2024年3月11日发(作者：)

Culture, Communication and Intercultural Communication

A brief introduction to the history of the study of ICC:

1. In 1946: The US government passed the Foreign Service Act and established the

Foreign Service Institute.

2. In 1959: The publication of

the Silent Language

by the American cultural

anthropologist,

Edward T. Hall

marked

the emergence of ICC

.

3. In 1966: ICC was regarded as curriculum in the US.

4. In 1970: ICC was recognized as

an independent area of study

by the International

Communication Association (国际传播学会).

5. In 1972: The first international conference on intercultural communication was held in

Japan.

6. In 1983: Gudykunst, American well known scholar in ICC, edited the first text on

intercultural communication theory, Intercultural Communication Theories.

Keywords:

1. Culture (from intellectual perspective): Culture is “the arts and other

manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively”. 从知性角度定义文

化：作为整体的人类智力成就的艺术和其它表现。

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2. Culture (from anthropologic perspective): Culture consists of patterns, explicit and

implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive

achievement of human groups, including their embodiment in artifacts; the essential core of

culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their

attached values. 从人类学角度定义文化：文化由明确的或含蓄的行为模式构成，这些模式通过符号

来获取和传播。这些符号由人类群体的独特成就构成，包括具体的人工制品。文化的核心由传统（即

历史上获得的并经选择传下来的）思想和与其相关的价值观构成。

3. Culture (from psychological perspective): Culture is the collective programming of

the mind which distinguishes the members of one category of people from another. 从心理

学角度定义文化：文化是使一个文化群体成员区别于其他人类群体的思维的总体规划。

4. Culture (from sociological perspective): Culture is defined as a pattern of learned,

group-related perception --- including both verbal and nonverbal language, attitudes, values,

belief system, disbelief system, and behavior. 从社会学角度定义文化：文化是一种可习得的、基

于群体的认知模式---包括言语与非言语符号、态度、价值观、信仰和非信仰系统以及行为。

5. Culture (from intercultural communication perspective): Culture is the deposit of

knowledge, experience, beliefs, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religion, notions of time,

roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and material objects and possessions

acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group

striving. 从跨文化交际角度定义文化：文化是个人和群体在种族发展过程中所获得的知识、经验、信

念、价值观、行为、态度、阶级、宗教、时间观、角色、空间观、宇宙观念的积淀，以及他们获得的

物质的东西和所有物。

6. Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic

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