2024年3月5日发(作者：)

七年五班生理名词解释

生理学英文名词解释

Feedback （反馈）

Feedback is a flow of information along a closed loop. Usually, a constancy of physiological

variable requires a feedback mechanism that feeds the output information back to the

control system so as to modify the nature of control.

Active transport （主动转运）

The movement of substances across the membrane occurs against the electrochemical gradient

with the necessity of consumption of metabolic energy。

Afterload （后负荷）

Afterload is the load that is given to the muscle after the beginning of the contraction.

绝对不应期 Absolute refractory period

The time interval during which a cell is incapable of initiating a second action potential.

动作电位 Action potential

An action potential is a rapid change in the membrane potential. Each action potential

begins with a sudden change from the normal resting negative potential to a positive

membrane potential (depolarization) and then ends with an almost equally rapid change back

to the negative potential (repolarization).

自身调节 Autoregulation

In certain cases, a tissue or organ can respond directly to the environmental changes,

depending neither on nervous nor on humoral control. This form of regulation is called

auto-regulation.

完全强直收缩 Complete tetanus

When the frequency of stimulation reaches a critical level, the successive contractions

are so rapid that they literally fused together, and the contraction appears to be

completely smooth and continuous. This is called completely tetanus.

去极化 Depolarization

The change in membrane potential away from the resting potential and toward the sodium

equilibrium.

入胞 Endocytosis

Very large particles enter the cell by a specialized function of the cell membrane called

endocytosis. The principle forms of endocytosis are pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

平衡电位 Equilibrium potential

Electrochemical equilibrium is a steady state, as in the resting membrane potential of

a cell ,in which an electrical potential and chemical potential gradient are in balance

and no net movement of charged particles occurs.

兴奋性 Excitability

Excitability is the ability of certain kinds of cells (excitable cell) to generate active

changes in their membrane potential. Excitability is a fundamental property common to all

tissues and cells.

兴奋 Excitation

Excitation signifies and increases in activity, such as contraction of a muscle,

acceleration of the heart beat.

出胞 exocytosis

A stimulus to secrete causes the intracellular vesicles to fuse with the plasma membrane

and to release the vesicles contents is called exocytosis.

七年五班生理名词解释

易化扩散 Facilitated diffusion

In facilitated diffusion, transport proteins (carrier and channel proteins) hasten the

movement of certain substances across a membrane down their concentration gradients.

通道介导的异化扩散 Facilitated diffusion via ion channel

Channels are membrane proteins that contain small, highly selective aqueous pores.

Channels usually allow specific ion, eg ,Na+,K+,Ca2+ or Cl- to move down their

electrochemical gradients across the membrane.

稳态 Homeostasis

Homeostasis is the maintenance of a constant state with special reference to the internal

medium.

内环境 Internal environment

All cells of the body live in the extracellular fluid, extracellular fluid is called the

internal environment of the body.

等长收缩 Isometric contraction

Tension increases but the length of the muscle does not change when a muscle contracts.

等张收缩 Isotonic contraction

Tension remains constant but the muscle shortens when a muscle contracts.

负反馈 Negative feedback

A regulated variable is sensed, information is sent to a controller, and action is taken

to oppose change from the desire value.

神经肌肉接头 Neuromuscular junction

The complex structure responsible for signal transmission from nerve to skeletal muscle.

正反馈 Positive feedback

With positive feedback, a variable is sensed and action is taken to reinforce change of

the variable, so it promotes a change in one direction.

前负荷 Preload

Preload is the load that is given to the muscle prior to its contraction.

相对不应期 Relative refractory period

A period follows the end of the absolute refractory period, during which it is possible

to elicit a second action potential, but the threshold stimulus intensity is higher than

usual.

复极化 Repolarization

Shortly after depolarization, the sodium channels begin to close and the potassium channels

open more than they normally do. Then, rapid diffusion of potassium ions to the exterior

re-establishes the normal resting potential. This is called repolarization of the

membrane.

静息电位 Resting potential

The difference in electrical potential across the membrane of an undisturbed cell, having

a positive sign on the outside surface and a negative sign in the interior.

跳跃传导 Salutatory conduction

Conduction of a nerve impulse down a myelinated nerve fiber by skipping from node to node.

单纯扩散 Simple diffusion

Diffusion means simply movement through the membrane caused by random motion of the

molecules of the substances, moving either through cell membrane pores or through the lipid

matrix of the membrane.

钠-钾泵 Sodium-potassium pump

七年五班生理名词解释

The sodium-potassium pump is responsible for the coupled active transport of Na+ out of

cells and K+ into cells. Sodium-potassium pump is also an adenosine triphosphatase, an

enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of ATP to adenosine diphosphate (ADP).

凝集 Agglutination

During blood transfusion, the red blood cells aggregated together in clumps which were

sufficiently large to block minor blood vessels. This clumping is known as agglutination.

血液凝固 Blood coagulation

The coagulation system consists of cofactors and a series of zymogens which sequentially

activate one another, leading to formation of fibrin at a site of vascular injury.

血型 Blood group

Blood groups are system of genetically determined antigenic substances on the membrane

of red blood cells.

血压 Blood pressure

Blood pressure means the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel

wall.

红细胞沉降率 Erythrocyte sedimentation rate

When blood to which an anticoagulant has been added stands in a narrow tube, the red cells

gradually sediment, leaving a clear zone of plasma above. The erythrocyte sedimentation

rate is measured as the length to column of clear plasma after one hour.

促红细胞生成素 Erythropoietin

Erythropoietin is a hormone secreted by the kidneys which stimulates hemoglobin synthesis

and erythropoiesis.

纤维蛋白溶解 Fibrinolysis

In many cases fibrin within blood vessels is rapidly dissolved to restore the fluidity

of the blood, and in others the fibrin becomes hyalinized or is removed by phagocytes and

replaced by connective tissue. The process of liquefaction of fibrin is known as

fibrinolysis.

血红蛋白 Hemoglobin

Hemoglobin is a chromoprotein found in the red blood cells and having a great affinity

for oxygen.

自动节律性 Autorhythmicity

Autorhythmicity is the ability to initiate its own beat. Many cardiac tissues are found

to have autorhythmicity, for example sinoatrial node, intraventricular tracts and Purkinje

cells. In addition to the cardiac tissue, the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract

has also autorhythmicity.

容量血管 Capacitance vessels

The veins have wide lumen and contain a greater volume of blood than any other section

of the circulation does, thus the veins are referred to as the capacitance vessels.

心动周期 Cardiac cycle

The cardiac events that occur from the beginning of one heart beat to the beginning of

the next are called a cardiac cycle . Cardiac cycle is composed of two periods: systole

and diastole.

心指数 Cardiac index

Cardiac index is the cardiac output per square meter of body surface area.

心输出量 Cardiac output

The product of the frequency of pumping (heart rate) and the stroke volume is the cardiac

七年五班生理名词解释

output; it is also called minute volume.

心力储备 Cardiac reserve

The ability of the heart to adapt need of organism for expelling a larger quantity of blood

above the basal level.

心血管中枢 Cardiovascular center

The cardiovascular centers are responsible for integration of sensory information and

subsequent modification of efferent autonomic nerve activity to the heart and blood

vessels.

中心静脉压 Central venous pressure

The venous pressure as measured at the right atrium.

代偿间歇 Compensatory pause

The pause between the extra beat and the next normal beat is slightly longer than the usual

beat interval, which is called compensatory pause.

舒张压 Diastolic pressure

Diastolic pressure is the lowest blood pressure in an artery during the diastole of the

heart.

有效不应期 Effective refractory period

The duration from the beginning of phase 0 to -60mV of repolarization fails to produce

action potential to any stimulus, no matter how strong. This duration is called ERP. In

the ERP, the excitability is almost zero.

射血分数 Ejection fraction

The proportion of the end-diastolic volume that is ejected (i.e. stroke volume/end

diastolic volume).

交换血管 Exchange vessel

The capillaries are tubes formed by a single layer of endothelial cells,. They create a

very large area where the material exchanges between blood and the tissue cells take place.

心音 Heart sound

When the valves close, the vanes of the valves and the surrounding fluids vibrate under

the influence of the sudden pressure differentials that develop, giving off sound that

travels in all directions through the chest. These sounds are called heart sounds.

异长自身调节 Heterometric autoregulation

Regulation of cardiac output as a result of changes in cardiac muscle fiber length is called

heterometric regulation.

平均动脉压 Mean arterial pressure

The mean arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries, average over time.

微循环 Microcirculation

Microcirculation is the circulation between arterioles and venules. In the

microcirculation, the most purposeful function of the circulation occurs: transport of

nutrients to the tissues and removal of cellular excreta.

起搏点 Pacemaker

The automatic cells that ordinarily fire at the highest frequency which are located in

the sinoatrial node, excitation of the heart normally begins in the sinoatrial (SA) node.

期前收缩 Premature systole

When a second action potential is triggered at the very start of the relative refractory

period, the second contraction is superimposed on the semirelaxed phase of the first

contraction. This phenomenon is called premature systole.

七年五班生理名词解释

脉压 Pulse pressure

The pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic pressure and diastolic pressure.

每搏输出量 Stroke volume

Stroke volume is referred to the volume ejected at each contraction by one side of the

heart.

每搏功 Stroke work

The stroke work of the heart is the amount of energy that the heart converts to work during

each heart beat while pumping blood into arteries.

收缩压 Systolic pressure

The pressure rises during cardiac systole and falls during diastole. The peak pressure

value reached during systole is termed the systole pressure. Usually, at rest systolic

pressure of the healthy young adult is 100~120mmHg.

肺泡通气量 Alveolar ventilation

The amount of air reaching the alveoli per minute, at rest it generally amounts to 4.2L/min.

解剖无效腔 anatomic dead space

The space in the conducing zone of the airways occupied by gas that does not exchange with

blood in the pulmonary vessels, such as in the nose, pharynx, and trachea since these area

is not useful the gas exchange process but instead goes to fill respiratory passages.

波尔效应 Bohr effect

The increased oxygen release by hemoglobin in the presence of elevated carbon dioxide

levels (the effects shift the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to the left and upward).

By forming hydrogen ions, carbon dioxide loading facilitates oxygen unloading, i.e., the

decrease in O2affinity of hemoglobin when the pH of blood falls, which is closely related

to the fact that deoxygenated hemoglobin (deoxyhemoglobin) binds H+ more actively than

does oxyhemoglobin.

顺应性 Compliance

Distensibility, the ability of the lungs to tolerate changes in volume, a property that

reflects the presence of elastic fibers. It is defined as the change in volume per unit

change in pressure (△V/△P), the reciprocal of the compliance.

弹性阻力 Elastic resistance

A term used to describe the elastic properties of the lung and chest wall; the resistance

or elastance (△V/△P),the reciprocal of the compliance.

功能残气量 Functional residual capacity

It equals to the expiratory reserve volume plus the residual volume. This is the amount

of air that remains in the lungs at the end of normal expiration (about 2300ml).

何尔登效应 Haldane effect

The increase in carbon dioxide unloading from hemoglobin in response to the combination

of oxygen with hemoglobin, i.e., when oxygen binds with hemoglobin, carbon dioxide is

released.

补吸气量 Inspiratoy reserve volume

The air inspired with a maximal inspiratoy effort in excess of the volume. i.e., the maximum

extra volume of air that be inspired over and above the normal tidal volume, it is usually

equal to about 3000ml.

胸内压 Intrapleural pressure

The pressure within the pleural cavity is called intrapleural pressure.

肺内压 Intrapulmonary pressure

七年五班生理名词解释

The pressure within the alveoli of the lungs, also called intrapulmonary pressure.

氧含量 Oxygen content

The oxygen content is used to indicate how much O2 per liter of blood is attached to the

hemoglobin in normal arterial blood, described as percent saturated.

氧离曲线 Oxygen dissociation curve

The graph of the relationship between the partial pressure of oxygen and the degree of

hemoglobin saturation with oxygen, which has a characteristic sigmoid shape

表面活性物质 Pulmonary surfactant

A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids and lipoproteins that lowers the surface tension

of water, produced by surfactant-secreting (Type-II) cells. It is a mixture of dipalmitoyl

phosphatidyl choline (DPPC), other lipids, and proteins.

肺通气 Pulmonary ventilation

The total amount of new air moved into the respiratory passages each minute; equal to the

tidal volume times the respiratory rate. The minute respiratory volume generally amounts

to 6L/min.

残气量 Residual volume

The air left in the lungs after a maximal expiratory effort. This volume averages about

1200 milliliters.

潮气量 Tidal volume

The amount of air that moves into the lungs with each inspiration (or the amount that moves

out with each expiration) i.e., the volume of air inspired or expired with each normal

breath; it amounts to about 500ml.

肺总容量 Total lung capacity

The maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest possible effort

(about 5800ml); it is equal to the vital capacity plus the residual volume.

通气-血流比 Ventilation /perfusion ratio

The ratio of pulmonary ventilation to pulmonary blood flow for the whole lung, at rest

about 0.8 (4.2 L/min ventilation divided by 5.5 L/min blood flow).

吸收 Absorption

Absorption is the process of transporting small molecules from the lumen of the gut into

blood stream.

基础代谢率 Basal metabolic rate

The basal metabolic rate is the metabolic rate determined under basal conditions which

includes complete mental and physical relaxation in a room or a comfortable temperature

and 12~14 hours after the last meal.

体温 Body temperature

The body temperature is often referred to core temperature. The core refers to the central

area of the body, including the brain and viscera, which are maintained at a constant

temperature.

消化 Digestion

Digestion is a process essential for the conversion of food into a small and simple form.

能量代谢 Energy metabolism

The energy metabolism means the liberation, transformation and utilization of energy

produced by the material metabolism in the body.

胃排空 Gastric emptying

Gastric emptying is promoted by the intense peristaltic contractions in the stomach antrum.

七年五班生理名词解释

At the same time, emptying is opposed by varying degrees of resistance to the passage of

chyme at the pylorus.

胃泌素 Gastrin

Gastrin is a gut hormone secreted by the endocrine G cells in the gastric pyloric mucosa

and duodenum mucosa. Gastrin is secreted in two forms, a large form called G-34, and a

smaller form, G-17.

调定点 Set point

At a critical body core temperature, drastic changes occur in the rate of both heat loss

and heat production. That is, all the temperature control mechanisms continually attempt

to bring the body temperature back to this set-point level.

慢波 Slow wave

If an electrode is inserted into a smooth muscle, it records a recurring depolarization,

they are called slow waves or basic electrical rhythm (BER). Slow waves are not action

potential, but show undulating changes in the resting membrane potential.

醛固酮 Aldosterone

Aldosterone is a sodium-retaining hormone of the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone reduces

sodium excretion and increases potassium excretion by the kidneys, this increasing sodium

and decreasing potassium in the body.

抗利尿激素 Antidiuretic hormone

A product of neurohypophyseal which, through its action on kidneys, promotes the

conservation of body water.

皮质肾单位 Cortical nephron

The nephrons have their glomerular located in the outer and middle portion of the renal

cortex are called cortical nephrons.

肾小球有效滤过压 Glomerular effective filtration pressure

The effective filtration pressure of glomerular represents the sum of the hydrostatic and

colloid osmotic forces that either favor or oppose filtration across the glomerular

capillaries.

肾小球滤过分数 Glomerular filtration fraction

The glomerular filtration fraction is the filtration rate as percentage of the total renal

plasma flow that passes through both kidneys.

球管平衡 Glomerulotubular balance

One of the most basic mechanisms for controlling tubular reabsorption is the intrinsic

ability of the tubules to increase their reabsorption rate in response to increased tubular

inflow. This phenomenon is referred to as glomerular-tubular balance.

渗透性利尿 Osmotic diuresis

An increase in urine flow due to excretion of an osmotic active solute.

肾糖阈 Renal glucose threshold

When the plasma glucose concentration increases up to a value about 180 to 200 mg per

deciliter, glucose can first be detected in the urine, this value is called the renal

glucose threshold.

肾素 Renin

An enzyme of renal origin that catalyzes the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin

I.

水利尿 Water diuresis

The volume of urine increases when water intake exceeds body needs, it is resulted from

七年五班生理名词解释

suppression of ADH secretion

适应 Adaptation

When a maintained stimulus of constant strength is applied to a receptor, the frequency

of the action potential in its sensory nerve deadens over time. This phenomenon is known

as adaptation.

适宜刺激 Adequate stimulus

The stimulus that a receptor is specialized to receive and transduce. In the case of the

eye, the adequate stimulus would be visible light, in the ear it would be sound waves,

and so on.

运动单位 Motor unit

A motor axon, together with all of the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates.

非特异性传导系统 Nonspecific projection system

Diffuse projections from the nonspecific thalamic nuclei connecting the ascending

reticular activating system to widespread areas of cortex have a role in modifying the

states of consciousness which is called nonspecific projection system.

牵涉痛 Referred pain

Damage to an internal organ is commonly associated with pain or tenderness not in the organ

but in some skin region sharing the same segmental innervation. This phenomenon is called

referred pain.

第二信使 Second messenger

A small, diffusible molecule produced when a hormone combines with a cell membrane receptor

and which carries the message to the inside of the cell.

特异性传导系统 Specific projection system

The specific sensory projection system uses relatively direct pathways through specific

thalamic nuclei to restricted cortical regions.

脊休克 Spinal shock

Complete transection of the spinal cord results in the immediate paralysis and loss of

sensation in all body regions innervated by spinal cord segments below the lesion, this

phenomenon is called spinal shock.

牵张反射 Stretch reflex

When a skeletal muscle with an intact nerve supply is stretched, the muscle being stretched

contracts. This is a monosynaptic reflex called the stretch reflex.

激素 Hormone

A hormone can be defined as a chemical substance (a compound), which is synthesized and

secreted by a specific cell type. It is generally transported in the circulation and at

very low concentrations elicits a specific response in target tissues affecting the

activities of cells in another portion of the body.

胰岛素 Insulin

A hormone secreted by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets; causes a reduction in plasma

glucose concentrations. Insulin lowers blood glucose mainly by facilitating glucose uptake

in muscle and adipose tissue and by inhibiting hepatic glucose output.

甲状腺激素 Thyroid hormone

The thyroid hormone is referred to thyroxine and triiodothyronine which increase the rate

of chemical reactions in almost all cells of the body, thus increasing the general level

of body metabolism.