ACCA F8备考Tips:审计各阶段及流程详解

ACCA F8备考Tips:审计各阶段及流程详解


2024年1月12日发(作者:)

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ACCA F8备考Tips:审计各阶段及流程详解

F8(Audit and Assurance)是一门实务性很强的课程,要求大家熟悉审计工作流程,应用会计知识判断被审计单位的财务报告编制过程及结果是否有误。自2016年9月开始实施的新考试题型包括Section A和Section B两大部分,Section A(Objective Test Cases)共有三道Case,每个Case有五道选择题,每题两分,涉及范围包括大纲的方方面面;Section B共有三道大题,第一题30分,第二题和第三题各自20分,常见的题型包括auditrisk & auditor’s response,internal controldeficiencies/strengths & TOCs,以及substantive procedures等。大题对大家书面表达的要求比较高,所以理解审计逻辑,勤加练习并学会总结对于大部分没有实务经验的同学们而言非常必要。

我们先来看一下完整的审计工作需要经过哪些阶段,具体又有哪些流程。

上图是完整的审计工作循环,始于engagement letter(业务约定书),终于audit report(审计报告),历经audit planning、auditperformance和completion三个阶段。

audit process

为了签订最开始的engagementletter,审计师在接受业务委托时需要先“自我反省”,看看注册会计师是否符合职业道德准则(Code of Ethics)的要求,如果有一些情况产生了对独立性(independence)的威胁(具体包括self-interest, self-review, familiarity, advocacy& intimidation threats),则应该考虑适用相对应的保卫措施(常见的safeguards包括dispose of interests/shares, independent/quality control partner review, remove the one from the engagementteam等)。

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planning process

接受业务之后,首先进入审计计划阶段,在计划阶段最主要做的一项工作就风险评估(risk assessment),具体说来风险评估通过建立对被审计单位及其所处环境的了解(understand the entity& its environment/KOB)来进行评估,主要使用的程序包括(Enquiry, inspect,observe[1] & Analytical procedures)。

[[1]这三个审计程序使用范围极广,适用每一个阶段,本文之后简写为EIO

风险评估中的风险指的是auditrisk(the risk that auditors express an inappropriateopinion)。Auditrisk由inherent risk,controlrisk 和detection risk 共同组成。

交易事项本身的特殊性或者行业、企业经济环境等方面的原因导致该项交易事项出现重大错报的可能性被称为Inherent risk;在此基础上,企业自身基于公司治理(corporategovernance)的要求设计执行了一系列的Internal controls(内部控制)用以防范这些错报,也就是图中的漏斗型;但是由于设计执行不当或者是内部控制自身的局限性导致无法规避所有错报,从漏斗中漏出来的这些错报风险就是Control risk。Inherent risk和Control risk共同决定了被审计单位的财务报告中重大错报风险(ROMM)到底是高是低。审计师对被审计单位财务报告进行审计检查,若审计工作设计不当,这种2

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风险被称为Detection risk。所以,Audit risk由inherent risk, control risk和detection risk 共同决定。

识别Audit risk的题目,大家要注意以下事项:

(a)千万不要分析business risk;

(b)如果是ROMM,描述审计风险时可以与财务报表的账户(accounts name)和认定(assertion)联系在一起。

Audit risk

There is a risk that receivables can not be recoverable and hence the balance on the financial statements may be overstated. This may indicate that there are errors in receivables’ existence and valuation assertions.

Auditor’s response

Inspect after-date cash receipts and trace through to year-end balances to verify existence.

Discuss with management whether there is a need to provide an allowance for receivables.

另一种情况是Detectionrisk,常见的情形包括:new client, tight deadline or budget,third party warehouse等。

Audit risk

The client is a new client for the auditor firm. The auditors may lack of experience and knowledge about the client which then increases detection risk.

Auditor’s response

More time and attention should be devoted to audit engagement.

Assign more experienced audit staff to risk areas and make sure auditors maintain an attitude of professional

skepticism during the auditing process.

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(C)对于识别audit risk和解释auditor’s response这一类大题,考官推荐同学们使用两栏式的方式作答。答题时一定要避免模棱两可的回答(比如描述audit risk时,over- or under-stated 就比misstated好),一定要具体到案例中的事实情况(比如阐述auditor’s response时,常常用discuss with management,但一定要描述清楚到底要讨论什么具体内容)。

对于Audit risk这一部分的题目,大家还可以参考Wendy老师2016年6月份写的tip——《这才是F8的正确答题方式!——F8答题技巧解析》(点击题目即可查看),提醒大家一定要加强练习,多多归纳总结。

performance process

在审计计划阶段之后,具体的审计工作包括两大部分:控制测试(Test of Controls)和实质性程序(Substantiveprocedures)。

Test of controls,顾名思义,测试的对象是internal controls,测试的目的:design properly & operate effectively,可用的程序包括EIO+Reperfom/test data。考试题型包括:deficiency& recommendation,strengths,testof controls。

(a) 常见的deficiency包括manual system(human error),not sequentially numbered notes(cannotcompletely reflect transactions),inadequate segregationof duties(concentration of power or manipulation)等,4

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常见的strength包括automatically generated codes,sequentially numbered notes,restriped access和segregation of duties(implement,review,record & custody)。

(b) 同学们要熟悉常见的控制活动,并据此理解TOC怎么设计。下表总结了一些常用的控制活动和TOC,大家可以以此为基础再做更全面的总结。

Controls

Authorisation and approval

Segregationof duties

Sequentially-numbered

notes

Performance review (weekly report, etc)

Reconciliation process

TOC

Inspect for evidence of signature

Observe the process

Sequence check to ensure if there are any omissions

Inspect the report and signature

Reperform reconciliation and inspectreconciliation results

Physical access

Limit set(credit limit or inventory order level)

Attempt to enter(physically or test data)

Test data (submit dummy data to take over the limit and inspect system’s response)

Substantiveprocedures目的主要用于验证财务报告中的具体认定。可以应用在SP阶段的审计程序有EIO,Confirmation(also called circularisation),Recalculate,以及Analytical procedures。下图归纳了针对不同的认定有哪一些常用的审计方法。

Assertions

Existence for account balances

Substantive procedures

Select a sample of balances; inspect the original invoices.

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Occurrence for transactions&events

(both focus on overstatement)

(Trace back to verify if there are any supporting docs.)

For tangible assets, inspect physical assets.

For transactions with 3rd party,perform

confirmation.

Completeness for both headings

Obtain a breakdown/list, cast and agree to ledger and financial statements.

Select a sample of original invoices; inspect the balances on financial statements.

(Trace through to verify if they are recorded.)

Accuracy, valuation &allocation for account balances

Accuracy for transactions &events

(both focus on data)

Rights& obligations for account balances

Cut-off for transactions & events

Recalculate

Perform analytical procedures

(ratio /trend / proof in total)

Inspect title deeds for property, purchase invoices/contracts for equipment, etc.

Inspect prior year end and after year end invoices to ensure they are recorded in the correct periods.

有一项比较特殊的审计程序,obtain written representationsfrom management,常用于确认某件事或辅佐其余审计证据,比如在provision,subsequent events和going concern的审计工作中均可适用,但要注意需要描述准确,不能笼统介绍。

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Going concern的相关释义同学们可以参考2016年6月Oliver老师写的tip——《弄明白going concern,看这篇文章就够了!——详解F8中的going concern》(点击题目即可查看),不过要注意现在关于going concern怎么在审计报告中列报有了新的规定,和当时的报告格式发生了变化,大家可以结合下文综合理解。

tion process

审计循环的最后一步是审计师发表auditopinion和出具audit report。

首先来看Auditopinion类型。

Audit report可以分作三种,归纳如下图。

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同学们需要尤其注意第二种特殊的报告,虽然是modified report,但是包含的审计意见却是unmodifiedopinion。尤其Going concern这一段落与以往的准则要求不一样,单独多了一段material uncertainty aboutgoing concern,同学们要注意。

除开完整的审计工作循环之外,F8中还给大家介绍了一些其他与审计相关的定义,需要适当注意。比如,assurance的概念(分类及意见表达方式,audit和assurance的区别与联系);corporate governance的实务运用(主要指board compositions和auditcommittee);internalaudit的定义(internal audit和external audit的区别与联系,external auditor如何借用internal auditor的工作等)。

文字性的科目重在理解和应用,要求大家一定要先理解概念,理解定义,理解审计师为什么要做这些审计工作;同时需要多加练习书面表达。现在考试作答时间195分钟,比较充裕,同学们一定要合理分配时间,不要在一个小题上过于纠结,可以先挑选自己熟悉的事实或者知识点进行作答,之后时间若有空余,再加以补充丰富。

最后,楷博财经希望大家沉着应考,稳定发挥,祝大家顺利通过F8!

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