2024年4月28日发(作者:)
及物动词与不及物动词的区别从是否需要宾语来分,实义动词分为及物动词和
不及物动词两类。
及物动词和不及物动词,可以结合汉语来理解,及物动词都有动作的承受者。
所有的及物动词都可以翻译成“被”字句型。例如:我打了他,I hit him,翻译成
“被”字句型为:He was hit by me,他被我打了。不及物动词则不可以,如:他
死了,He died. 此处died为不及物动词,则不可以说,He was died,他被死
了。
1.及物动词
1)及物动词 后面必须跟宾语意义才完整的实义动词,叫做及物动词
(transitive verb)。可以用于:"主+谓+宾";"主+谓+双宾";"主+谓+宾+
宾补"结构。如:
单宾语
He's reading a magazine.
他正在读一本杂志。
双宾语
teaches us English.
张老师教我们英语。
复合宾语必须接一个宾语同时接一个补语
We often hear him sing in the park.
我们经常听到他在公园里唱歌。
及物动词不必靠介词,就可以带宾语,如:
John is giving a book to me.
Who will answer this question?
如果无意中把介词加上,就错了,如:
Who will answer to this question?
下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子,也犯了同样的错:
"We have many buyers awaiting for available units here."
"Awaiting"是个及物动词,后面的介词"for"是多余的,要去掉;不然把
"awaiting"改为"waiting for"也行。
许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面,然后才带出宾语。最常见的是
"emphasize/stress on/upon"和"discuss about",如:
Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.
In our education system, we stress upon examination results.
World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening
economic problems.
显然的,这三句里的介词"on/upon"和"about"是多余的,不必要的。
为什么会有这些错误呢?主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其
次,就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一,要把"及
物动词+宾语"和"不及物动词+介词+宾语"划分清楚,如:
I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him.
He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.
第二,把及物动词转化为名词,然后加上适当的介词和宾语,如:
Don't approach such a person.
Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching?
有几个及物动词可以和许多名词一道表示动作,这类动词称为虚意动词
(Delexical Verbs),最常见的是下面几个:
have 可以跟:
bath bathe celebration chat conversation cry
dance discussion dislike dispute dream drink
fear fight interview laugh lie look
love quarrel read respect rest row(争吵)
run scence sleep smoke success swim
talk try walk wash win wish
give 可以跟:
account
blow
dry
hint
knock
polish
ring
smile
thought
take 可以跟:
action
control
lead
oath
revenge
step
vote
bath break care chance charge
effect examination exercise grip inspection
lift look nap note notice
offence pity place power pride
risk seat shape sip stand
trip trouble turn vacation view
walk
advice analysis answer approval
chuckle clean consent consideration
gasp giggle glance grin
hug injection jump kick
laugh lecture look nod
pull punch push reading
scream shock shout sigh
squeeze start summary support
warning wash welcome
beating
cry
groan
kiss
notice
report
sketch
talk
make可以跟:
advance answer apology appeal appearance
arrangements arrest appointment attack attempt
change choice comment comparison concession
confession deal decision demand distinction
effort enquiry examination excuse experiment
explanation fight fuss guess go
inspection investigation love mention move
noise objection proposal protest preparations
progress promise purchase recovery reference
remark reply resolution sacrifice scene
search slip start statement study
success suggestion trip visit
2)不及物动词 本身意义完整后面不须跟宾语的实义动词,叫做不及物动词
(intransitive verb)。只能用与:"主+谓"结构,不及物动词后不能直接跟有动
作的对象(即宾语)。若要跟宾语,必须先在其后添加上某个介词,如to,of ,at
后方可跟上宾语。如:
Birds fly.鸟会飞。
It happened in June 1932.这件事发生于一九三;年六月。
My watch stopped.我的表停了。
She spoke at the meeting yesterday evening. 她在昨天晚上的会上发了
言。
3)兼作及物动词和不及物动词 英语里有不少实义动词可以兼作及物动词和不
及物动词。这样的动词又有两种不同的情况:
英语中大部分动词都既可作vt.,也可作vi.,只能作一种动词而不能作另一种动
词的是少数。 兼作两种动词的情况很多,大致上有下面这些情况:
1)用于一个意义时为vt.,用于另一个意义时为vi.:
用作vt. 用作vi.
Happy to
meet
you. 见到你很高When shall we
meet
? 我们何时碰
兴。 头?
Mind
the dog.当心有狗。 I’m sure he won’t
mind
.
She couldn’t
stand
the cold. 我肯定他不会在意。
她受不了严寒。 Don’t
stand
in the rain. 别站在
Don’t
move
my things. 别动我的雨里。
东西。 The train is
moving
now. 火车开
Smoking
hurts
you. 吸烟对你有动了。
害。 My head
hurts
. 我头疼。
He
hanged
himself in sorrow. Her portrait
hangs
over the
在悲痛中他悬梁自尽了。 mantel piece.
They
beat
him unconscious. 她的画像挂在壁炉台上方。
他们把他打得不省人事。 Her heart was
beating
violently.
Please
pass
me the salt. 请把盐她的心猛烈地跳动着。
递给我。 The winter finally
passed
.
冬天终于过去了。
因此, 在学某一个具体的动词时,要经常注意它在什么时候用作vt.,什么时候
用作vi.。
2)有些动词在意思基本上不变的情况下,有时用作vt.,有时用作vi.。
例如:
用作vt. 用作vi.
Can you
help
me? 你能帮我吗? Every little
helps
. (谚) 积少成
Tigers
eat
meat. 老虎吃肉。 多。
She isn’t going to
marry
him. We
eat
at six. 我们六点吃饭。
她不准备嫁他。 Don’t
marry
in haste. 不要匆忙
Sing
us a song, please. 结婚。
请给我们唱一支歌。 Who’s
singing
there? 谁在讲
She
speaks
good English. 话?
她英文讲得很好。 Who is
speaking
? 谁在讲话?
She’s
typing
a letter. 她在打She’s
typing
. 她在打字。
一封信。 He
writes
very well. 他文笔很
Who
wrote
the poem? 这诗谁写好。
的? She
studies
hard. 她学习很用功
She’s
studying
medicine. 她在
学医。
在学每一个英语动词时都要注意在意思大体上不变的情况下是否既可作vt.,又可
作vi.。
4) 与汉语的比较 有时英语动词的及物和不及物的用法,与汉语的用法不一
样,请注意下列两种情况:
a)有的动词在英语里只能用作不及物动词,而汉语则可用作及物动词,如
arrive到达,agree同意,listen听。英语里这些动词后面常接介词。如:
We arrived at the railway station at noon.我们于中午到达火车站。(at
不能省去)(比较:We reached the railway station at noon.)
Everybody listened to the lecture with great interest.每个人都很有兴
趣地听讲课。(to不可省去)(比较:We all heard the lecture.)
Do they agree to the plan?他们同意这个计划吗?(to不可省去)
b)有的动词在英语里能用作及物动词,而在汉语里则不能用作及物动词,如
serve为…服务。
Our children are taught to serve the people wholeheartedly.我们的儿
童被教以全心全意为人民服务
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