2024年2月13日发(作者：)

Section I Use of English

Directions：

Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each

numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10

points)

The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to

privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity is also

behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.

Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security

to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?

Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nation’s cyber-czar,

offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer

place-a “voluntary trusted identity” system that would be the

high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID

card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity

card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and

would authenticate users at a range of online services.

The idea is to 8 a federation of private online identity

systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only

registered users whose identities have been authenticated

could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one

that would require an Internet driver’s license 10 by

the government.

Google and Microsoft are among companies that already have

these“single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users

to 11 just once but use many different services.

12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n

cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright

“streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.

Mr. Schmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in

which “individuals and organizations can complete online

transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other

and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the

transaction runs”.

Still, the administration’s plan has 16 privacy rights

activists. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It

seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what

would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drive’s license”

mentality.

The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer

security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem”

envisioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the

Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should

be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way

that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.

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Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after

each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER

SHEET 1. (40points)

Text1

Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachs’s board as an outside

director in January 2000: a year later she became president of

Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently

managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by

the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on

Goldman’s compensation committee; how could she have let those

enormous bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next

year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just

taking up too much time, she said.

Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less

biased, advisers on a firm’s board. Having made their wealth

and their reputations elsewhere, they presumably have enough

independence to disagree with the chief executive’s proposals.

If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors

should be able to give advice based on having weathered their

own crises.

The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat

covered more than 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different

directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which

directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most

likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers

concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors

under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure,

the probability that the company will subsequently have to

restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of

being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases,

and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect tended to

be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them

leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is

suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always

jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving

riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firms.

But the researchers believe that outside directors have an

easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they

leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history

shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred.

Firms who want to keep their outside directors through tough

times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside

directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again

very popular on campus.

21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized

for____

[A]gaining excessive profits [B]failing to fulfill her

duty

[C]refusing to make compromisses [D]leaving the board in

tough times

22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are

supposed to be____.

[A]generous investors [B]unbiased executives

[C]share price forecasters [D]independent advisers

23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an

outside director’s surprise departure, the firm is likely

to____.

[A]become more stable

[B]report increased earnings

[C]do less well in the stock market

[D]perform worse in lawsuits

24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside

directors____.

[A]may stay for the attractive offers from the firm

[B]have often had records of wrongdoings in the firm

[C]are accustomed to stress-free work in the firm

[D]will decline incentives from the firm

25. The author’s attitude toward the role of outside directors

is____.

[A]permissive [B]positive [C]scornful

[D]critical

Text2

Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the

end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the

advertising and readers that had not already fled to the

internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were

chronicling their own doom. America’s Federal Trade

commission launched a round of talks about how to save

newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should

the state subsidize them ? It will hold another meeting soon.

But the discussions now seem out of date.

In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German

and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even

American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of

the global industry, have not only survived but often returned

to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few

years ago, but profit all the same.

It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by

pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News

Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 2007.

Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even

had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these

desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for

many journalists, they can be pushed further.

Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a

healthier mix of revenues from readers and advertisers.

American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance

on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in

2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation

& Development (OECD). In Japan the proportion is 35%. Not

surprisingly, Japanese newspapers are much more stable.

The whirlwind that swept through newsrooms harmed everybody,

but much of the damage has been concentrated in areas where

newspaper are least distinctive. Car and film reviewers have

gone. So have science and general business reporters. Foreign

bureaus have been savagely cut off. Newspapers are less

complete as a result. But completeness is no longer a virtue

in the newspaper business.

26. By saying “Newspapers like „ their own doom” (Lines 3-4,

Para. 1), the author indicates that newspaper .

[A]neglected the sign of crisis

[B]failed to get state subsidies

[C]were not charitable corporations

[D]were in a desperate situation

27. Some newspapers refused delivery to distant suburbs

probably because .

[A]readers threatened to pay less

[B]newspapers wanted to reduce costs

[C]journalists reported little about these areas

[D]subscribers complained about slimmer products

28. Compared with their American counterparts, Japanese

newspapers are much more stable because they .

[A]have more sources of revenue

[B]have more balanced newsrooms

[C]are less dependent on advertising

[D]are less affected by readership

29. What can be inferred from the last paragraph about the

current newspaper business?

[A]Distinctiveness is an essential feature of newspapers.

[B]Completeness is to blame for the failure of newspaper.

[C]Foreign bureaus play a crucial role in the newspaper

business.

[D]Readers have lost their interest in car and film reviews.

30. The most appropriate title for this text would be .

[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

[B]American Newspapers: Gone with the Wind

[C]American Newspapers: A Thriving Business

[D]American Newspapers: A Hopeless Story

Text3

We tend to think of the decades immediately following World

War II as a time of prosperity and growth, with soldiers

returning home by the millions, going off to college on the G.

I. Bill and lining up at the marriage bureaus.

But when it came to their houses, it was a time of common

sense and a belief that less could truly be more. During the

Depression and the war, Americans had learned to live with less,

and that restraint, in combination with the postwar confidence

in the future, made small, efficient housing positively

stylish.

Economic condition was only a stimulus for the trend toward

efficient living. The phrase “less is more” was actually

first popularized by a German, the architect Ludwig Mies van

der Rohe, who like other people associated with the Bauhaus,

a school of design, emigrated to the United States before World

War II

and took up posts at American architecture schools. These

designers came to exert enormous influence on the course of

American architecture, but none more so that Mies.

Mies’s signature phrase means that less decoration,

properly organized, has more impact that a lot. Elegance, he

believed, did not derive from abundance. Like other modern

architects, he employed metal, glass and laminated

wood-materials that we take for granted today buy that in the

1940s symbolized the future. Mies’s sophisticated

presentation masked the fact that the spaces he designed were

small and efficient, rather than big and often empty.

The apartments in the elegant towers Mies built on

Chicago’s Lake Shore Drive, for example, were

smaller-two-bedroom units under 1,000 square feet-than those

in their older neighbors along the city’s Gold Coast. But they

were popular because of their airy glass walls, the views they

afforded and the elegance of the buildings’ details and

proportions, the architectural equivalent of the abstract art

so popular at the time.

The trend toward “less” was not entirely foreign. In the

1930s Frank Lloyd Wright started building more modest and

efficient houses-usually around 1,200 square feet-than the

spreading two-story ones he had designed in the 1890s and the

early 20th century.

The “Case Study Houses” commissioned from talented modern

architects by California Arts & Architecture magazine between

1945 and 1962 were yet another homegrown influence on the “less

is more” trend. Aesthetic effect came from the landscape, new

materials and forthright detailing. In his Case Study House,

Ralph everyday life - few American families acquired

helicopters, though most eventually got clothes dryers - but

his belief that self-sufficiency was both desirable and

inevitable was widely shared.

31. The postwar American housing style largely reflected the

Americans’ .

[A]prosperity and growth

[B]efficiency and practicality

[C]restraint and confidence

[D]pride and faithfulness

32. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3

about Bauhaus?

[A]It was founded by Ludwig Mies van der Rohe.

[B]Its designing concept was affected by World War II.

[C]Most American architects used to be associated with it.

[D]It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33. Mies held that elegance of architectural design .

[A]was related to large space

[B]was identified with emptiness

[C]was not reliant on abundant decoration

[D]was not associated with efficiency

34. What is true about the apartments Mies building Chicago’s

Lake Shore Drive?

[A]They ignored details and proportions.

[B]They were built with materials popular at that time.

[C]They were more spacious than neighboring buildings.

[D]They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35. What can we learn about the design of the “Case Study

House”?

[A]Mechanical devices were widely used.

[B]Natural scenes were taken into consideration

[C]Details were sacrificed for the overall effect.

[D]Eco-friendly materials were employed.

Text4

Will the European Union make it? The question would have

sounded strange not long ago. Now even the project’s greatest

cheerleaders talk of a continent facing a “Bermuda triangle”

of debt, population decline and lower growth.

As well as those chronic problems, the EU face an acute

crisis in its economic core, the 16 countries that use the

single currency. Markets have lost faith that the euro zone’s

economies, weaker or stronger, will one day converge thanks to

the discipline of sharing a single currency, which denies

uncompetitive members the quick fix of devaluation.

Yet the debate about how to save Europe’s single currency

from disintegration is stuck. It is stuck because the euro

zone’s dominant powers, France and Germany, agree on the need

for greater harmonization within the euro zone, but disagree

about what to harmonies.

Germany thinks the euro must be saved by stricter rules on

borrow spending and competitiveness, barked by quasi-automatic

sanctions for governments that do not obey. These might include

threats to freeze EU funds for poorer regions and EU

mega-projects and even the suspension of a country’s voting

rights in EU ministerial councils. It insists that economic

co-ordination should involve all 27 members of the EU club,

among whom there is a small majority for free-market liberalism

and economic rigour; in the inner core alone, Germany fears,

a small majority favour French interference.

A “southern” camp headed by French wants something

different: ”European economic government” within an inner

core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians

intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution

from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrowing for

governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal

transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have

murmured, curo-zone members should agree to some fiscal and

social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in

corporate-tax rates or labour costs.

It is too soon to write off the EU. It remains the world’s

largest trading block. At its best, the European project is

remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and

poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods,

capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an

ambitious attempt to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization,

and make capitalism benign.

36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .

[A] it has more or less lost faith in markets

[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

[C] some of its member countries plan to abandon euro

[D] it intends to deny the possibility of devaluation

37. The debate over the EU’s single currency is stuck because

the dominant powers .

[A] are competing for the leading position

[B] are busy handling their own crises

[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

[D] disagree on the steps towards disintegration

38. To solve the euro problem ,Germany proposed that .

[A] EU funds for poor regions be increased

[B] stricter regulations be imposed

[C] only core members be involved in economic co-ordination

[D] voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed

39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that

__ __.

［A］poor countries are more likely to get funds

［B］strict monetary policy will be applied to poor

countries

［C］loans will be readily available to rich countries

［D］rich countries will basically control Eurobonds

40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel

__ __.

［A］pessimistic ［B］desperate ［C］conceited ［D］hopeful

46．Direction：

In this section there is a text in English. Translate it

into Chinese, write your translation on ANSWER SHEET 2.

(15points)

Who would have thought that, globally, the IT industry

produces about the same volumes of greenhouse gases as the

world’s airlines do-rough 2 percent of all CO2 emissions?

Many everyday tasks take a surprising toll on the

environment. A Google search can leak between 0.2 and 7.0 grams

of CO2 depending on how many attempts are needed to get the

“right” answer. To deliver results to its users quickly, then,

Google has to maintain vast data centres round the world, packed

with powerful computers. While producing large quantities of

CO2, these computers emit a great deal of heat, so the centres

need to be well air-conditioned, which uses even more energy.

However, Google and other big tech providers monitor their

efficiency closely and make improvements. Monitoring is the

first step on the road to reduction, but there is much to be

done, and not just by big companies.

2011参考答案

从全球范围来看，有谁会想到IT 行业释放的温室气体与全球航空公司产生的一样多呢？它大约占总二氧化碳总排量的2%。

许多日常工作对环境造成了令人震惊的破坏。根据每次你搜索并得到正确答案的尝试次数，谷歌会排放0.2至7克的二氧化碳。为了迅速将结果传递给用户，谷歌在全球设置了大量充斥着能量巨大的电脑的数据中心。这些电脑在排放大量二氧化碳的同时，也产生大量的能量。因此，这些数据中心需要良好的空调降温，这又会同时产生大量的能量。

然而，谷歌和其他技术提供商严密检测他们的效果并不断进行改进。监控是减排的第一步，但这仍任重道远，且不仅只由大公司来承担

1-5:ACBDD 6-10BACCB 11-15DBACA 16-20ADACD

Text 1

21.[B] failing to fulfill her duty.

22.[D] independent advisers.

23.[C] do less well in the stock market.

24.[A] may stay for the attractive offers from the firm.

25.[D] critical.

Text 2

26.[D] were in a desperate situation.

27.[B] newspapers wanted to reduce costs.

28.[C] are less dependent on advertising.

29.[A] Distinctiveness is an essential feature of

newspapers..

30.[A]American Newspapers: Struggling for Survival

Text3

31.[C] restraint and confidence.

32.[D] It had a great influence upon American architecture.

33.[C] was not reliant on abundant decoration.

34.[D] They shared some characteristics of abstract art.

35.[B] Natural scenes were taken into consideration.

Text 4

36.[B] even its supporters begin to feel concerned

37.[C] fail to reach an agreement on harmonization

38.[B] stricter regulations be imposed.

39.[A] poor countries are more likely to get funds

40.[D] hopeful Part B

41.E 42.D 43.C 44.B 45.G