2024年4月10日发(作者：)

西方新公共管理范式

英文回答：

The Western New Public Management paradigm, also known

as NPM, is a management approach that emerged in the late

20th century. It is characterized by a shift towards

market-oriented principles and a focus on efficiency,

effectiveness, and accountability in public sector

organizations.

One of the key features of the Western NPM paradigm is

the emphasis on results and outcomes. This means that

public sector organizations are expected to deliver

measurable and tangible results, rather than just focusing

on inputs and processes. For example, instead of simply

measuring the number of students enrolled in a school, the

Western NPM paradigm would also consider the educational

outcomes and achievements of those students.

Another important aspect of the Western NPM paradigm is

the introduction of performance-based management systems.

This involves setting clear goals and targets, measuring

performance against those targets, and rewarding or

penalizing based on the results. For instance, public

sector employees may receive bonuses or promotions if they

meet or exceed their performance targets, while those who

fail to meet the targets may face consequences such as

reduced funding or job loss.

Additionally, the Western NPM paradigm promotes a more

customer-centric approach in public sector organizations.

This means that public sector organizations are encouraged

to focus on meeting the needs and preferences of their

customers, who are often referred to as "clients" or

"service users". For example, a government agency may

conduct surveys or seek feedback from citizens to

understand their expectations and improve the quality of

services provided.

Furthermore, the Western NPM paradigm advocates for

decentralization and devolution of decision-making

authority. This means that decision-making power is shifted

from the central government to lower levels of government

or even to non-governmental organizations. This allows for

greater flexibility and responsiveness to local needs and

conditions. For instance, a local government may have the

authority to make decisions on budget allocations or

service delivery based on the specific needs and priorities

of its community.

中文回答：

西方新公共管理范式（New Public Management，简称NPM）是

在20世纪末出现的一种管理方法。它以市场导向的原则为特点，注

重公共部门组织的效率、效果和责任。

西方新公共管理范式的一个关键特点是强调结果和成果。这意

味着公共部门组织应该提供可衡量和具体的成果，而不仅仅关注投

入和过程。例如，与其仅仅测量学校的学生人数，西方新公共管理

范式还会考虑学生的教育成果和成就。

西方新公共管理范式的另一个重要方面是引入绩效管理制度。

这包括设定明确的目标和指标，根据结果对绩效进行评估，并根据

结果给予奖励或惩罚。例如，如果公共部门员工达到或超过绩效目

标，他们可能会获得奖金或晋升，而未能达到目标的人可能会面临

减少资金或失业的后果。

此外，西方新公共管理范式鼓励公共部门组织采用更以客户为

中心的方法。这意味着公共部门组织应该关注满足客户的需求和偏

好，客户通常被称为“客户”或“服务使用者”。例如，政府机构

可以进行调查或征求公民的反馈，以了解他们的期望并提高所提供

服务的质量。

此外，西方新公共管理范式主张分权和下放决策权。这意味着

决策权从中央政府转移到地方政府甚至非政府组织。这样做可以更

灵活、更具响应性地满足地方需求和条件。例如，地方政府可能有

权根据其社区的具体需求和优先事项对预算分配或服务提供进行决

策。