2023年7月18日发(作者：)

Sentence Writing

1. English Sentence Writing

1.1 Types of Sentences

1.2 Basic Sentence Patterns

1.3 Expanding Basic Sentence

Patterns

1.4 Sentence Structure Problems

1.5 Subject-Verb Agreement

1.1 Types of English Sentences

＊ Simple Sentence

＊ Compound Sentence

＊ Complex Sentence

＊ Compound-complex sentence

＊ Declarative Sentence

＊ Interrogative Sentence

＊ Imperative Sentence

＊ Exclamatory Sentence

简单句：只包含一个主谓结构且各个成分均由词组构成的句子。

He knows everything about it.

复杂句：某个句子成分直接由从属分句表示的句子。

He complained that what you said

was not true.

并列句：两个或两个以上的简单句由并列连词或其他并列手段连接起来便构成并列句。

Most of us were in the hall, the doors

had been closed, and the latecomers

had to wait outside.

并列复杂句：包含一个或一个以上的复杂句作为并列成分的句子。

They watched television and enjoyed

themselves inmensely, but we

couldn't see the program because our

television was broken.

Do you know?

The students I teach have made better

grades in the past few weeks.

The students would have made better

grades if they had studied hard.

(Simple sentence)

(Complex sentence)

Do you know?

There aren't as many trees here as

there used to be.

Did you hear about the new project?

Please send my kind regards to your

parents.

How it thunders! 雷打得真响啊!

(Declarative sentence)

(Interrogative sentence)

(Imperative sentence)

(Exclamatory sentence)

1.2 Basic Sentence Patterns

SV (subject + intransitive verb)主-动

SVC ( subject + linking verb +

subject complement )主-动-补

SVO (subject + transitive verb +

direct object)主-动-宾

SVOiOd (subject + transitive verb +

indirect object + direct object )主-动-宾-宾

SVOC (subject + transitive verb +

object + object complement)主-动-宾-补

SV

The guests have arrived.

Things change.

There exist a variety of different

opinions on this question.

P.S.

There + be是倒装结构,谓语还可以是appear, come, enter, exist, happen,

lie, live, occur, remain, rise, seem,

stand等。

SVC

Hard work and honesty are the keys

to success.

Without suitable preservation, food

goes bad easily.

P.S.

系动词还有appear, become, grow,

prove, run, seem, feel, look, smell,

sound, taste等。

SVO

Students often recite useful phrases to

be used in their compositions.

Do you mind filling out this

application form?

P.S. 以动名词作宾语的动词包括avoid, admit, deny, enjoy, finish,

keep, mind, postpone, recommend,

prefer, require, resume, risk, quit,

practice 等。

SVOiOd(SVoO)

一位朋友给我带来一本内科学的教科书。

A friend of mine brought me a

textbook of lexicology. OR:

A friend of mine brought a textbook

of lexicology to me.

P.S.

此句型的动词有bring, buy, fetch,

get, give, lend, offer, save, sell, send,

show, take, wish等。

SVOC

在SVOC结构中，及物动词之后跟宾语和宾语补语。

Today, we call Einstein a genius.

They believe it important to make an

early diagnosis of cancer.

P.S.主谓宾补结构的常见动词有believe, call, consider, cut, elect, find,

have, keep, leave, let, like, make,

name, polish, think, want, wish等。

On Auguest 6, 1945, an American

aircraft dropped a bomb on the

Japanese town of Hiroshima. //The

bomb exploded 1,000 ft. above the

ground. //Within the fraction of a

second, the bomb changed from a

metal cylinder into an immense mass

of expanding gas, millions of degrees

hot. //The air itself around the point

of explosion began to burn. //A

shower of penetrating invisible rays

attacked every living or dead thing in

the town. //Then followed a shock-wave(冲击波) which shattered

the buildings and a tremendous blast

of hot air whirled the debris of stone,

concrete, metal and wood over the

ground. //The explosion killed at least

140,000 people and left tens of

thousands of others disfigured for

life.

1.3 Expanding Sentences

Compare the following sentences：

形状年龄和新老

颜色国籍出材料

作用类别往后靠

教室里有一张新的圆形红色木质大课桌。

There is a large round new red

wooden desk in the classroom.

Examples of modifying phrases

With great feeling, Martin Luther

King, Jr. expressed his dream of

名词从句

主语从句，同位语从句，表语从句，宾语从句

Expanding with Adjective Clause

形容词从句

定语从句/关系从句

Expanding with Adverbial Clause

副词从句

状语从句，包括时间、条件、结果、目的、原因、让步、地点、方式等

Hong Kong is a very large city. 

Hong Kong is an overcrowded and

commercialized city. 

Hong Kong is an overcrowded and

commercialized city with a

population of over seven million.

How to expand sentences?

(1) Addition 增添法

(2) Coordination 并列法

(3) Subordination 从属法

（1） Addition

Expanding with Modifying Words

(修饰词)

Expanding with Modifying Phrases

(修饰短语)

a. 用介词短语扩展

b. 用不定式短语扩展

c. 用动名词短语扩展

d. 用分词短语扩展

Put multi-modifiers in order：

→限定词（冠词、物主代词、指示代词、不定代词等）

→数词

→一般描绘性形容词（短词语在前，长词语在后）

→表示大小、长短、高低的形容词

→表示形状的形容词

→表示年龄、新旧的形容词

→表示颜色的形容词

→表示国籍、地区、出处的形容词

→表示物质、材料的形容词

→表示用途、类别的形容词。

简化版：

限定描绘大长高

freedom.

It's difficult to make a decision

without knowing all the facts.

The janitor staggered down the

stairway, gasping for air.

A new technique having been worked

out, the yields this year as a whole

increased by 30% in this area.

（2） Coordination

Expanding with Compound

Sentences (并列句)

使用并列连词

and, or, but, but

also, so, ,

使用连接副词

however, moreover, otherwise,

therefore,

使用分号连接

Expanding with Parallelism （平行结构）

Expanding with Parallelism

Youth is not a time of life; it is a state

of mind.

青春不是年华，而是心境；

It is not a matter of rosy cheeks, red

lips and supple knees.

青春不是桃面、丹唇、柔膝，

It is a matter of the will, a quality of

the imagination, vigor of the

emotions„

而是深沉的意志、宏伟的想象、炽热的感情„

（3）Subordination

 Expanding with Noun Claus

When we will go to school is still

a question.

主语从句

I have a friend whose cousin is

a tennis player.

定语从句

The doctor asked the patient what

he had had for lunch.

宾语从句

The news that our team won the

game made us happy.

同位语从句

I know how to light a camp fire

because I had done it before

状语从句

Combine each group of sentences

into a single sentence, using

coordination, subordination or

both:

1. This is a good spot for a

picnic.

A river flows on one side.

A large tree provides shade.

We can spread our blanket on the

grassy knoll(小山).

With and a large

<, this is a ...and we can

<

2. The story is written in plain

language.

It consists of three parts.

It has an interesting plot.

The plot centers round an old

aristocratic family.

The family lived in 17th-century France.

The story, , consists

of ...with

3. He was nearing the top.

His eyes were already glowing with

triumph.

He was climbing faster and faster.

thought.

Having driven across the desert. We

enjoyed the cool weather.

Corrected：Having driven across the

desert, we enjoyed the cool weather.

Having no money and being lonely in

(3) Misplaced Modifiers

误置修饰语，亦称“修饰语错位”，在修饰语和其所修饰的中心词之间不恰当地夹进了其他成分。修饰语与被修饰语尽量不要离得太远，否则，句子意义会含糊不清。

He sold the old car to the man with

He climbed recklessly fast.

He suddenly slipped and fell.

He tumbled to the ground.

He lay motionless there.

He was a crumpled pile of arms and

legs.

Nearing the top, he climbed

recklessly faster and faster, his eyes

glowing with triumph, but he

<, tumbling„laying, a

<

1.4 Sentence Structure Problems

What’s wrong with the following

sentences?

To please the visitors, a cross talk

was performed.

Without telling anyone, even her

sister, Mary, going to the park,

meeting her friends.

The physics problems were just

impossible, they took all day to do.

That the course was so hard we all

studied day and night, with no one

getting an A or a B.

I knocked at the door when the lady

came I gave her most ingratiating（讨好的） smile.

Four Types of Common Problems

(1) Sentence Fragments 残缺句

(2) Run-on Sentences 粘连句（接排句 ）

(3) Misplaced Modifiers 误置修饰语

(4) Dangling Modifiers 悬垂修饰语

(1) Sentence Fragments

A sentence fragment is a group of

words that lacks a subject or a verb

and does not express a complete

the big city.

Corrected： Having no money and

being lonely in the big city, the old

woman committed suicide.

Practice

Revise the following run-on

sentences

Dramatic weather conditions don't

always cause disasters. But at times

create beautiful situations as well.

Although she says that she doesn't

like to read.

For example, ice cream and chocolate

cake.

(2) Run-On Sentences

粘连句 (接排句)就是两个或更多的句子混合交织在一起，没有正确的标点或连接词标明关系的句子。

I called for a reservation at a famous

restaurant in town, all the tables were

taken before the Dragon Boat

Festival.

Corrected：I called for a reservation at

a famous restaurant in town, but/;

however,/ all the tables were taken

before the Dragon Boat Festival.

Practice

Revise the following run-on

sentences

Women no longer need to move into

the traditionally male professions

they have already opened most of the

doors to desirable career paths.

Utah is famous for her scenery and

friendly people, I love living in this

state particularly.

leather seats.

The robber was described as a

six-foot-tall man with a mustache

weighing 150 pounds.

Corrected: He sold the old car with

leather seats to the man.

Corrected: The robber was described

as a 150-pound, six-foot-tall man

with a mustache.

Practice

Identify the misplaced word or words

in each sentence.

The lioness watched the trainer caring

for her cub in the cage.

She is teaching a seminar this term on

market economy at the Osaka

International University.

The animal trainer rode on the

elephant with a broken foot.

Tony bought an old car from a

crooked（不正当的） dealer with a

faulty transmission(变速器).

The suburbs nearly had five inches of

rain.

(4) Dangling Modifiers

悬垂修饰语（Dangling Modifiers）是指在句子中没有修饰对象的词或词组。辨别悬垂修饰语时，首先要判断修饰语的逻辑主语和主句的逻辑主语是否一致。当一个句子的修饰语置于句首时，其动作的执行者通常是其后句中的主语，否则，则该修饰语为悬垂修饰语.

To write well, good books must be

read.

Corrected: To write well, I must read

good books.

To write the proposal, research must be done. Two pairs of pliers, one large and one (5) Plural Forms with Singular

Corrected: To write the proposal, the small, (is/are) missing from my tool Meaning

professor must first do some research. box. A million dollars is/are a great deal of

非限定性动词短语作状语时，易形 (主语是two pairs of pliers) money.(表示总数)

成悬垂性修饰语。 Ten years is/are too long to wait. (表 (2) Compound Subjects

示单位)

Practice Success and fame are often the litmus Forty-eight hours was/were the

Please revise the following tests of one's character.

regular workweek a decade ago. (表sentences with dangling modifiers. The secretary and the accountant

示单位)

Thumbing through the magazine, her were present. My family is/are not far from my

eyes automatically noticed the



college. (

)

整体cosmetic ads.

To please the visitors, a cross talk

was performed.

On entering the teacher's office, a

terrestrial globe（地球仪） caught his

attention.

Though only seventeen, the army

accepted his application.

1.5 Subject-Verb Agreement

(1) Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects不定代词作主语

(2) Compound Subjects复合主语

(3) Intervening Words插入语

(4) Collective Nouns集体名词

(5) Plural Forms with Singular

Meaning复数形式表单数意义

(1) Indefinite Pronouns as Subjects

作主语时时，要求谓语动词用单数。

 -one words -body words

-thing words

 one nobody

nothing

 anyone anybody

anything

 everyone everybody

everything

 someone somebody

something

Do you know?

Find the right subjects.

The poor attitude of many students

(is/are) responsible for the high

number of failures.

(主语是attitude 而不是 students)

(两个人)

The secretary and accountant was

present.

(同一个人)

(3) Intervening Words

插入成分有along with, as well„as, like, no less than, except, but，in

addition to，together with等连词或介词。

Tom and his brother was/were home

for the holidays.

Tom, along with his brother,

was/were home for the holidays.

(4) Collective Nouns

集合名词是表示一类人或事物的总称。

1)通常作复数的集合名词。

如 police, people, cattle, militia（民兵）, poultry(家禽), vermin(害虫)

2)通常作不可数名词的集合名词。

如

foliage, machinery, equipment,

furniture, merchandise

3)既可作单数也可作复数的集合名词。

如 audience, committee, class, crew,

family, government, public

Practice

1. A team which (is/are) full of

enthusiasm (is/are) likely to win.

2. The football team (is/are) having

baths and (is/are) then coming back

here for tea.

3. The class (is/are) taking notes,

(its/their) pens scribbling quickly

over (its/their) exercise books.

My family has/have many different

views about how we are going to

Japan during the vacation. (

个体)

以-ics结尾的表示学科的名词

dynamics（动力学），optics（光学）

economics（经济学）， phonetics（语音学）

electronics（电子学），politics（政治学），

semantics（语义学） ，physics（物理学）

informatics（信息学）， ethics（伦理学）

mathematics（数学），statics （静力学）

statistics（统计学），measles（麻疹）

virus （病毒），mumps（流行性腮腺炎），

news（新闻）