2024年1月19日发(作者：)

公共课英语一模拟题2020年(163)

(总分80,考试时间60分钟)

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The immune system is equal in complexity to **bined intricacies of the brain and nervous

system. The success of the immune system in defending the body relies on a dynamic

**munications network consisting of millions and millions of cells. Organized into sets and

subsets, these cells pass information back and forth like clouds of bees swarming around a hive.

The result is a sensitive system of checks and balances that produces an immune response that is

prompt, appropriate, effective and self-limiting.

At the heart of the immune system is the ability to distinguish between self and non-self.

When immune defenders encounter cells or organisms carrying foreign or non-self molecules, the

immune troops move quickly to eliminate the invaders. Virtually every body cell carries

distinctive molecules that identify it as self. The body's immune defenses do not normally attack

tissues that carry a self marker. Rather, immune cells and other body cells coexist peaceably in a

state known as self-tolerance. When a normally functioning immune system attacks a non-self

molecule, the system has the ability to remember the specifics of the foreign body. Upon

subsequent encounters with the same species of molecules, the immune system reacts accordingly.

With the possible exception of antibodies passed during lactation, this so-called immune system

memory is not inherited. Despite the occurrence of a virus in your family, your immune system

must learn from experience with the many millions of distinctive non-self molecules in the sea of

microbes in which we live. Learning necessitates producing the appropriate molecules and cells to

match up with and counteract each non-self invader.

Any substance capable of stimulating an immune response is called an antigen. Tissues or

cells from another individual (except an identical twin, whose cells carry identical self-markers)

act as antigens; because the immune system recognizes transplanted tissues as foreign, it rejects

them. The body will even reject nourishing proteins unless they are first broken down by the

digestive system into their primary, non-antigenic building blocks. An antigen announces its

foreignness by means of intricate and characteristic shapes called epitopes, which stick out from

its surface. Most antigens, even the simplest microbes, carry several different kinds of epitopes on

their surface, some may even carry several hundred. Some epitopes will be more effective than

others at stimulating an immune response. Only in abnormal situations does the immune system

wrongly identify self as non-self and execute a misdirected immune attack. The result can be

so-called autoimmune disease. The painful side effects of these diseases are caused by a person's

immune system actually attacking itself.

1. know from the text that the immune system_________.

A. is no **plicated than the nervous system

B. far exceeds the human brain in intricacy

C. is enclosed by numerous sensitive cells

D. results in an **munications network

2. principal task of the immune system is to_________.

A. recognize and eliminate all foreign molecules that enter the body

B. remove all the substances that invade the body organisms

C. defend the body from the attacks of different viruses and bacteria

D. identify and specify all non-self molecules it encounters

3. remembering power of a person's immune system is______.

A. mostly descended from his/her ancestors

B. partially passed down from his/her mother

C. mainly acquired through fighting against foreign cells

D. basically generated by **munications network

4. 4.A tissue transplanted from father to daughter would be less acceptable than that transplanted

between twins because_________.

A. the ages of the twins' tissues are exactly alike

B. the twins' tissues have the same self-markers

C. the father and daughter are different in sex

D. the twins' immune systems possess identical memory

5. main idea of the text may be generalized as_________.

A. the success of the immune system in distinguishing foreign substances

B. the normal and abnormal activities of the immune system in the body

C. the unfavorable effects of the immune system on organ transplantation

D. the essential duties of the immune system in guarding the body

With the possibility that the United States may be withdrawing from the confines of the

Kyoto Protocol by the end of this year, it behooves responsible citizens of the world to examine

the past and present implications of the international treaty. The 1992 Kyoto Protocol, signed by

174 of the world's nations, ambitiously sought to reduce worldwide emission levels by the year

2000, aiming to restore them to 1990 levels so as to slow global warming and begin the slow

process of eradicating pollution. It has thus far not been entirely successful, with its noble goals

overly vague, resulting in international willingness to comply with its provisions, but lacking a

structured method by which to achieve them.

Harsh criticism of the Kyoto Protocol often involves the relatively short-term nature of the

project. By trying to achieve such spectacular environmental goals in such a short span of time, it

has been argued that an impossibly difficult challenge has been undertaken. Finding the task

impossible, the nations of the world may soon discard the wider goal of reducing pollution along

with the protocol itself. Further, **mitments made by the industrialized nations, such as the United

States, Britain and France, are vastly different from those agreed upon by the developing nations,

such as Brazil and China, with the industrialized signatories agreeing to be bound by more

concrete, stated plans and goals.

This disparity in commitment has been viewed as a necessity, however. Developing nations

argue that their more industrialized, wealthier counterparts achieved their power and status by

utilizing methods of development that resulted in pollution, and that they have a right to take their

turn at using those methods. Also, it has been stated that the richer nations are those who can

afford to immediately change their methods of production to comply with the goals of the Kyoto

Protocol, while the other nations would find it virtually impossible to change their ways without

seriously disrupting their economies.

Whatever one's stance, it is almost universally agreed upon that the Kyoto Protocol is a step

in the right direction, in theory and philosophy, at the very least. The reality of practical

application and implementation, however, is a very different story. With the possibility of a United

States withdrawal looming, it must be considered that if the world's wealthiest and most powerful

nation finds it impossible to **ply with the protocol, then perhaps a more conservative and

manageable plan must be considered.

6. second sentence in paragraph 3 implies that______.

A. pollution-creating methods of progress are efficient ways to industrialize

B. in order to catch up with industrialized nations, developing countries must utilize

pollution-creating methods

C. in order for there to be equity between developed and developing nations, pollution-creating

methods should be allowed for the developing nations

D. current technology in non-industrialized countries favor pollution-creating methods

7. paragraph 2, the "impossibly difficult challenge" probably refers to______.

A. abiding by the rules laid down in the Kyoto Protocol

B. achieving the goals stated in the Kyoto Protocol

C. keeping with and maintaining the spirit of the Kyoto Protocol

D. achieving emissions standard reductions in the short span of time allowed in the Kyoto

Protocol

8. does the author NOT perceive as a weakness of the Kyoto Protocol?

A. Its underlying theory and plans for achieving goals.

B. Its short-sighted nature.

C. The lack of equity in the terms assigned to developed and developing nations.

D. **pliance with its provisions.

9. author's attitude and recommendation regarding the nature of the Kyoto Protocol may

best be interpreted as______.

A. Look before you leap

B. You can't please everyone

C. Don't throw the baby out with the bath water

D. If at first you don't succeed, try and try again

10. main point of the text is______.

A. the possible exit of the United States could mark the end of the Kyoto Protocol

B. in light of its unequal treatment of under-developed nations, the Kyoto Protocol is doomed to

failure

C. the terms of the Kyoto Protocol are overly ambitious, and thus inapplicable in reality

D. in order for the Kyoto Protocol to succeed, it must be reviewed and possibly modified

Britain's universities are in an awful spin. Top universities were overwhelmed by the 24% of

A-level applicants with indistinguishable straight As; newer ones are beating the byways for

bodies.

Curiously, both images of education—the weeping willows of Cambridge and the futuristic

architecture of UEL—are cherished by the government. Ministerswant to see half of all young

people in universities by 2010 (numbers have stalled at 42%), without letting go of the world-class

quality of its top institutions.

Many argue that the two goals are incompatible without spending a lot more money.

Researchers scrabble for funds, and **plain of large classes and reduced teaching time. To help

solve the problem, the government agreed in 2004 to let universities increase tuition fees.

Though low, the fees have introduced a market into higher education. Universities can offer

cut-price tuition, although most have stuck close to the & 3,000. Other incentives are more popular.

Newcomers to St. Mark & St. John, a higher-education college linked to Exeter University, will

receive free laptops.

As universities enter the third week of "clearing", the marketing has become weirder.

Bradford University is luring students with the chance of winning an MP3 player in a prize draw.

Plymouth University students visited Cornish seaside resorts, tempting young holiday-makers

with surfboards and cinema vouchers. These offers suggest that supply has surpassed demand.

Not so the top universities that make up the "Russell group", however. Their ranks include

the likes of Imperial College London and Bristol University along with Oxford and Cambridge.

Swamped with applicants, only half offer any places through clearing. They have a different

problem: they need money to compete for high quality students and academics, both British and

foreign, who could be tempted overseas by better heeled American universities or fast improving

institutions in developing countries such as India.

Higher fees and excess supply are causing students to look more critically at just what

different universities have to offer. And the critical situation could become more acute. The

number of 18-year-olds in Britain will drop around 2010 and decline over the following ten years,

according to government projections.

Bahram Bekhradnia, the director of the Higher Education Policy Institute, a think tank, says

the government hasn't a hope of getting 50% of young Britons into higher education by 2010. And

the decline of home-grown student numbers will have a "differential effect" on universities, he

reckons. Those at the bottom end will have to become increasingly "innovative" about whom they

admit and some may not survive.

The Cambridge shades evoked by Rupert Brooke were gentle, nostalgic ones. Many vice

chancellors today are pursued by far more revengeful monsters of empty campuses, deserted

laboratories, failed institutions. Markets, after all, create winners—and losers.

11. can we learn from the first two paragraphs?

A. Many top universities struggled to enroll straight-A students.

B. Britain's universities are required to become the world-class universities.

C. Britain's universities are facing an unbalanced enrollment.

D. Most Britain's universities are founded by the government.

12. government agreed to let universities increase tuition fees so as to help _____.

A. ensure the number of students and the quality of the universities

B. relieve university researchers from fund difficulty

C. guarantee small classes and proper teaching time for students

D. improve the educational system without endangering the federal economy

13. happens in the "market" of higher education?

A. Top universities offer fewer places than before.

B. Many students are attracted by the incentives.

C. Most universities have to cut the tuition fees.

D. Universities offer more places than enough.

14. ing to Bahram Bekhradnia, when the number of students declines, _____.

A. researchers and scholars will be tempted overseas

B. top universities will have to become **petitive

C. universities will have to cut their tuition prices further

D. bottom universities will have to struggle harder to survive

15. do many vice chancellors think of the situation of their universities, as it is mentioned

in the last paragraph?

A. They are confident of changing it.

B. They are much disturbed by it.

C. They find it natural in the market.

D. They cherish it with a nostalgic mood.

Community cancer clusters are viewed quite differently by citizen activists than by

epidemiologists. Environmentalists and concerned local residents, for instance, might immediately

suspect environmental radiation as the culprit when a high incidence of cancer cases occurs near a

nuclear facility. Epidemiologists, in contrast, would be more likely to say that the incidences were

"inconclusive" or the result of pure chance. And when a breast cancer survivor, Lorraine Pace,

mapped 20 breast cancer cases occurring in her West Islip, Long Island, community, her

rudimentary research efforts were guided more by hope—that a specific environmental agent

could be correlated with the cancers—than by scientific method.

When epidemiologists study clusters of cancer cases and other noncontagious conditions

such as birth defects or miscarriage, they take several variables into account, such as background

rate (the number of people affected in the general population), cluster size, and specificity (any

notable characteristics of the individual affected in each case). If a cluster is both large and

specific, it is easier for epidemiologists to assign blame. Not only must each variable be

considered on its own, but it must also be combined with others. Lung cancer is **mon in the

general population. Yet when a huge number of cases turned up among World War II shipbuilders

who had all worked with asbestos, the size of the cluster and the fact that the men had had similar

occupational asbestos exposures enabled epidemiologists to assign blame to the fibrous mineral.

Although several known carcinogens have been discovered through these kinds of

occupational or medical clusters, only **munity cancer cluster has ever been traced to an

environmental cause. Health officials often discount a community's suspicion of a common

environmental cause because citizens tend to include cases that were diagnosed before the

afflicted individuals moved into the neighborhood. Add to this is the problem of cancer's latency.

Unlike an infectious disease such as cholera, which is caused by a recent exposure to food or

water contaminated with the cholera bacterium, cancer may have its roots in an exposure that

occurred 10 to 20 years earlier.

Do all these caveats mean that the hard work of Lorraine Pace and **munity activists is for

nothing? Not necessarily. Together with many other reports of breast cancer clusters on Long

Island, the West Islip situation highlighted by Pace has helped epidemiologists lay the groundwork

for a well-designed scientific study.

16. "hope" mentioned in Paragraph 1 refers specifically to Pace's desire to_________.

A. help reduce the incidence of breast cancer in future generations

B. improve her chances of surviving breast cancer

C. determine the cause responsible for her own breast cancer case

D. identify a particular cause for the breast cancer cases in West Islip

17. case of the World War II shipbuilders with lung cancer is an example of_________.

A. an occupational cluster

B. a medical cluster

C. a radiation cluster

D. an environmental cluster

18. text suggests that the fact "only **munity cancer cluster had ever been traced to an

environmental cause" (Para. 3) is most likely due to the_________.

A. methodological difficulties in **munity cancer clusters

B. reluctance of epidemiologists to investigate environmental factors in cancer

C. lack of credibility of citizen activists in claiming to have identified cancer agents

D. effectiveness of regulations restricting the use of carcinogens in residential areas

19. sts may mistakenly consider a particular incidence of cancer as part of a community

cluster despite the fact that_________.

A. the affected individual never worked with any carcinogenic material

B. the cancer was actually caused by an exposure long time ago

C. the size of the cluster is too small to be meaningful

D. the cancer actually arose in a different geographic location

20. word "caveats" (Line 1, Para. 4) refers to_________.

A. refusals by epidemiologists to examine the work of Pace and other activists

B. potential flaws in amateur studies of cancer cluster

C. warnings by activists concerning environmental dangers in **munities

D. tendencies of activists to assume environmental causes for cancer