2024年1月12日发(作者：)

人体解剖学英汉名词对照表

注：用星号（*）标注的名词为最常用的词汇，必须熟记掌握。

一、总 论

（一）解剖学分类 (Classification of Anatomy)

anatomy 解剖学

human anatomy, anthropotomy 人类解剖学

systematic anatomy 系统解剖学

regional (topographic) anatomy, topology 局部解剖学

gross (macroscopic) anatomy 大体解剖学，巨视解剖学

microscopic anatomy 显微解剖学

macro-microscopic anatomy 巨-微解剖学

sectional anatomy 断面解剖学

pathological (morbid) anatomy 病理解剖学

neuroanatomy 神经解剖学

chemical neuroanatomy 化学解剖学

developmental anatomy 发生(或发育)

histologic anatomy 组织解剖学

histology 组织学

embryology 胚胎学

anthropology 人类学

（二）一般解剖学术语 (General Anatomical Terms)

dissection，dissect (v.) 解剖，解剖标本

normality， normal (a.) 正常

abnormality , abnormal 异常

variation 变异

deformity, malformation 畸形

specimen 标本

model 模型

（三）方位术语 (Positional Terms)

1. anatomical position 解剖学姿势

2. 方位术语 (terms of direction)

superior, upper 上

inferior, lower 下

anterior 前侧

posterior 后侧

ventral (dorsal) 腹(背)侧

medial (lateral) 内(外)侧

intermediate 中间

internal, interior, inner, inside 内

external, exterior, outer, outside 外

superficial 浅

deep, profound 深

proximal (distal) 近(远)侧

ulnar (radial) 尺(桡)侧

tibial (fibular) 胫(腓)侧

palmar 掌侧

plantar 足底

left 左

right 右

middle 中

median 正中

3. 轴和面 (Axes and Planes)

axis (pl. axes),axial (a.) 轴

vertical (perpendicular) axis, longitudinal

axis 垂直轴, 纵轴

coronal (frontal) axis 冠(额)状轴

sagittal axis 矢状轴

plane (平)面

horizontal (transverse) plane 水平面,

横平面

coronal (frontal) plane 冠(额)状面

sagittal plane 矢状面

median sagittal plane 正中矢状面

transverse section 横切面

longitudinal section 纵切面

（四）人体的分部和分区

(Toponym and Zonation of the Human body)

1. 头 (Head)

head头(的)

Skull，craniun，cranial (a.) 颅

front, frontal, region 额区

perietal region 顶区

occiput, occipital region 枕区

Face, facial (a.) 面

orbit, orbital region 眶区

nose, nasal region 鼻区

mouth, oral region 口区

chin, mental region 颌区

ear, auditory region 耳区

2. 颈 (Neck)

neck, collum, cervical & jugular (a.) 颈

anterior region of neck, anterior of neck 颈前区

carotid triangle 颈动脉三角

muscular triangle 肌三角,肩胛舌骨肌

气管三角

sternocleidomastoid region 胸锁乳突肌区

supraclavicular triangle 锁骨上三角

posterior region of neck, nuchal region 颈

后区,项区

nape, nucha, nuchal (a.) 项

root of neck 颈根部

3. 躯干 (Trunk)

trunk, truncus 躯干

Median anterior line 前正中线

sternal line 胸骨线

parasternal line 胸骨旁线

midclavicular line 锁骨中线

anterior (posterior) axillary line 腋前(后)

线

midaxillary line 腋中线

scapular line 肩胛线

median posterior line 后正中线

Back, dorsal 背

vertebral region 脊柱区

sacral region 骶区

scapular region 肩胛下区

lumbar region 腰

Chest, thorax, thoracic (a.) 胸

sternal region 胸骨(前)区

infraclavicular fossa 锁骨下窝

Abdomen, abdominal (a.) 腹

Hypochondriac 季肋区

epigastric region 腹上区

lateral region of abdomem 腹外侧区

umbilical region 脐区

inguinal region, iliac region, 腹股沟区，

髂区

inguinal triangle 腹股沟三角，海氏三角

pubic region, hypogastric region 耻区，

腹下区

Pelvis,pelvic(a. ) 盆部

Perineum,perineal (a.) 会阴

anal region 肛区

urogenital region 尿生殖区

4. 四肢 (Limbs)

limbs, extremities 四肢

Upper limbs (extremities) 上肢

Shoulder 肩

axilla, axillary region 腋区

Free upper limb 自由上肢

arm,brachial (a.) 臂

anterior (posterior ) brachial region 臂前

(后)区

elbow, cubital, (a.) 肘

forearm, antebrachial (a.) 前臂

anterior (posterior ) antebrachial region 前

臂前(后)区

hand, manual (a.) 手

wrist, carpal (a.) 腕

palm, palmar, metacarpal (a.) 掌

back (palm) of hand 手背(掌)

finger, digital (a.) 手指

thumb 拇指

index finger 示指

middle finger 中指

ring finger 环指

little finger 小指

Lower limb 下肢

hip, coxal (a.) 髋

buttock, gluteal region 臀区

Free lower limb 自由下肢

anterior (posterior) region of thigh 股前

(后)区

femoral triangle 股三角

medial region of thigh 股内侧区

knee, geniculate (a.) 膝

anterior (posterior) region of knee 膝前

(后)区

leg, crural (a.) 小腿

anterior (posterior) crural region 小腿前

(后)区

foot, pedal (a.) 足

dorsum of foot 足背

sole, planta (pl. plantae) 足底

toes 足趾

great toe 足母趾

二、各章解剖学词汇

* (一) 运动系统 (Locomotor System)

1．骨 学 (Osteology )

（1）概述

osteology 骨学

* bone，bony 骨

skeleton，skletal (a.) 骨骼

long (short，flat) bone 长(短，扁)骨

irregular bone 不规则骨

pneumatic bone 含气骨

sesamoid bone 籽骨，

shaft，diaphysis 骨干，骨体

bony(osseous)substance 骨质

compact(spongy)bone 骨密(松)质

trabeculae 骨小梁

periosteum (外)膜

endosteum 骨内膜

medullary 髓腔

red(yellow)bone marrow 红(黄)骨髓

（2）中轴骨骼(Axial Skeleton)

躯干骨(Bones of Trunk)

* Vertebral(spinel)column 脊柱

* vertebral canal 椎管

intervertebral foramen 椎间孔

cervical (thoracic, lumbar, sacral)

curvature 颈(胸，腰，骶)曲

vertebra ( pl. vertebrae) 椎骨

vertebral body (arch) 椎体(弓)

pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根

lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板

vertebral foramen 椎孔

spinous process 棘突

transverse process 横突

superior (inferior) articular process 上(下)

关节突

cervical vertebrae 颈椎

atlas 寰椎

axis 枢椎

prominent vertebrae 隆椎

thoracic vertebrae胸椎

lumbar vertebrae 腰椎

sacrum,sacral bone 骶骨

coccyx 尾骨

thoracic cavity 胸腔

superior (inferior) aperture of thorax 胸廓

上下口

costal arch 肋弓

intercostals space 肋间隙

infrasternal angle 胸骨下角

* ribs ,costa(costae) 肋

* sternum 胸骨

Sternal manubrium 胸骨柄

Sternal angle (body) 胸骨角(体)

Xiphoid process 剑突

颅骨(skull)

cerebral cranium 脑颅

cranial cavity颅腔

calvaria 颅盖

pterion 翼点

jugular foramen颈静脉孔

internal surface of base of skull 颅底内面

anterior (middle,posterior) cranial fossa 颅

前中，后)窝

facial cranium 面颅

orbit 眶

bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔

piriform aperture,anterior nasal aperture 梨状孔，鼻前孔

posterior nasal aperture鼻后孔

bony septum of nose 骨鼻中隔

superior (middle, inferior) meatus of nose 上(中,下)鼻道

temporal fossa 颞窝

zugomatic arch 颧弓

infratemporal fossa 颞下窝

pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝

cranial fontaelles 颅囟

anterior (posterior) fontanelle 前(后)囟

anterolateral (posterolateral) fontanelle 前(后)外侧囟

cranial bones 脑颅骨

occipital bone 枕骨

large foramen of occipital bone 枕骨大孔

external occipital protuberance枕外隆凸

superior (inferior) nuchal line 上(下)项线

sulcus for transverse sinus, transverse

sulcus 横窦沟

sphenoid bone 蝶骨

hypophyseal fossa 垂体窝

optic canal 视神经管

round (oval,spinous)foramen 圆 (卵圆，棘) 孔

temporal bone 颞骨

petrous part 岩部

mastoid process 乳突

carotid canal 颈动脉管

tympanic tegmen 鼓室盖

arcuate eminence 弓状隆起

trigeminal impression 三叉神经压迹

internal acoustic pore (port) 内耳门

internal acoustic meatus (canal) 内耳道

jugular fossa 颈静脉窝

styloid process 茎突

stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔

facial canal 面神经管

external acoustic pore (canal ) 外耳门(道)

parietal,parietal bone 顶骨

parietal tuber (foramen) 顶结节(孔)

frontal bone 额骨

frontal squama (tuber) 额鳞(结节)

superciliary arch 眉弓

supraorbital notch (foramen) 眶上切迹

fossa for lacrimal gland 泪腺窝

ethmoid bone 筛骨

cribriform plate (foramen) 筛板(孔)

facial bones 面颅骨

inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲

lacrimal bone 泪骨

nasal bone鼻骨

vomer梨骨

* maxilla上颌骨

palatine bone 腭骨

zygomatic bone 颧骨

* mandible 下颌骨

ramous(angle) of mandible 下颌支(角)

masseteric tuberosity 咬肌粗隆

coronoid process 冠突

condylar process 髁突

hyoid bone 舌骨

（3）附肢骨骼 (Appendicular skeleton)

shoulder girdle 上肢带骨，肩带骨

scapula 肩胛骨

acromion 肩峰

superior(medial,lateral)border 上(下，外侧) 缘

coracoid process 喙突

superior (inferior, lateral) angle上(下，外侧) 角

glenoid cavity 关节盂

* clavicle 锁骨

bones of free upper limb 自由上肢骨

* Humerus 肱骨

head of humerus 肱骨头

anatomical(surgical)neck 解剖(外科)颈

greater(lesser)tubercle 大(小)结节

crest of greater(lesser)tubercle 大(小)结节嵴

sulcus (groove)for radial n. 桡神经沟

deltoid tuberosity 三角肌粗隆

trochlea of humerus 肱骨滑车

olecranon (coronoid, radial) fossa 鹰嘴 (冠突，桡) 窝

medial (lateral) epicondyle 内(外)上髁

sulcus for ulnar nerve 尺神经沟

* radius 桡骨

head (neck) of radius 桡骨头(颈)

articular circumference 环状关节面

radial tuberosity 桡骨粗隆

interosseous border 骨间缘

styloid process 茎突

ulnal notch 尺切迹

carpal articular surface 腕关节面

* uana 尺骨

olecranon 鹰嘴

coronoid process 冠突

ulnal tuberosity 尺骨粗隆

trochleal(radial)notch 滑车(桡)切迹

head of ulna 尺骨头

bones of hand 手骨

carpal bones 腕骨

scaphoid bone 手舟骨

lunate bone 月骨

triangular bone 三角骨

pisiform bone 豌豆骨

trapezium bone 大多角骨

trapezoid bone 小多角骨

capitate bone 头状骨

hamate bone 钩骨

hamulus (hook) of hamate bone钩骨钩

Metacarpal bones 掌骨

phalanges(bones) of fingers 指骨

proximal (middle, distal) phalanx 近(中，远) 指 (或趾)骨

下肢骨 (Bones of lower limb)

pelvic girdle 下肢带骨，盆带骨

* hip bone 髋骨

acetabulum 髋臼

acetabular fossa (notch) 髋臼窝(切迹)

obturator foramen 闭孔

* Ilium 髂骨

body (ala) of ilium 髂骨体(翼)

arcuate line 弓状线

iliac crest 髂嵴

Tubercle 髂结节

Anterior superior (inferior) iliac spine 髂前上(下) 棘

Posterior superior (inferior) iliac spine髂后上(下)棘

Iliac fossa 髂窝

Auricular surface 耳状面

Iliac tuberosity 髂粗隆

* Ischium 坐骨

Greater (lesser) sciatic notch 坐骨大(小)切迹

* Pubis 耻骨

Symphsial surface 耻骨联合面

superior (inferior) ramus of pubis 耻骨上下支

ililopubic eminence 髂耻隆起

pecten of pubis 耻骨梳

bones of free lower limb 自由下肢骨

* femur 股骨

fovea of femoral head 股骨头凹

head (neck) of femur 股骨头(颈)

greater (lesser) trochanter 大小转子

intertrochanteric line 转子间线

intertrochanteric crest 转子间嵴

linea aspera,rough line of femur 粗线

pectineal line 耻骨肌线

gluteal tuberosity 臀肌粗隆

popliteal surface腘面

medial (lateral) condyle 内(外)侧髁

adductor tubercle 收肌结节

intercondylar fossa 髁间窝

medial (lateral) epicondyle 内外上髁

patella 髌骨

* tibia 胫骨

intercondylar eminence 髁间隆起

shaft (tuberosity) of tibia 胫骨体粗隆

soleal line 比目鱼肌线

medial (lateral) malleolus 内外髁

Fibula,perone 腓骨

bones of foot 足骨

tarsal bones 跗骨

talus 距骨

calcaneus 跟骨

navicular bone 足舟骨

medial cuneiform bone内侧楔骨

lateral cuneiform bone 中间楔骨

intermediate cuneiform bone 内侧楔骨

cuboid bone 骰骨

metatarsal bones 跖骨

phalanges (bones) of toes 趾骨

2．关节学 (arthrology)

（1）概述

synosteology 关节学，关节解剖学

articulation 连结，关节

joint 关节，连结

synovial joints 滑膜关节

fibrous 纤维连结

syndesmosis 韧带连结

suture 缝

cartilaginous joints 软骨连结

synchondrosis (pl. synchondroses) (透明软骨) 结合

symphysis (ses)(纤维软骨)联合

synostosis (pl. synostoses synosteosis) 骨性结合

articular surface (cavity) 关节面(腔)

articular disk 关节盘

articular labrum 关节唇

articular capsule 关节囊

fibrous layer (membrane) 纤维层，纤维膜

synovial layer (membrane) 滑膜层，滑膜

synovial fold (villi) 滑膜襞

synovial fluid 滑液

ligament (lig.) 韧带

extracapsular lig. 囊外韧带

intracapsular lig. 囊内韧带

Action 动作，作用

flexion,flexor (m.),flex (v.) 屈

extension,extensor (m.), extense (v.) 伸

adduction,addutor (m.), adduct (v.) 收

abduction,abdutor (m.), abduct (v.) 展

Medial (lateral) rotation 旋内(外)

pronation,pronator (m.), pronate (v.) 旋前

supination, supinator(m.), supinate(v.) 旋后

circumduction 环转运动

（2）中轴骨骼的连结 (Joints of the Axial Skeleton)

vertebral joints 椎骨连结

yellow lig. 黄韧带

ionterspinous lig. 棘间韧带

intertransverse lig. 横突间韧带

supraspinous lig. 棘上韧带

Intervertebral symphysis 椎间联合

interverbral discs 椎间盘

Fibrous rings 纤维环

Pulpiform nucleus 髓核

Anterior longitudinal 前纵韧带

Posterior longitudinal 前后韧带

Zygapophysial joint 关节突关节

Lumbosacral joint 腰骶连结

Costovertebral joints 肋椎关节

Joint of costal head 肋头关节

Costotransverse joint 肋横突关节

Sternocostal joints 胸肋关节

Cranial suture 颅缝

Coronal (sagittal) suture 冠矢状缝

Lambdoid suture 人字缝

Synchondroses of cranium 颅结合

Temporomandibular joint 颞下颌关节

（3）附肢骨骼的连结 (Joints of the Appendicular Skeleton)

joints of shoulder girdle 上肢带连结

coracoacromial lig. 喙间韧带

Coracoclavicular lig. 喙锁韧带

Acromioclavicular joint 肩锁关节

Sternoclavicular joint 胸锁关节

Joints of free upper limb 自由上肢连结

Shoulder joint 肩关节

Elbow joint 肘关节

Humeroulnar joint 肱尺关节

Humeroradial joint 肱桡关节

Joints of hand 手关节

Radiocarpal joint ,wrist joint 桡腕关节，腕关节

Intercarpal joints 腕骨间关节

Carpometacarpal joints 腕掌关节

Carpometacarpal joint of thumb 拇指腕掌关节

Intermetacarpal joints掌骨间关节

Metacarpophalangeal joints 掌指关节

Interphalangeal joints of hand 指骨间关节

Joints of pelvic girdle 下肢带连结

Pubic symphysis 耻骨联合

Interpubic disc 耻骨间盘

Obturator membrane 闭孔膜

Sacroiliac joints 骶髂关节

Sacrotuberous lig. 骶结节韧带

Greater (lesser) sciatic foramen 坐骨大 (小)孔

Pelvis 骨盆

Terminal line 界线

Greater (lesser) pelvis 大小骨盆

Superior (posterior) pelvic aperture 骨盆上下口

Pubic arch 耻骨弓

Subpubic angle 耻骨下角

Pelvic cavity 骨盆腔

Joints of free lower limb 自由下肢连结

Hip joint 髋关节

Transverse acetabular lig. 髋臼横韧带

Ligament of head of femur 股骨头韧带

Knee joint 膝关节

Medial (lateral) meniscus 内外侧半月板

Transverse knee 膝横韧带

Anterior cruciate lig. 前交叉韧带

Posterior cruciate lig. 后交叉韧带

Fibular (tibial) collateral lig. 腓(胫)侧副韧带

Ligament of patella 髌韧带

Tibiofibular joint 胫腓关节

Tibiofibular syndesmosis 胫腓连结

Crural interosseous membrane 小腿骨间膜

Joints of foot 足关节

talocrural joint, ankle joint 距小腿关节，踝关节

intertarsal joints 跗骨间关节

subtalar joint, talocalcaneal joint 距下关节，距跟关节

transverse tarsal joint 跗横关节

talocalcaneonavicular joint 距跟舟关节

tarsometatarsal joint 跗跖关节

intermetatarsal joints 跖骨间关节

metatarsophalangeal joint 跖趾关节

interphalangeal joints of foot 跖骨间关节

arch of foot, tarsometatarsal arch 足弓，跗跖弓

medial (lateral) longitudinal arch 内(外) 侧纵弓

transverse arch 横弓

3. 肌 学 (myology)

（1）概述

muscle (m.) 肌肉

cardiac muscle 心肌

smooth muscle 平滑肌

skeletal muscle 骨骼肌

long (short, broad, flat) muscle 长(短，阔，扁) 肌

orbicular muscle 轮匝肌

sphincter 括约肌

dilator, dilatator 开大肌

venter (belly) 肌腹

tendon 腱

aponeurosis 腱膜

origin 起点，固定点

insertion 止点，动点

accessory (subservient) structure 辅助结构

tendinous sheath 腱鞘

synovial sheath of tendon 滑膜腱鞘

fascia 筋膜

superficial (deep) fascia 浅(深)筋膜

synovial bursa 滑膜囊

subcutaneous tissue (fat) 皮下组织(脂肪)

（2）躯干肌 (Muscles of Trunk)

muscles of back 背肌

trapezius m. 斜方肌

broadest m. of back 背阔肌

erector spinal m. 竖脊肌

muscles of neck 颈肌

platysma m. 颈阔肌

sternocleidomastoid m. 胸锁乳突肌

anterior (middle, posterior) scalene m. 前中后斜角肌

scalene fissure 斜角肌

suprahyoid muscles 舌骨上肌群

infrahyoid muscles 舌骨下肌群

thoracic m. 胸肌

greater (lesser) pectoral m. 胸大(小)肌

anterior serratus m. 前锯肌

thoracic proper m. 胸固有肌

external intercostal m. 肋间外肌

internal intercostal m. 肋间内肌

external (internal) intercostals membrane 肋间外(内)膜

transverse m. of thorax 胸横肌

intimate intercostal m. 肋间最内肌

* diaphragm 膈

central tendon 中心腱

aortic hiatus 主动脉裂孔

esophageal hiatus 食管裂孔

hiatus of vena cave 腔静裂孔

abdominal m. 腹肌

abdominal rectus m., straight m. of abdomen 腹直肌

sheath of rectus m. 腹直肌鞘

external (internal) oblique m. of abdomen 腹外(内) 斜肌

inguinal lig. 腹股沟韧带

superficial (deep) inguinal ring 腹股沟浅环

transverse m. of abdomen 腹横肌

inguinal canal 腹股沟管

（2）头 肌(Muscles of Head)

Facial m. 面肌

epicranial m. 颅顶肌

occipitofrontal m. 枕额肌

frontal(occipital)belly 额(枕)腹

epicranial aponeurosis,galea aponeurotica 帽状腱膜

orbicuaal m. of eye 眼轮匝肌

orbicular m. of mouth 口轮匝肌

buccinator,buccinator m.颊肌

masticatory m.咀嚼肌

masseter m.咬肌

（3）上肢肌 (Muscles of Upper Limb)

muscles of shoulder girdle上肢带肌,肩带肌

deltoid m.三角肌

muscles of arm 臂肌

brachial biceps (triceps) m. 肱二(三)头肌

anconeus m. 肘肌

round pronator m.旋前圆肌

radial (ulnar)flexor m. of wrist 桡(尺)侧腕屈肌

long palmar m.掌长肌

superficial (deep)fleaor m. of fingers 指浅(深)屈肌

long flexor m, of thumb 拇长屈肌

quadrate pronator m. brachioradialis 旋前方肌

brachioradial m., brachioradialis 肱桡肌

long (short)radial extensor carpal m. 桡侧腕长(短)伸肌

extensor m. of fingers指伸肌

extensor m. of lesser finger 小指伸肌

ulnar extensor m. of wrist尺侧腕伸肌

supinator m. 旋后肌

long abductor (extensor) m. of thumb拇长展(伸)肌

short extensor m. of thumb 拇短伸肌

extensor m. of index finger 示指伸肌

muscles of hand 手肌

short abductor (flexor ) m. of thumb 拇短展(屈)肌

opposing m. of thumb拇对掌肌

abductor (opposing) m. of little finger小指展(对掌)肌

lumbrrical m. 蚓状肌

palmar (dorsal)interosseous m.骨间掌(背) 侧肌

（4）下肢肌 (muscles of lower limb)

muscles of hip髋肌

iliopsoas m.髂腰肌

iliac m.髂肌

greater psoas m.腰大肌

greatest (middle, least) gluteal m.臀大(中，小)肌

tensor m. of broad fascia阔筋膜张肌

pririform m.梨状肌

internal obturator m.闭孔内肌

external obturator m.闭孔外肌

quadrate m. of thigh股方肌

muscles of thigh 大腿肌

sartorius m. 缝匠肌

quadriceps m. lf thigh股四头肌

pectineal m. 耻骨肌

slender m. gracile m股薄肌.

long(short)adductor m.长短收肌

great adductor m.大收肌

biceps m. of thigh股二头肌

semiterninous m. 半腱肌

semimembranous m.半膜肌

muscles of leg 小腿肌

anterior (posterior)tibial m.胫骨前后肌

long extensor m. of digits趾长伸肌

long estensor m. lf great toe拇长伸肌

long (short)peroneal 腓骨长短肌

triceps m. of calf 小腿三头肌

gastrocnemius m.腓肠肌

soleus m.比目鱼肌

tendon of heel跟腱

long flexor m. of toe趾长伸肌

long flexor m. of great toe 拇长屈肌

muscles of foot 足肌

broad fascia 阔筋膜

iliotibial tract 髂筋束

adductor tendinous opening, adductor hiatus 收肌腱裂孔

adductor canal 收肌管

muscular lacuna 肌腔隙

iliopectineal arch 髂耻弓

vascular lacuna 血管腔隙

femoral triangle(sheath) 股三角(鞘)

femoral canal(ring) 股管(环)

saphenous hiatus, oral fossa 隐静脉裂孔，卵圆窝

malleolar canal 踝管

二、内脏学 (Splanchnology)

* （一）消化系统 (Digestive System)

digestive system ，alimentary system 消化系统

internal organ ，splanchna ，viscera 内脏

splanchnology 内脏学

digestive apparatus 消化器

digestive canal 消化管

1. 上消化道 Superior Digestive Tract

Mouth 口

Oral cavity ，mouth cavity 口腔

Hard (soft) palate 硬(软)腭

Gum 牙龈

Sublingual caruncle 舌下阜

Sublingual fold 舌下襞

Papilla of parotid duct 腮腺管乳头

Oral glands 口腔腺

Major salivary glands 大唾液腺

Sublingual gland舌下腺

Major(minor)sublingual duct 舌下腺大 (小)管

Submandibular gland下颌下腺

Submandibular duct下颌下腺管

* Parotid gland 腮腺

Parotid duct 腮腺管

Tooth牙

Incisor teeth incisor切牙

Lateral (second) incisor侧切牙

Canine teeth 尖牙

Premolor teeth 前磨牙

molor teeth磨牙

* tongue, lingua 舌

apex (dorsoum，root，body) of tongue 舌尖 (背，根，体)

lingual mucous membrane 舌黏膜

frenulum of tongue 舌系带

papillae of tongue,lingual papillae舌乳头

filiformpapillae 丝状乳头

fungiform papillae 菌状乳头

vallate papillae 轮廓乳头

foliate papillae叶状乳头

terminal sulcus 界沟

foramen cecum of tongue 舌盲孔

muscles of tongue 舌肌

genioglossus m 颏舌肌

* pharynx咽

isthmus of fauces, fauces咽峡

palatine velum腭帆

palatine uvula,uvula腭垂，悬雍垂

palatoglossal arch腭舌弓

palatopharyngeal arch腭咽弓

palatine tonsil腭扁桃体

tonsillar fossa扁桃体窝

cavity (fornix) of pharynx 咽腔

nasopharynx鼻咽

eustachian cushion, tubal torus咽鼓管圆枕

tonsillar ring扁桃体环

pharyngeal recess咽隐窝

oropharynx口咽

laryngopharynx喉咽

piriform recess梨状隐窝

* esophagus 食管，食道

cervical (thoracic, abdominal) part of

esophagus 食管颈(胸，腹)部

* stomach胃

greater curvature of stomach胃大弯

lesser curvature of stomach胃小弯

angular (gastric) notch角切迹

cardia, cardiac orifice贲门

cardiac part 贲门部

fundus (body) of stomach 胃底

cardiac notch (incisure) 贲门切迹

pylorus,pyloric orifice幽门

pyloric part (canal, antrum) 幽门部(管，窦)

* small intestine小肠

solitary lymphatic follicles孤立淋巴滤泡

aggregated lymphatic follicles集合淋巴滤泡

* duodenum十二指肠

ampulla,duodenal bulb十二指肠球

major(minor)duodenal papilla十二指肠大 (小)乳头

duodinojejunal flexure十二指肠空肠曲

suspensory duodenum十二指肠悬肌

2. 下消化道 (Inferior Digestive Tract)

* jejunum 空肠

* ileum回肠

* large intestine大肠

c(a)ecum盲肠

ileocecal valve(orifice)回盲(瓣)口

* vermix,vermiform appendix阑尾

* colon结肠

ascending (transverse, descending) colon升(横，降)结肠

right colic flexure,hepatic flexure 结肠右曲，肝曲

left colic flexure,splenic flexure 结肠左曲，脾曲

sigmoid colon乙状结肠

haustra of colon结肠袋

colic lig结肠带

epiploic appendices肠脂垂

* rectum直肠

sacral(perineal)flexure骶(会阴)曲

anal canal(column,sinus,valves肛管(柱，窦，瓣)

anorectal line肛直肠线

dentate line,anocutaneous line齿状线，肛皮线

anal pecten,hemorrhoidal ring肛梳

anus肛门

internal sphincter m. of anus肛门内括约肌

3. 消化腺 (Digestive Glands)

* liver肝

diaphragmatic surface膈面

visceral surface脏面

sulcus for vena cava腔静脉沟

fossa for gallbladder胆囊窝

round liver肝圆韧带

venous lig. (duct) 静脉韧带

door of liver肝门

hepatic pedicle肝蒂

left (right) lobe左(右)叶

quadrate (caudate) lobe方(尾状)叶

bile duct胆管

extrahepatic duct肝外胆道

common hepatic duct肝总管

left (right) hepatic duct肝左右管

* gallbladder胆囊

fundus (body,neck) of gallbladder胆囊底(体，颈)

cystic duct胆囊管

common bile duct胆总管

hepatopancreatic ampulla肝胰壶腹

sphincter hepatopancreatic ampulla肝胰壶腹括约肌

* pancreas胰

uncinate process钩突

head(body,tail)of pancreas胰头(体，尾)

pancreatic duct胰管

accessary pancreatic duct副胰管

（二）* 呼吸系统 (Respiratory System)

respiratory apparatus(organ) 呼吸器

superior (inferior) respiratory tract 上(下) 呼吸道

nose 鼻

external nose 外鼻

root (back,apex,wing )of nose鼻根(背，尖，翼)

nasolabial groove鼻唇沟

nasal cartilage鼻软骨

naris ( )鼻孔

posterior nasal apertures, choanae鼻后孔

nasal septum鼻中隔

nasal vestibule鼻前庭

proper nasal cavity固有鼻腔

sphenoethmoidal recess蝶筛隐窝

superior (middle, inferior )meatus of nose上(中，下)鼻道

* paranasal sinuses鼻旁窦

maxillary sinus上颌窦

sphenoidal (frontal, ethmoidal)sinus蝶 (额，筛)窦

* larynx喉

laryngeal cartilages喉软骨

thyroid cartilage甲状软骨

cricoid cartilage环状软骨

arytenoid cartilage勺状软骨

epiglottic cartilage会厌软骨

laryngeal m.喉肌

cricothyroid m.环甲肌

laryngeal cavity喉腔

laryngeal aperture喉口

epiglottis会厌

vestibule of larynx喉前庭

vestibular fold (slit ) 前庭襞(裂)

intermediate cavity of larynx喉中间腔

ventricle of larynx喉室

glottis声门

slit of glottis声门裂

vocal fold 声带，声襞

infraglottic cavity声门下腔

elastic cone弹性圆锥

cricothyroid membrane环甲膜

vocal lig.声韧带

* trachea气管

cervial (thoracic )part颈(胸)部

tracheal cartilages气管软骨

bifurcation of trachea气管杈

carina of trachea气管隆嵴

bronchus (i )支气管

left (right ) principal bronchus左(右)主支气管

lobar bronchi肺叶支气管

segmental bronchi肺段支气管

* lung 肺

apex (base) of lung肺尖(底)

costal (medial, diaphragmatic) surface肋(内侧，膈)面

cardiac notch of left lung 左肺心切迹

lingula of left lung左肺小舌

hilus (root)of lung 肺根(门)

oblique fissure斜裂

horizontal dissure of right lung 右肺水平裂

bronchopulmonary sehments支气管肺段

superior (middle, inferior)lobe上(中,下)叶

thoracic (pleural)cavity胸(胸膜)腔

pleura胸膜

cupula of pleura,cervical pleura胸膜顶

visceral (parietal)pleura脏(壁)胸膜

mediastinal (costal,diaphragmatic)pleura 纵隔(肋，膈)胸膜

pleural recesses胸膜隐窝

costomediastinal recess肋纵隔隐窝

Mediastinum纵隔

Superior (inferior)mediastinum上(下)纵隔

Anterior (middle,posterior)mediastinum前(中，后)纵隔

（三）* 泌尿系统 (Urinary System)

urogenital system泌尿生殖系统

urinary organs泌尿器

* kidney肾

renal hilus (sinus，pedicle)肾门(窦，蒂)

renal fascia肾筋膜

fatly (adipose) capsule脂肪囊

fibrous capsule纤维囊

renal cortex (medulla)肾皮(髓)质

renal pyramid肾锥体

renal papilla 肾乳头

papillary foramen乳头孔

renal columns (pelvis)肾柱(盂)

renal calices肾盏

major (minor) renal calices肾大(小)盏

* ureter输尿管

* bladder，urinary bladder膀胱

apex(body，fundus，neck)of bladder膀胱尖(体，底，颈)

trigone of bladder，vesical trigone膀胱三角

interureteric ridge输尿管间襞

orifice of ureter输尿管口

internal urethral orifice尿道内口

female urethra女尿道

（四）* 生殖系统 (Reproductive System)

reproductive system，genital system生殖系统

male(female)genital organs男女性生殖器

internal(external)genital organs内(外)生殖器

1. 男性生殖器 (Male Genital Organs)

testicle，testis睾丸

* epididymis附睾

deferential (spermatic)duct输精管

ejaculatory duct射精管

seminal vesicle精囊精囊腺

spermatic cord精索

cremasteric m. 提睾肌

prostate前列腺

apex (base，body, sulcus) of prostate前列腺尖(底，体，沟)

bulbourethral gland尿道球腺

penis 阴茎

prepuce of penis阴茎包皮

bulb of urethra尿道球

male urethra男尿道

prostatic part前列腺部

seminal colliculus精阜

membranous part膜部

subpubic curvature耻骨下弯

prepubic curvature耻骨前弯

scrotum阴囊

dartos coat，dartos肉膜

2. 女性生殖器(female Genital Organs)

* ovary卵巢

* uterine tube，oviduct输卵管

* Womb, uterus 子宫

Fundus of uterus 子宫底(体)

Isthmrs of uterus 子宫峡(角)

Neck of uterus, cervix子宫颈

Orifice (cavity) of uterus 子宫口(腔)

Canal of cervix of uterus 子宫颈管

Round (broad ) lig. Of uterus 子宫圆(阔)韧带

Cardinal lig. Of uterus 子宫主韧带

Sacroluterine lig. 骶子宫韧带

Vagina 阴道

Female pudendum, vulva 女阴

Mons pubis 阴阜

Greater (lesser ) lip of pudendum 大(小)阴唇

Vaginal vestibule 阴道前庭

Vaginal orifice阴道口

3. 乳房，会阴(Mamma and perineum)

Mamma(). breast乳头

Mammary gland 乳腺

Perineum 会阴

Pelvic diaphragm盆膈

Urogenital diaphragm 尿生殖膈

Sphincter m. of urethra尿道括约肌

（五）腹膜 (Peritoneum)

Parietal(visceral) peritoneum壁(脏)腹膜

Abdominal cavity腹腔

Peritoneal cavity,greater sac 腹膜腔，大囊

Omenta bursa, lesser sac 网膜囊，小囊

Omental foramen, epiploic foramen网膜孔

Mesentery肠系膜

Lesser omentum小网膜

Inguinal trigone 腹股沟三角

rectouterine pouch 直肠子宫陷凹

vesicouterine pouch膀胱子宫陷凹

rectovesical pouch 直肠膀胱陷凹

四、* 脉管系统 (Vascular system)

（一）概述

vascular system, angiological system 脉管系统

angiology 脉管学

circulatory system循环系统

cardiovascular system心血管系统

* heart 心

blood血液

vessel 管，脉管

blood vessel 血管

arteriole 小动脉

arteriolovenular anastomsis 小静脉

vein (v.) 静脉

cutaneous v. 皮静脉

superficial(deep) v. 浅(深)静脉

accompanying v. 伴行动脉

venule 小静脉

venous valve 静脉瓣

venous plexus(rete)静脉丛(网)

capillary 毛细管

（二）心血管系统 (Cardiovascular system)

systemic circulation,greater circulation 体循环，大循环

pulmonary (lesser) circulation肺循环，小循环

fetal circulation 胎血循环

1. 心(heart)

cardiac apex(bace) 心尖(底)

cardiac apical incisure 心尖切迹

sternocostal(diaphragmatic) surface 胸肋(膈)面

pulmonary surface 肺面

right border 右缘

left border, obtuse margin 左缘，钝缘

inferior border, acute margin 下缘，锐缘

anterior (posterior) interventricular groove 前(后)室间沟

coronary sulcus 冠状沟

atrioventricular junction 房室交点

atrioventricular septum 房室膈

* cardiac ventricle 心室

interventricular septum 室间隔

muscular (membranous ) part 肌(膜)部

* cardiac atrium 心房

left (right) auricle of heart 左(右)心耳

interatrial (interauricular) septum 房间膈

left(right)atrioventricular orifice左(右)房室口

cardiac m. 心肌

pectinate m.梳状肌

carbeous trabeculae 肉柱

papillary m. 乳头肌

tendinous cord 腱索

fibrous skeleton 纤维支架

left fibrous trigone 左纤维三角架

right fibrous trigone, central fibrous body 左纤维三角

left (right) fibrous ring 左(右)纤维环

endocardium 心内膜

right atrium 右心房

limiting sulcus, terminal groove 界沟

terminal crest 界嵴

sinus of vena cava 腔静脉窦

oval fossa (foramen)卵圆孔

border of ovalo fossa卵圆窝缘

orifice of superior 上(下)腔静脉口

valve of inferior vena cava 下腔静脉瓣

orifice(valve)of coronary sinus冠状窦口

right ventricle 右心室

right atrioventricular valve, tricuspid valve 右房室瓣

supraventricular crest室上嵴

arterial cone动脉圆锥

pulmonary orifice(valve) 肺动脉口(瓣)

nodules of semilunar valves半月瓣小节

septomarginal trabecula 隔缘肉柱

left atrium 左心房

orifice of pulmonary v. 肺静脉口

left ventricle 左心室

left atrioventricular valve, vicuspid valve 左房室瓣，二尖瓣

aortic orifice (valve) 主动脉口(瓣)

conduction system of heart 心传导系统

sinoatrial node 窦房结

hinternodal tract 结间束

atrioventricular node 房室结

atrioventricular bundle 房室束

left (right) bundle branch 左(右)束支

right coronary a. 右冠状动脉

Left coronary a. 左冠状动脉

anterior interventricular branch 前室间支

circumflex branch , 旋支

cardiac v. 心静脉

coronary sinus 冠状窦

great cardiac v. 心大静脉

middle cardiac v. 心中静脉

small cardiac v. 心小静脉

* pericardium 心包

fibrous pericardium 纤维心包

serous pericardium 浆膜心包

parietal layer 壁层

visceral layer , epicardium 脏层，心外膜

cavity of pericardium 心包腔

2. 动脉(Artery)

* pulmonary trunk 肺动脉干

bifurcation of pulmonary trunk 肺动脉叉

left (right) pulmonary 左(右)肺动脉

arterial duct (lig.) 动脉导管(韧带)

* aorta 主动脉

ascending aorta 升主动脉

* brachiocephalic trunk 头臂干

* common carotid a. 颈总动脉

carotid sinus (bodies) 颈动脉窦(小球)

* internal carotid a. 颈内动脉

* external carotid a. 颈外动脉

superior thyroid 甲状腺上动脉

lingual (facial) a. 舌(面)动脉

occipital a. 枕动脉

posterior auricular a. 耳后动脉

superficial temporal a. 颞浅动脉

maxillary a. 上颌动脉

middle meningeal a. 脑膜中动脉

subclavicular a. 锁骨下动脉

vertebral a. 椎动脉

axillary a. 腋动脉

thoracoacromial a. 胸肩峰动脉

lateral thoracic a. 胸外侧动脉

brachial a. 肱动脉

radial a. 桡动脉

deep palmar arch 掌深弓

ulnar a. 尺动脉

cubital articular rete 肘关节网

superficial palmar arch 掌浅弓

common (proper) palmar digital a. 指掌侧总(固有)动脉

descending aorta 降主动脉

* Thoracic aorta 胸主动脉

posterior intercostal a. 肋间后动脉

subcostal a. 肋下动脉

* Abdominal aorta 腹主动脉

inferior phrenic a. 膈下动脉

median sacral a. 骶正中动脉

lumbar a. 腰动脉

c(o)eliac trunk 腹腔干，腹腔动脉

left (right) gastric a. 胃左(右)动脉

common hepatic a. 肝总动脉

proper hepatic a. 肝固有动脉

cystic a. 胆囊动脉

gastroduodenal a. 胃十二指肠动脉

left gastroepiploic a. 胃网膜左动脉

right gastroepiploic a. 胃网膜右动脉

splenic a. 脾动脉

superior mesenteric a. 肠系膜上动脉

jejunal a. 空肠动脉

ileal a. 回肠动脉

ileocolic a. 回结肠动脉

appendicular a. 阑尾动脉

right colic a. 右结肠动脉

middle colic a. 中结肠动脉

inferior mesenteric a. 肠系膜下动脉

left colic a. 左结肠动脉

sigmoid a. 乙状结肠动脉

superior rectal a. 直肠上动脉

renal a. 肾动脉

testicular a. 睾丸动脉

ovarian a. 卵巢动脉

aortic bifurcation 主动脉杈

* common iliac a. 髂总动脉

* internal iliac a. 髂内动脉

* external iliac a. 髂外动脉

iliolumbar a. 髂腰动脉

obturator a. 闭孔动脉

superior (inferior) gluteal a. 臀上下动脉

umbilical a. 脐动脉

superior (inferior) vesical a. 膀胱上(下)

动脉

uterine (vaginal) a. 子宫(阴道)动脉

inferior rectal a. 直肠下动脉

internal pudendal a. 阴部内动脉

anal a. 肛动脉

perineal a. 会阴动脉

external iliac a. 髂外动脉

inferior epigastric a. 腹壁下动脉

femoral a. 股动脉

superficial epigastric a. 腹壁浅动脉

external pudendal a. 阴部外动脉

popliteal a. 腘动脉

genicular articular rete 膝关节网

anterior (posterior) tibial a. 胫前(后) 动脉

peroneal a. 腓动脉

dorsal pedal a. 足背动脉

medial (lateral) plantar a. 足底内(外) 侧动脉

3. 静脉(Vein)

Pulmonary v. 肺静脉

right superior (inferior) pulmonary v. 右上(下)肺静脉

left superior (inferior) pulmonary v. 左上(下)肺静脉

* superior vena cava 上腔静脉

right brachiocephalic v. 右头臂静脉

left brachiocephalic v. 左头臂静脉

innominate v. 无名静脉

internal jugular v. 颈内静脉

deep facial v. 面深静脉

pterygoid venous plexus 翼静脉丛

venous angle 静脉角

anterior jugular v. 颈前静脉

cephalic v. 头静脉

basilic v. 贵要静脉

median cubital v. 肘正中静脉

median antebrachial v. 前臂正中静脉

dorsal venous network of hand 手背静脉网

azygos v. 奇静脉

hemiazygos v. 半奇静脉

accessory hemiazygos v. 副半奇静脉

ascending lumbar v. 腰升静脉

lumbar v. 腰静脉

vertebral venous plexus 椎静脉丛

esophageal venous plexus 食管静脉丛

periumbilical venous network 脐周静脉网

* inferior vena cava 下腔静脉

hepatic v. 肝静脉

* hepatic portal v. 肝门静脉

rectal venous plexus 直肠静脉丛

superficial veins of lower limb 下肢浅静脉

great saphenous v. 大隐静脉

superficial epigastric v. 腹壁浅静脉

small saphenous v. 小隐静脉

（二）淋巴系统(Lymphatic System)

lymph 淋巴

lymphatic vessel 淋巴管

lymphatic capillary 毛细淋巴管

superficial (deep) lymphatic vessel 浅(深)淋巴管

lymphatic valve (plexus) 淋巴管(瓣)丛

lymphatic trunks 淋巴干

left (right) jugular trunk 左(右)颈干

left (right) subclavicular trunk 左(右)锁骨下干

left (right) bronchomediastinal trunk 左(右)支气管纵隔干

chyle cistern, chylocyst 乳糜池

chyliferous vessels 乳糜管

left (right) lumbar trunk 左(右)腰干

intestinal trunk 肠干

lymphatic ducts 淋巴导管

right lymphatic duct 右淋巴导管

* thoracic duct 胸导管

lymph node 淋巴结

regional nodes 局部淋巴结

superficial(deep) inguinal lymph nodes 腹股沟浅(深)淋巴结

* spleen 脾

splenic notch 脾切迹

hilum of spleen 脾门

thymus 胸腺

五、感觉器官 (Sensory Organs)

receptor 感受器

exteroceptor 外感受器

enteroceptor 内感受器

proprioceptor 本体感受器

（一）视器(Visual Organ)

eye 眼

* eyeball 眼球

fibrous tunic of eyeball 眼球纤维膜

* sclera 巩膜

* cornea 角膜

* choroid 脉络膜

* ciliary body 睫状体

* iris 虹膜

pupil 瞳孔

* retina 视网膜

optic disc 视神经盘

yellow spot, macula retina 黄斑

central fovea 中央凹

anterior (posterior) chamber 前(后)房

aqueous humour 房水

* vitreous body 玻璃体

* lens 晶状体

accessory organs of eye 眼副器

extraocular m. 眼球外肌

superior (inferior) rectus m. 上(下)直肌

medial rectus m., medial straight m. 内直肌

lateral rectus m. , lateral straight m. 外直肌

common tendinous ring 总腱环

superior (inferior) oblique m. 上(下)斜肌

levator m. of superior lid 上睑提肌

superior (inferior) eyelid 上(下)睑

palpebral (lidded) fissure 睑裂

lateral (medial) angle of eye 外内眦

eyelash , cilium (pl. cilia) 睫毛

conjunctiva 结膜

lacrimal caruncle 泪阜

bulbar conjunctiva 球结膜

palpebral (lidded) conjunctiva 睑结膜

lacrimal apparatus 泪器

lacrimal gland 泪腺

lacrimal point , dacryon 泪点

lacrimal ductule 泪小管

lacrimal sac (papilla) 泪囊(乳头)

nasolacrimal duct 鼻泪管

（二）前庭蜗器 (Vestibulocochlear Organ)

ear 耳

* external ear 外耳

external acoustic pore (foramen) 外耳门

external auditory canal (meatus) 外耳道

* auricle , pinna 耳廓

middle ear 中耳

tympanic cavity 鼓室

tympanic membrane , tympanum 鼓膜

auditory ossicles 听小骨

hammar , malleus 锤骨

stirrup bone , stapes 镫骨

incus 砧骨

auditory tube , eustachian tuber 咽鼓管

tympanic opening of auditory tube 咽鼓管鼓室口

* internal ear 内耳

Membranous labyrinth 膜迷路

endolymph 内淋巴

perilymph 外淋巴

vestibular labyrinth 前庭迷路

endolymphatic duct (sac) 内淋巴管(囊)

utricle 椭圆囊

membranous semicircular ducts 膜半规管

membranous ampullae 膜壶腹

ampullary crest 壶腹嵴

saccule 球囊

macula of saccule 球囊斑

cochlear labyrinth 蜗迷路

vestibular scale 前庭阶

tympanic scale 鼓阶

cochlear duct 蜗管

spiral organ 螺旋器

vestibular wall of cochlear duct , vestibular membrane 蜗管前庭壁，前庭膜

bony labyrinth 骨迷路

vestibule 前庭

bony semicircular canals 骨半规管

anterior (posterior, lateral) semicircular canal 前(后，外)骨半规管

bony ampullae 骨壶腹

cochlea 耳蜗

cochlear apex (base, axis) 蜗顶(底，轴)

helicotrema 蜗孔

internal acoustic pore (port) 内耳门

internal acoustic meatus 内耳道

fundus of internal acoustic meatus 内耳道底

（三）其他感觉器 (Other Sensory Organs)

olfactory organ , organ of smell 嗅器

gustatory organ , organ of taste 味器

taste bud , gustatory bud 味蕾

skin 皮肤

六、*神经系统(Nervous System)

（一）概述

* neuron , neurone 神经元

nerve cell 神经细胞

soma , cell body 胞体

dendrite 树突

axon , neurite 轴突

* nerve (n. ) , neural (a. ) 神经

synapse 突触

receptor 受体

neurotransmitter 神经递质

receptor 感受器

effector 效应器

reflex arc 反射弧

* nerve nucleus 神经核

neuroganglion , ganglion (pl. ganglions 或 ganglia) 神经节

gray matter , cinerea 灰质

white matter 白质

cortex (pl. cortices) 皮质

medulla (pl. medullae) 髓质

central nervous system, CNS 中枢神经系统

peripheral nervous system , PNS 周围神经系统

autonomic nervous system 自主神经系统

visceral nervous system 内脏神经系统

vegetatice nervous system 植物神经系统

somatic nervous system 躯体神经系统

（二）中枢神经系统 (Central Nervous System)

1. 脊髓 (Spinal Cord)

* spinal cord 脊髓

cervical enlargement 颈膨大

lumbosacral enlargement 腰骶膨大

medullary cone 脊髓圆锥

equine caudal 马尾

terminal thread 终丝

anterior median fissure 前正中裂

posterolateral sulcus 后外侧沟

segments of spinal cord 脊髓节段

central canal 中央管

gray column 灰质柱

anterior (posterior , lateral) column 前 (后，侧)柱

anterior (posterior , lateral) horn 前(后，侧)角

anterior (posterior) white commissure 白质前(后)连合

intermediate zone 中间带

anterior (posterior) funiculus 前(后)索

lateral funiculus 外侧索

sections of spinal cord 脊髓断面

2. 脑 (Brain)

（1）形态

* brain , encephalon 脑

* brain stem 脑干

* bulb 延髓

pyramid 锥体

decussation of pyramid 锥体交叉

olive 橄榄

* pons 脑桥

basilar part of pons 脑桥基底部

tegmental part of pons 脑桥被盖部

* fourth ventricle 第四脑室

Rhomboid fossa 菱形窝

median sulcus 正中沟

limiting sulcus 界沟

* midbrain 中脑

tectum of midbrain 中脑顶盖

superior (inferior) colliculus 上(下)丘

* cerebellum 小脑

cerebellar hemisphere 小脑半球

interbrain , diencephalon 间脑

Epithalamus 上丘脑

* Dorsal thalamus, thalamus 背侧丘脑,丘脑

interthalamic adhesion 丘脑间粘合

pulvinar 丘脑枕

Metathalamus 后丘脑

medial geniculate body 内侧膝状体

lateral geniculate body 外侧膝状体

* Hypothalamus 下丘脑

optic tract 视束

optic chiasma 视交叉

subthalamus, ventral thalamus 底丘脑，腹侧丘脑

tegmental region, prerubric region 被盖区，红核前区

third ventricle 第三脑室

hypothalamic sulcus 下丘脑沟

* endbrain, telecephalon 端脑

cerebrum 大脑

cerebral hemisphere 大脑半球

cerebral cortex 大脑皮质

cerebral medulla 大脑髓质

cerebral sulci 大脑沟

cerebral gyri 大脑回

cerebral longitudinal fissure 大脑纵裂

superior (inferior, medial) margin 上(下，内侧)缘

superolateral surface 上外侧面

medial (inferior) surface 内侧(下)面

central (lateral) sulcus 中央(外侧)沟

cerebral lobes 大脑叶

frontal lobe (pole) 额叶(极)

precentral sulcus 中央前沟

precentral gyrus 中央前回

parietal lobe 顶叶

postcentral sulcus (gyrus) 中央后沟(回)

superior (inferior) parietal lobule 顶上(下)小叶

supramarginal gyrus 缘上回

angular gyrus 角回

occipital lobe (pole) 枕叶(极)

temporal lobe (pole) 颞叶(极)

insular lobe, insula 岛叶，脑岛

paracentral lobule 中央旁小叶

parietooccipital sulcus 顶枕沟

cuneate lobe, cuneus 楔叶

calcarine sulcus (fissure) 距状沟(裂)

limbic lobe (system) 边缘叶(系)

cingulated gyrus 扣带回

parahippocampal gyrus, hippocampal gyrus 海马旁回，海马回

uncus 钩

hippocampal formation 海马结构

hippocampus 海马

dentate gyrus 齿状回

rhinencephalon 嗅脑

olfactory bulb (tract,trigone) 嗅球(束，三角)

anterior commissure 前连合

lateral ventricle 侧脑室

（2）大脑皮质功能定位(Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex)

somesthetic area 躯体感觉区

secondary somesthetic area 第二躯体感觉区

motor area 躯体运动区

secondary motor area 第二躯体运动区

visral (auditory) area 视(听)区

vestibular area 平衡觉区

olfactory (taste) area 嗅(味)觉区

language areas 语言区

auditory speech area 听觉性语言中枢，

visual speech area 视觉性语言中枢，

motor speech area 运动性语言中枢，

writing area 书写中枢

(3) 中枢神经系统的核团和神经束 (Nuclei and Tracts of Central Nervous System)

nuclei of cranial n. 脑神经核

nuclei of origin 起核

terminal nuclei 终核

relay nuclei 中继核

tracts 神经束

association fibers 联络纤维

commissural fibers 连合纤维

projection fibers 投射纤维

1) 脑神经核(Nuclei of Cranial Nerves)

nucleus of oculomotor n. 动眼神经核

parasympathetic nucleus of oculomotor n. 动眼神经副核，E-W核

nucleus of trochlear n. 滑车神经核

motor nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经运动核

mesencephalic nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经中脑核

pontine nucleus of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脑桥核

nucleus of spinal tract of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脊束核

nucleus of abdudcent n. 展神经核

nucleus of facial n. 面神经核

superior (inferior) salivary nucleus 上(下)涎核

nucleus of solitary tract 孤束核

cochlear nuclei 蜗神经核

vestibular nuclei 前庭神经核

ambiguous nucleus 疑核

dorsal nucleus of vagus n. 迷走神经背核

nucleus of hypoglossal n. 舌下神经核

nucleus of accessory n. 副神经核

2) 其他神经核 (Other Nerve Nuclei)

端脑:

basal nuclei 基底核

striate body 纹状体

neostriatum 新纹状体

paleostriatum 旧纹状体

lenticular nucleus 豆状核

putamen 壳

pallidal globe , pallidum 苍白球

caudate nucleus 尾状核

head (body, tail) of caudate nucleus 尾状核头(体，尾)

amygdaloid nucleus 杏仁核

claustrum 屏状核

中脑:

red nucleus 红核

interpeduncular nucleus 脚间核

black substance 黑质

tegmental nucleus 被盖核

pretectal nucleus 顶盖前核

nucleus of inferior colliculus 下丘核

脑桥:

pontine nucleus 脑桥核

延髓:

gracile nucleus 薄束核

cuneate nucleus 楔束核

reticular formation of brain stem 脑干网状结构

nuclei of median raphe 中缝核

小脑:

cerebellar nuclei 小脑核

dentate nucleus 齿状核

emboliform nucleus 栓状核

global (globose) nucleus 球状核

nucleus of roof , fastigatum 顶核

脊髓:

intermediate medial (lateral) nucleus 中间内(外)侧核

marginal layer, posteromarginal nucleus 缘层，后角边缘核

gelatinous substance 胶状质

proper nucleus of posterior horn后角固有核

dorsal (thoracic) nucleus 背(胸)核

连合神经束 (Tracts of Nervous Commissure)

trabs ,corpus callosum, mesolobus 胼胝体

fornix 穹隆

internal capsule 内囊

optic tract 视束

anterior thalamic radiations 丘脑前辐射

posterior thalamic radiations 丘脑后辐射

central thalamic radiations 丘脑中央辐射

optic radiation 视辐射

auditory (acoustic) radiation 听辐射

supraopticohypophyseal tract 视上垂体束

paraventriculohypophyseal tract室旁垂体束

中脑:

mesencephalic tract of trigeminal n. 三叉神经中脑束

rubroreticular tract 红核网状束

脑桥:

corticopontine tract 皮质脑桥束

frontopontine tract 额桥束

parietopontine tract 顶桥束

occipitopontine tract 枕桥束

temporopontine tract 颞桥束

laternal lemniscus (fillet) 外侧丘系

trigeminothalamic tract , trigeminal

lemniscus 三叉丘脑束，三叉丘系

trapezoid body 斜方体

延髓:

corticonuclear tract, corticobulbar tract 皮

质核束，皮质延髓束

medial lemniscus (fillet) 内侧丘系

decussation of medial lemniscus 内侧丘系

交叉

spinal tract of trigeminal n. 三叉神经脊束

solitary tract 孤束

medial longitudinal tract 内侧纵束

pyramidal tract 锥体束

小脑:

vestibulocerebellar tract 前庭小脑束

olivocerebellar fibers 橄榄小脑纤维

cerebellothalamic tract 小脑丘脑束

cerebellorubral tract 小脑红核束

脊髓:

proper tract , proper bundle 固有束

anterior (lateral) corticospinal tract 皮质脊

髓前(侧)束

vestibulospinal tract 前庭脊髓束

reticulospinal tract 网状脊髓束

ventral (lateral) spinothalamic tract 脊髓

丘脑前(侧)束

rubrospinal tract 红核脊髓束

tectospinal tract 顶盖脊髓束

bulboreticulospinal tract 延髓网状脊髓束

pontoreticulospinal tract 脑桥网状脊髓束

spinoreticular tract 脊髓网状束

spinotectal tract 脊髓顶盖束

ventral (dorsal) spinocerebellar tract 脊髓小脑前(后)束

gracile fascicle, slender tract 薄束

cuneate fascicle (tract) 楔束传导通路:

afferent (efferent) pathway 传入(出)传导通路

sensory (motor) pathway 感觉(运动)传导通路

deep sensory pathway 深感觉传导通路

proprioceptive sensory pathway 本体感觉传导通路

unconscious proprioceptive sensory pathway 非意识性本体感觉传导通路

superficial sensory pathway 浅感觉传导通路

pain temperature and simple touch pathway of trunk and limbs 躯干，四肢痛温觉和粗略触觉传导通路

pain temperature and simple touch pathway of head and face 头面部痛温觉和粗略触觉传导通路

visual (auditory) pathway 视(听)觉传导通路

pathway of papillary light reflex 瞳孔对光反射传导通路

equilibratory pathway 平衡觉传导通路

olfactory pathway 嗅觉传导通路

pyramidal system 锥体系

extrapyramidal system (tract) 锥体外系

cortico-pallidal system 皮质-苍白球系

cortici-ponto-cerebellar system 皮质-脑桥-小脑

4. 脑脊膜、脑血管(Meninges and Blood Vessels of Brain)

menines 脑脊膜

membranes of brain 脑膜

cerebral dura mater 硬脑膜

falx of cerebrum 大脑镰

tentorium of cerebellum 小脑幕

subdural space 硬膜下隙

spinal dura mater 硬脊膜

epidural space 硬膜外隙

cerebral part of arachnoid 脑蛛网膜

subarachnoid space 蛛网膜下隙

cerebellomedullary cistern 小脑延髓池，大池

pontine cistern 脑桥池

interpeduncular cistern 脚间池

arachnoid granulations 蛛网膜(颗)粒

cerebrospinal fluid,CSF 脑脊液

spinal part of arachnoid 脊髓蛛网膜

terminal cistern 终池

cerebral pia mater 软脑膜

choroids tela of fourth ventricle 第四脑室脉络组织

choroids plexus of fourth ventricle 第四脑室脉络丛

spinal pia mater 软脊膜

blood-brain barrier,BBB 血脑屏障

blood-CSF barrier 血-脑脊液屏障

CSF-brain barrier 脑脊液-脑屏障

venous sinus of dura mater 硬脑膜窦

transverse (sigmoid) sinus 横(乙状)窦

confluence of sinuses 窦汇

superior (inferior) sagittal sinus 上(下)矢状窦

straight sinus 直窦

cerebral a. 脑动脉

vertebral a. 椎动脉

basilar a. 基底动脉

posterior cerebral a. 大脑后动脉

internal carotid a. 颈内动脉

anterior communicating a. 前交通动脉

posterior communicating a. 后交通动脉

anterior (middle) cerebral a. 大脑前(中)动脉

cerebral arterior circle 大脑动脉环

cerebral v. 大脑静脉

superficial cerebral v. 大脑浅静脉

deep cerebral v. 大脑深静脉

（三） 周围神经系统 (Peripherial Nervous System)

1. 概述

sympathetic ganglion 交感神经节

white (gray) communicating branch 白 (灰)交通支

parasympathetic ganglion 副交感神经节

* spinal n. 脊神经

cranial n. 脑神经

mixed n. 混合神经

cutaneous (muscular) branches 皮(肌)支

articular branches 关节支

motor (sensory) n. 运动(感觉)神经

autonomic n. 自主神经

2. 脊神经 (Spinal Nerves)

anterior root, motor root 前根，运动根

posterior root, sensory root 后根, 感觉根

anterior (posterior) branch 前(后)支

communicative branch 交通支

meningeal branch 脊膜支

cervical n. 颈神经

greater occipital n. 枕大神经

cervical plexus 颈丛

suboccipital n. 枕下神经

lesser occipital n. 枕小神经

great auricular n. 耳大神经

transverse n. of neck 颈横神经

supraclavicular n. 锁骨上神经

* phrenic n. 膈神经

brachial plexus 臂丛

* musculocutaneous n. 肌皮神经

* median n. 正中神经

* ulnar (radial) n. 尺(桡)神经

* axillary n. 腋神经

thoracic n. 胸神经

intercostals n. 肋间神经

subcostal n. 肋下神经

lumbar n. 腰神经

lumbar plexus 腰丛

iliohypogastric n. 髂腹下神经

ilioinguinal n. 髂腹股沟神经

obturator n. 闭孔神经

* femoral n. 股神经

saphenous n. 隐神经

lumbosacral trunk (plexus) 腰骶干(丛)

sacral n. 骶神经

sacral plexus 骶丛

* sciatic n. 坐骨神经

common peroneal n. 腓总神经

superficial (deep) peroneal n. 腓浅(深)神经

tibial n. 胫神经

pudendal n. 阴部神经

3. 脑神经 (Cranial Nerves)

* Olfactory n. 嗅神经

* Optic n. 视神经

* Oculomotor n. 动眼神经

* Trochlear n. 滑车神经

* Trigeminal n. 三叉神经

* Abducent n. 展神经

* Facial n. 面神经

* Vestibulocochlear n.前庭蜗神经,位听神经

* Glossopharyngeal n. 舌咽神经

* Vagus n. 迷走神经

* Accessory n. 副神经

* Hypoglossal n. 舌下神经

4. 内脏神经系统 (Visceral Nervous System)

visceral motor (sensory) n. 内脏运动(感觉)神经

sympathetic part 交感部

sympathetic trunk 交感干

ganglia of sympathetic trunk 交感干神经节

thoracic ganglia 胸神经节

greater splanchnic n. 内脏大神经

lesser splanchnic n. 内脏小神经

parasympathetic part 副交感部

pelvic ganglia盆神经节

七、*内分泌系统 (Endocrine system)

endocrine glands 内分泌腺

* thyroid gland 甲状腺

* parathyroid gland 甲状旁腺

inferior parathyroid gland 下甲状旁腺

* hypophysis, pituitary gland, pituitary body 垂体

pineal body 松果体

* suprarenal gland肾上腺

thymus 胸腺