2024年4月7日发(作者：u盘fat32打不开怎么办)

Calligraphy, literally "beautiful writing," has been appreciated as an art form in

many different cultures throughout the world, but the stature of calligraphy in

Chinese culture is unmatched. In China, from a very early period, calligraphy was

considered not just a form of decorative art; rather, it was viewed as the supreme

visual art form, was more valued than painting and sculpture, and ranked

alongside poetry as a means of self-expression and cultivation. How one wrote, in

fact, was as important as what one wrote. To understand how calligraphy came to

occupy such a prominent position, it is necessary to consider a variety of factors,

such as the materials used in calligraphy and the nature of the Chinese written

script as well as the esteem in which writing and literacy are held in traditional

China.

书法，字面上讲，就是漂亮的书写。在世界的诸多文化中，书法作为一门艺术为人们

所欣赏，但是它在中国文化中具有的高度却是无以伦比。在中国，早期书法不仅被看做装

饰艺术，而且也被视作极具观赏性的视觉艺术形式，其价值超越了绘画和雕塑艺术。书法

作为一种自我表达和体现个人文化素养的方式和诗歌齐名。事实上，一个人如何写和写什

么同样重要。为了弄明白书法如何占有突出的地位，有必要考虑以下各种因素：书法用的

材料，汉语书写的特点，以及写字和识字在传统中国所受到的尊崇。

The earliest extant examples of Chinese writing are the inscriptions that

appear on so-called oracle bones (animal bones and turtle shells) and on bronze

vessels, the oldest of which date back to the Shang dynasty (ca.1600-ca.1100

B.C.E.). Shang kings used these objects in important divination rituals, and some

scholars have argued that this early association of writing with ritual and political

authority helps to account for the special status conferred upon those who could

read and write.

现存最早的中国汉字是书写在所谓的甲骨文（动物骨头和海壳）和青铜器（最古老的、

可追溯到商代1600-1100BC）上。商王把这些东西用在重大的占卜仪式上。一些学者认

为早期的和文字书写有联系的仪式和政权有助于说明那些能够读写人的特殊地位。

These early inscriptions were made on the surface of an oracle bone or a

bronze mold with a sharp, pointed instrument. As a result of this process, the

characters (or "graphs" as they are also called) generally lack the kinds of linear

variation and other attributes considered prerequisites of true calligraphy. Those

qualities began to emerge very clearly during the Han dynasty (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.),

when Chinese artisans perfected the manufacture of the basic materials still used

by calligraphers today: brush, ink, paper, and inkstone.

这些早期的甲骨文是用尖而锋利工具刻在甲骨的表面或青铜器上，因此，一般这些文

字（或被称作图形）缺乏线条的变化和真正书法的其它属性，而这些被认为是真正书法的

前提条件。这些特点在汉代（206B.C.E.-220C.E）才开始明显显现出来。当时的中国工匠

进一步完善了书写文字所用的基本材料，至今仍被书法家所用：毛笔，纸张，和磨研。

Although archaeological evidence confirms that brushes were known in China

at a much earlier date, it was during the Han period that their use became

widespread. A typical brush consists of a bundle of animal hairs (black rabbit hair,

white goat hair, and yellow weasel hair were all very popular) pushed inside a tube

of bamboo or wood (though jade, porcelain, and other materials were also

occasionally used). The hairs are not all of the same length; rather, an inner core