparagraph5,whichofthefollowingistrueaboutthebenefitsofearly

interventionprograms?

Theseprogramsproducegoodshort-termbenefitsbutfewlong-termbenefits.

Onlythemostexpensiveprogramsprovidesubstantialbenefits.

TheHeadStartprogramprovidesarangeofbenefitsthatnootherprogramcan

provide.

Somechildrenbenefitmorethanothersdofromtheseprograms.

Paragraph6:Noteveryoneagreesthatprogramsthatseektoenhanceacademicskills

,accordingtodevelopmental

psychologistDavidElkind,UnitedStatessocietytendstopushchildrensorapidlythatthey

arguesthatacademicsuccessis

largelydependentuponfactorsoutofparents’control,suchasinheritedabilitiesanda

child’uently,childrenofaparticularagecannotbeexpectedto

mastereducationalmaterialwithouttakingintoaccounttheircurrentlevelofcognitive

t,childrenrequiredevelopmentappropriateeducationalpractice,

whichiseducationthatisbasedonbothtypicaldevelopmentandtheuniquecharacteristics

ofagivenchild.

Theword“seek”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto

Claim

Manage

Fail

Attempt

sagementions“developmentalpsychologistDavidElkind”inorderto

Giveanexampleofanexpertwhohasdesignedaneffectiveearlychildhoodeducation

program

Introduceanalternativeviewaboutthevalueofearlychildhood

education

ExplainwhyearlychildhoodeducationprogramsarelesseffectiveintheUnitedStates

thaninothercountries

Refute(驳斥，反驳)theclaimthatacademicsuccessisdependentonfactorsoutside

parents’control.

Paragraph6:Noteveryoneagreesthatprogramsthatseektoenhanceacademicskills

duringthepreschoolyearsareagoodthing.█Infact,accordingtodevelopmental

psychologistDavidElkind,UnitedStatessocietytendstopushchildrensorapidlythatthey

begintofeelstressandpressureatayoungage.█Elkindarguesthatacademicsuccessis

largelydependentuponfactorsoutofparents'control,suchasinheritedabilitiesanda

child'srateofmaturation.█Consequently,childrenofaparticularagecannotbeexpected

tomastereducationalmaterialwithouttakingintoaccounttheircurrentlevelofcognitive

development.█Inshort,childrenrequiredevelopmentappropriateeducationalpractice,

whichiseducationthatisbasedonbothtypicaldevelopmentandtheuniquecharacteristics

ofagivenchild.

thefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbe

addedtothepassage.

AccordingtoElkind,notonlydoesthiscausethechildemotionaldistress(悲痛，使灾

难),italsofailstobringtheintended(故意的，已打算的)cognitivegains.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

ions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovided

tethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemost

ntencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausethey

express

questionisworth2points.

Preschoolprogramsprovideopportunitiesforyoungchildrentodevelopsocially,

emotionally,andcognitively.

lll

AnswerChoices

Inadditiontostressingacademicdevelopment,preschoolsshouldbeenjoyable,since

studiesshowthatchildrenbenefitfromprogramstheyfindfun.后半部分信息没有说

PreschoolprogramssuchasHeadStarthavebeenshowntohelppreparechildrenfor

schoolandmayalsohavelong-termbenefitsinhelpingchildrenbecomeeffectiveadults.第

三，五段的主要内容

Studieshaveshownthatpreschoolprogramsaremosteffectivewhentheyfocuson

onlyoneareaofdevelopmentratherthantryingtoservethe“wholechild”.---“wholechild”

在文中第二段提到了，但是这里说的是HeadStart项目强调家长的参与，是为培养“全

方位儿童”所设计的，并没有提到怎么样才最有效

Theprimarypurposeofpreschoolprogramsvariesbycountry,withsomestressingthe

importanceofgroupexperience,andothersself-relianceorgettingagoodacademicstart.---

第一段内容

Criticsofpreschoolprogramsarguethattheseprogramsputundue(过分的，过度的，

不适当的)pressureonchildrenandmaynotbeeffectiveifchildrenarenotdevelopmentally

readyforacademicwork.---第六段内容

DavidElkindisacriticofpublicly(公然地)fundedpreschoolprograms,arguingthatthe

parentcannotcontroltheirchildren’semotionaldevelopment.---在第六段DavidElkind的确

批评了公共学前项目，但是并没有提到父母不能控制孩子的感情发展

Savanna(热带草原)Formation

Locatedintropicalareasatlowaltitudes,savannasarestableecosystems,somewet

curona

snosimpleorsinglefactorthat

determinesifagivensitewillbeasavanna,butsomefactorsseemtoplayimportantrolesin

theirformation.

orybehind

savannaformationisthatwetforestspeciesareunabletowithstandthedryseason,and

thussavanna,ratherthanrainforest,asexperienceanannual

rainfallofbetween1,000and2,000millimeters,mostofitfallinginafive-toeight-month

plentyofrainmayfallonasavannaduringtheyear,foratleastpartof

theyearlittledoes,nditions

prevail(盛行，流行)throughoutmuchofnorthernSouthAmericaandCuba,butmany

CentralAmericansavannasaswellascoastalareasofBrazilandtheislandofTrinidaddonot

eareas,rainfallpermonthexceedsthatintheabovedefinition(定义，

解析),sootherfactorsmustcontributetosavannaformation.

Inmanycharacteristics,savannasoilsaresimilartothoseofsomerainforests,though

mple,savannasoils,likemanyrainforestsoils,aretypicallyoxisols(氧

化土)(dominatedbycertainoxideminerals)andultisols(老成土)(soilscontainingno

calcium(钙)carbonate(碳酸)),withahighacidityandnotablylowconcentrationsofsuch

mineralsasphosphorus(磷),calcium,magnesium(镁),andpotassium(钾),whilealuminum

vannasoccuronwet,waterlogged(涝灾)soils;othersondry,sandy,

yseemcontradictory,butitonlymeansthatextremesoil

conditions,eithertoowetortoodryforforests,

moderate(稳健的，温和的)conditionssupportmoistforests.

oilsusually

notpenetrate

betweenthesoilparticles,rast,drysoilsaresandyand

porous,theircoarse(粗糙的，粗俗的)oils

areproneto(倾向于)theleaching(过滤，萃取)ofnutrientsandmineralsandsotendtobe

mostsavannasarefoundonsiteswithpoorsoils(becauseof

eithermoistureconditionsornutrientlevelsofboth),poorsoilscananddosupportlush(丰

富的，豪华的)rainforest.

Mostsavannasprobablyexperiencemildfiresfrequentlyandmajorburnseverytwo

vannaanddry-forestplantspeciesarecalledpyrophytes(耐火植物，防

火植物),meaningtheyareadaptedinvariouswaystowithstandoccasionalburning.

Frequentfireisafactortowhichrainforestspeciesseemunabletoadapt,althoughancient

charcoalremainsfromAmazonforestsoilsdatingpriortothearrivalofhumanssuggestthat

mentssuggestthatiffiredidnotoccurin

savannasintheAmericas,rning

occurs,itpreventscompetitionamongplantspeciesfromprogressingtothepointwhere

somespeciesexcludeothers,reducingtheoverall(全部地，全体地)diversityofthe

xperimentalareasprotectedfromfire,afewperennialgrassspecies

eventuallycometodominate,cefromotherstudiessuggests

thatexclusion(排除，驱逐)offireresultsinmarkedlydecreasedplant-speciesrichness,often

sgenerallylittledoubtthatfireisasignificantfactor

inmaintainingsavanna,certainlyinmostregions.

Oncertainsites,particularlyinSouthAmerica,savannaformationseemsrelatedto

frequentcuttingandburningofmoistforestsforpastureland(草地，牧场).Increasein

pasturelandandsubsequent(后来的，随后的)overgrazinghaveresultedinanexpansionof

nthinupperlayerofhumus(腐殖质)(decayedorganicmatter)isdestroyed

snecessaryforrapiddecompositionofleavesbybacteria

ehumuslayerdisappears,nutrients

cannotberecycledandleachfromthesoil,convertingsoilfromfertiletoinfertileand

sonwhite,sandysoilaremost

susceptibletopermanentalteration(修改，改变).

Paragraph1:Locatedintropicalareasatlowaltitudes,savannasarestableecosystems,

somewet

snosimpleorsingle

factorthatdeterminesifagivensitewillbeasavanna,butsomefactorsseemtoplay

importantrolesintheirformation.

Paragraph2:ory

behindsavannaformationisthatwetforestspeciesareunabletowithstandthedryseason,

andthussavanna,ratherthanrainforest,asexperiencean

annualrainfallofbetween1,000and2,000millimeters,mostofitfallinginafive-to

plentyofrainmayfallonasavannaduringtheyear,forat

leastpartoftheyearlittledoes,

conditionsprevailthroughoutmuchofnorthernSouthAmericaandCuba,butmanyCentral

AmericansavannasaswellascoastalareasofBrazilandtheislandofTrinidaddonotfitthis

eareas,rainfallpermonthexceedsthatintheabovedefinition,soother

factorsmustcontributetosavannaformation.

Theword“prolonged”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto:

Predictable

Destructive

Lengthy

Unproductive

Inparagraph2,theauthormentionssavannasinCentralAmerica,Brazil,andtheisland

ofTrinidadinorderto:

ArguethatthesesavannasaresimilartothoseinSouthAmericaandCuba

Pointoutexceptionstothepatternofsavannaformationinareaswithdroughtstress

Providesadditionalexamplesofsavannasinareaswithfive-toeight-monthwet

seasons

Indicateareaswheresavannasarebeinggraduallyreplacedbyrainforests

Paragraph3:Inmanycharacteristics,savannasoilsaresimilartothoseofsomerain

forests,mple,savannasoils,likemanyrainforestsoils,are

typicallyoxisols(dominatedbycertainoxideminerals)andultisols(soilscontainingno

calciumcarbonate),withahighacidityandnotablylowconcentrationsofsuchmineralsas

phosphorus,calcium,magnesium,andpotassium,

savannasoccuronwet,waterloggedsoils;othersondry,sandy,y

seemcontradictory,butitonlymeansthatextremesoilconditions,eithertoowetortoodry

forforests,derate(适中的，温和的，中等的)

conditionssupportmoistforests.

Accordingtoparagraph3,rainforestsandsavannasdifferinthat:

Thesoilsinrainforestscontainfewermineralsthansavannasoilsdo

Savannasaffectsoilconditionsmorethanrainforestsdo

Unlikerainforests,savannasprefersandy,well-drainedsoilstosoilsthatareverywet

Unlikerainforests,savannasmaydevelopunderbothverydryandverywetsoil

conditions

Theword“notably”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto:

Similarly

Especially

Usually

Relatively

Accordingtoparagraph3,allofthefollowingaretrueofsavannasoilsEXCEPT:

Theyhavehighconcentrationsofpotassium(钾).

Theycontainhighlevelsofaluminum.

Theyareveryacidic(酸的，酸性的).

Theycontainlargeamountsofcertainoxideminerals.

Paragraph4:

soinot

penetratebetweenthesoilparticles,rast,drysoilsare

sandyandporous,oilsare

proneto

mostsavannasarefoundonsiteswithpoorsoils(becauseofeithermoistureconditionsor

nutrientlevelsofboth),poorsoilscananddosupportlush(茂盛的，丰富的)rainforest.

Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueofwaterloggedsoils?

Theirupperlayersareusuallysandyandporous.

Theycannotsupportsavannas.

Theycontainlittleoxygen.

Theyarepronetotheleachingofnutrientsandminerals.

Thefactthat“poorsoilscananddosupportlushrainforest”suggeststhat:

Poorsoilsalonemaynotbeenoughtoexplainwhyanareabecomesasavanna

Rainforestvegetationcansignificantlylowerthequalityofsoils

Droughtstressisthesinglemostimportantfactorinsavannaformation

Mineralsaremoreimportantthanmoistureforthegrowthoftrees

Paragraph5:Mostsavannasprobablyexperiencemildfiresfrequentlyandmajorburns

vannaanddry-forestplantspeciesarecalledpyrophytes,

ntfireis

afactortowhichrainforestspeciesseemunabletoadapt,althoughancientcharcoal

remainsfromAmazonforestsoilsdatingpriortothearrivalofhumanssuggestthatmoist

mentssuggestthatiffiredidnotoccurinsavannasin

theAmericas,rningoccurs,it

preventscompetitionamongplantspeciesfromprogressingtothepointwheresome

speciesexcludeothers,xperimental

areasprotectedfromfire,afewperennialgrassspecieseventuallycometodominate,

cefromotherstudiessuggeststhatexclusionoffireresults

inmarkedlydecreasedplant-speciesrichness,s

generallylittledoubtthatfireisasignificantfactorinmaintainingsavanna,certainlyinmost

regions.

Whichofthesentencebelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthe

highlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportant

waysorleaveoutessentialinformation.

Rainforestspeciesseemunabletoadapttofirescreatedbyhumans.

Ancientcharcoalremainssuggestthat,priortothearrivalofhumans,firesoccurred

frequentlyinrainforests.

AncientcharcoalremainsinAmazonforestssuggestthatrainforest

speciesadaptedtothearealongbeforethearrivalofhumans.

Rainforestsspeciesappearunabletoadapttofrequentfires,butevidencefromthe

pastsuggeststhatrainforestssometimesdoburn.

Theword“markedly”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto:

Dangerously

Noticeably

Rapidly

Gradually

Paragraph5supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsregardingtheimportanceof

firesinmaintainingsavannas?

Firespreventthegrowthofpyrophytes.

Fireseliminatesomespeciesandthusreducetheoveralldiversityoftheecosystem.

Firesthatoccuronceeverytwoyearsareunlikelytohelpmaintainsavannas.

Firespreventsomespeciesfromeliminatingotherspecieswithwhichtheycompete.

Paragraph6:Oncertainsites,particularlyinSouthAmerica,savannaformationseems

sein

pasturn

upperlayerofhumus(decayedorganicmatter)

isnecessaryforrapiddecompositionofleavesbybacteriaandfungiandforrecyclingby

ehumuslayerdisappears,nutrientscannotberecycledandleach

fromthesoil,convertingsoilfromfertiletoinfertileandmakingitsuitableonlyforsavanna

sonwhite,sandysoilaremostsusceptibletopermanentalteration.

Theword“subsequent”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningto:

Expandedinarea

Harmful有害的，能造成损害的

Followingintime

Repeated

Accordingtoparagraph6,humanactivityaffectssoilsinallofthefollowingways

EXCEPT:

Decompositionofleavesoccurstoofastforsurfacerootstoobtainnutrients.

Nutrientsarenotrecycled.

Humusisdestroyed.

CertainsoilsbecomeunabletosupportvegetationratherthansavannaVegetation.

Lookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeadded

tothepassage.

Inaddition,humanshavecontributedtotheconditionsfavoringtheformationof

savannas.

Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?

Mostsavannasprobablyexperiencemildfiresfrequentlyandmajorburnseverytwo

vannaanddry-forestplantspeciesarecalledpyrophytes,meaningthey

ntfireisafactorto

whichrainforestspeciesseemunabletoadapt,althoughancientcharcoalremainsfrom

Amazonforestsoilsdatingpriortothearrivalofhumanssuggestthatmoistforestsalso

mentssuggestthatiffiredidnotoccurinsavannasintheAmericas,

rningoccurs,itprevents

competitionamongplantspeciesfromprogressingtothepointwheresomespeciesexclude

others,xperimentalareasprotected

fromfire,afewperennialgrassspecieseventuallycometodominate,outcompetingall

others.■Evidencefromotherstudiessuggeststhatexclusionoffireresultsinmarkedly

decreasedplant-speciesrichness,oftenwithanincreaseintreedensity.■Thereisgenerally

littledoubtthatfireisasignificantfactorinmaintainingsavanna,certainlyinmostregions.

■Oncertainsites,particularlyinSouthAmerica,savannaformationseemsrelatedto

frequentcuttingandburningofmoistforestsforpastureland.■Increaseinpasturelandand

nupperlayerof

humus(decayedorganicmatter)snecessaryfor

rapiddecom

thehumuslayerdisappears,nutrientscannotberecycledandleachfromthesoil,converting

soilfrson

white,sandysoilaremostsusceptibletopermanentalteration.

Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovided

tethesummarybyselectingtheTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemost

ntencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausethey

express

questionisworth2points.

lll

AnswerChoices

ascanform

inareaswithafive-toeight-monthwetseason,buttheymorecommonlyhavealongerwet

season.---第二段中提到5-8个月的湿季，说的是这种湿季可以形成热带草原，但不是说

热带草原都生长在湿季。所以A不对

Soilstresscausedbydrought,extrememoisture,orlownutrientlevelsfavorsthe

formationofsavannas.---这句话是对热带草原形成的原因的一个概括。泥土压力在第二段

讲到，极端湿润在第三段讲到，低营养水平第四段讲到

Studiesconductedinvariousregionsindicatethatanupperlayerofwhite,sandy,soilis

presentinmostpermanentsavannas.---文章第三段中提到了多种土壤，但是并没有提到

上层发白的土壤，所以C错误

Droughtstressaffectstreesandshrubsinsavannasfarlessthanitaffectssavanna

grasses.---文章第二段中提到了干旱和热带草原形成的关系，但是并没有提到干旱对于树

木和灌木的影响

Frequentfiresisamajorfactorcontributingtotheformationandmaintenanceof

savannas.---这是第五段的主旨

Insomeareas,humancuttingandburningisassociatedwithsavannaformation,and

increaseinpastureland(牧场)hasledtosavannaexpansion.---第六段的主旨