2023年7月17日发(作者:)
第四章张春柏汉译英翻译词汇的技巧(上)
第四章词汇翻译的技巧(上)
正因为英汉词汇之间有很多差异,因此词汇翻译不可能达到一一对应的程度,以一个汉语词套用一个英语词,或以一个英语词套用一个汉语词,而是要掌握一定的词汇翻译技巧。只有熟练运用各种技巧,才能将原本不通顺的译句变得通顺,原本不符合译入语语言规范的译文变得符合规范,有时还可将原本不够贴切的译文变得更加贴切,从而使译文在忠实原文的同时,达到“通顺”的标准。词汇翻译的技巧很多,归结起来主要有移植法、增词法、省略法、词汇转类法、反译法、分译法和释义法等。下面逐一介绍。
4.1 移植法
移植就是在译文中直接借用原文的词语。移植可分为两种情况,一种是直接移植,另一种是音译。
4.1.1 直接移植
所谓直接移植,就是在译文中将原文的词语原封不动地挪用过来。如“卡拉OK厅”、“KTV包房”、“BP机”、“CD唱盘”、“X光片”、“发了一份e-mail”、“进入WTO”、“Word文件”、“如何执行Windows 2000的应用程序”、“股票ABC”、NBA、CIA、IBM、IQ、EQ等等,汉语短语或句子中夹杂的这些英语单词就是直接移植过来的。
直接移植似乎多应用于科技翻译和新闻媒体中,文学翻译则少见。而且,这种移植法多用于文字系统相同的两种语言之间的互译(如日汉互译,英法互译等),而像英汉这样文字系统大不相同的语言之间,原则上不宜多采用。但实际上,在科技文章和新闻媒体中,这种英汉词语混为一体使用的现象目前似乎出现得越来越多。例如:
1)美国希望发展NMD一向遭到国际社会的反对。
2)携带Visa国际卡在国外旅行时,有几点小窍门供您参考。
3)以前留学,大部分是去攻读大学以上学位的;而现在,除了大学、硕士、博士,攻读MBA、短期学历、专业学历的也越来越多。 4)上海飞仕娱乐有限公司坐落于徐汇区嘉善路253号,是集KTV、DISCO为一体的大型娱乐场所。
5)拥有网络规划的CAN或CNE证书、广告设计的CorelDraw
Photoshop等三维或动画软件的国际证书的专业人才都是外资企业争抢的对象。
6)今年GDP增长有望高于7.1%。
这些都是直接移植的结果。这种现象的出现,一是由于随着现代科技的不断发展,信息传递和交流越来越频繁,以致地球变得越来越“小”,人们越来越习惯于在接受先进的科技知识和异域文化的同时,偶尔也借用一点他们的文字;二是因为我国人口的整体素质已普遍提高,人们对接受这类直接移植过来的异国文字已有了足够的知识准备。还有一点就是,这类词汇有一个优点,那就是方便简洁。有些词,如上面提到的NBA、KTV和DISCO 等,用汉语解释反而不容易说清楚。但是,正如上文所指出的,直接移植的适用范围是十分有限的,因此使用时应慎重。比如,像下面这些译文中夹杂着的英语缩略词,如果没有上下文语境往往是很难理解的:
7)Women garner better ratings than men on ESPN and sell
out casinos.
女子比赛在ESPN播出时比男子比赛获得更高的收视率。
8)She struggled up at the count of eight, then beat on Bill
until the referee stopped the fight for a third-round TKO.
在裁判数到八的时候他挣扎着站了起来,然后向比尔发起反击直到裁判叫停,她
在第三回合以TKO取胜。
以上两例译句中的“ESPN”和“TKO”便不宜直接移植过来,应分别译为“ESPN电视台”和“击倒”,否则,译文读者会不知所云。
4.1.2 音译
英汉互译时,如果不能按意思译出,只好采取另一种移植法——音译。音译即译音,是指用一种语言文字写出或读出另一种语言的词或词组的发音。音译一般适用以下范围: (1)几乎所有的人名。例如:
Marx 马克思
Lincoln 林肯
Churchill 丘吉尔
Clinton 克林顿
Haughton 霍顿
Rambo 兰博
Dewey 杜威
Jackson 杰克逊
曹雪芹 Cao Xueqin
鲁迅 Lu Xun
钱钟书 Qian Zhongshu
巴金 Ba Jin
(2)大多数地名。例如:
Australia 澳大利亚
New York 纽约
London 伦敦
Atlanta 亚特兰大
Boston 波士顿
Miami 迈阿密
Montreal 蒙特利尔
Brooklyn 布鲁克林
北京 Beijing
上海 Shanghai
洛阳 Luoyang
杭州 Hangzhou
需要指出的是,我国大陆对国外人名和地名的汉译通常应遵照辛华编的《英语人名翻译词典》和《英语地名翻译词典》,而台港澳等地的译名则往往与我们不同。例如:
Reagon 里根(台港澳:雷根) Kennedy 肯尼迪 (台港澳:甘乃迪)
Bush 布什(台港澳:布希)
Sydney 悉尼(台港澳:雪梨)
New Zealand 新西兰(台港澳:纽西兰)
Hollywood 好莱坞(台港澳:荷里活)
(3)译语原来没有的事物,其中包括科技新词、某些商标与文化词等。例如:
radar 雷达
dink 丁克族(指双收入无子女的家庭)
yuppie 雅皮士
hippie 嬉皮士
sauna 桑拿(浴)
logic 逻辑
shock (therapy)休克疗法
geometry 几何
totem 图腾
coffee 咖啡
梅林牌(罐头) MAILING
金华(火腿) KING HUA
雄师牌(香烟) XIONGSHI
中华牌(铅笔) ZHONG HUA
麻将 majiong
饺子 jiaozi
磕头 kowtow
功夫 kungfu
茅台 Maotai
阴 yin
阳 yang
有时音译过来比义译要显得形象,可以达到令人耳目一新的效果,这时可适当采用音译。如有人将“talk show”音译为“脱口秀”,而不译成“访谈节目”;将“download”音译为“挡”(计算机用语),而不译成“下载”;将“modem”音译为“猫”(计算机用语),而不译成“调制解调器”,等等。
不过,音译往往是不得已而为之,音译过来的东西往往无法从字面上看出其内涵,有时会使译文读者产生文化隔膜,导致理解上的困难。因此,音译时我们不应采取一刀切的态度,而应根据具体情况灵活处理。常用的方法如下:
一、人的本名译音,外号译义。
人的外号往往准确生动地体现了人的某一特征或主要特征,如果音译,会让人无法了解其丰富的内涵,也就不成其为外号了。因此,外号一般译义。例如:
Iron Lady 铁娘子(指撒切尔夫人)
the Devil 魔鬼撒旦
Cinderella 灰姑娘
Snow White 白雪公主
黑旋风李逵 Li Kui the Black Whirlwind
芦柴棒 Spindle-Shanks
二、含有表示地理类别的普通名词的地名,其中普通名词译义。例如:
the United States of America 美利坚合众国
Louisiana State University 路易斯安娜州立大学
the Gulf of Mexico 墨西哥湾
the Strait of Gibraltar 直布罗陀海峡
the Philippine Islands 菲律宾群岛
the Suez Canal 苏伊士运河
中华人民共和国the People’s Republic of China
浙江省 Zhejiang Province
上海市the City of Shanghai
泰山Mount Tai
三、半译音半译义。这种方法多用于商标的翻译。例如: Goldlion 金利来
Coca Cola 可口可乐
Pepsi Cola 百事可乐
Nike 耐克
Truly 信利
Fieyta 飞亚达
Colgate 高露洁
Canon 佳能
Safeguard 舒肤佳
Giant 捷安特
Polaroid 宝利莱
Jell-O 洁乐
Paloma 百乐满
Holsten 好顺
Lactov 乐口福
Bisquit 百事吉
乐凯 Lucky
乔士(衬衫) Choose (shirts)
四通(电脑) Stone (computers)
四、音译词后加上一个表示类属的范畴词。例如:
sardine 沙丁鱼
pizza 比萨饼
waltz 华尔兹舞
ballet 芭蕾舞
champagne 香槟酒
jacket 夹克衫
bowling 保龄球
shark鲨鱼
四川 Sichuan Province
金华 Jinhua County 云吞 wonton soup
花雕 huadiao wine
五、约定俗成。译语中有些译名若按照现在的规定是不合规范的,但因已经使用了很长时间,人们已习以为常,若突然改变可能会引起混乱。这时最好尽量保留原译名,不去动它。例如:
Bernard Shaw 肖伯纳(不译成“伯纳·肖”)
New Zealand 新西兰(不译成“纽西兰”,但“New York”应译成“纽
约”;“New Haven”应译成“纽黑文”;“Newfounland”
应译成“纽芬兰岛”。)
Cambridge 剑桥(英国)(但是哈佛大学所在地、位于美国马萨诸塞
州东部的城市“Cambridge”现多译成“坎布雷奇”。)
Shelley 雪莱(特指英国诗人,否则一般译为“谢利”)
Benjamin Broomhall 海文启(1829-1911,英国人)
Marshall Broomhall 海思波(1866-1937,英国人。但Broomhall在其他情况下一般译为“布
鲁姆霍尔”)
香港 Hong Kong(不译成Xianggang)
孔子 Confucius(不译成Kongzi)
孙中山 Sun Yat-sen(系由“孙逸仙”音译而来)(不译成Sun
Zhongshan或Sun
Yixian)
大多数音译名词会在长期的使用中逐渐统一并稳定下来,例如:
logic 逻辑
jeep 吉普
sofa 沙发
tank 坦克
waltz 华尔兹
disco 迪斯科 pie 派(如“苹果派”,“红豆派”等)
biscuits 曲奇(如“蓝罐曲奇”)
磕头 kowtow
衙门 yamen
四合院 siheyuan
饺子 jiaozi
但有些表示事物的音译名词因不能达意而最终会以相应的义译形式取代。如penicillin 原译作“盘尼西林”,现通译成“青霉素”;“大字报”原译作dazibao,现通译成wall-poster,等等。
但有时候由于地球变得越来越“小”,文化交流越来越频繁,音译可能会越来越易于为广大译入语读者所接受。如:“艾滋病”、“华尔兹”、“迪斯科”等等。
也有音译形式和义译形式互不相让,僵持不下,从而同时并用的。例如:
engine 引擎/发动机
vitamin 维他命/维生素
microphone 麦克风/扩音器
taxi 的士/出租车
武术 wushu/martial arts
太极拳 taijiquan/shadow-boxing
4.2 增词法与减词法
翻译时无法一个萝卜一个坑,将原文中每一个词转换成译文中的另一个词,而应该有所增减,即有时需在译文中增加一些原文字面上没有的词语,有时则要将原文需要而译文显得多余的词省去不译,前者称为增词法,后者称为减词法。不管增词还是减词,目的都是为了使译文变得更加通顺流畅,符合译入语的行文习惯。
采用增词法应特别注意:增词不增意,所增之词,其意义虽然在原文字面上没有清楚地表现出来,但却隐藏在原文中,因此,增词法并未违背忠实原则。同样,减词也不能减掉原文的内容,所减之词,其内涵虽然在译文字面上没有体现出来,却隐藏在译文中,因此,减词也没有违背忠实原则。
增词法与减词法在英汉互译中运用相当广泛,一般而言,增词和减词具有互逆性,即英译汉时需增词的场合汉译英往往需要减词;反之,英译汉时需减词的场合汉译英时则需
增词。翻译中之所以要采用增减法,是因为英汉两种语言在语法、词义、修辞、逻辑和文化等方面存在着某些差异。具体而言,采用增词法与减词法主要为了达到如下目的:
4.2.1 弥合语法差异的需要
英汉在语法上存在某些明显的差异,如英语有冠词,汉语则没有;英语多用代词,汉语虽然也用,但远不如英语那样频繁;英语介词丰富,被称为“介词的语言”,汉语则介词很少,英语中很多需用介词的地方汉语要么用动词替代,要么不用;英语多用关联词语,汉语则少用关联词语,主要靠逻辑关系来铺排句子,强调意念的连贯性;汉语多用助词表示各种语气,英语则没有语气助词。
因此,英译汉时,可根据具体语境省略原文的冠词和某些代词、介词、关联词等,有时则可适当增加一些语气助词;汉译英则相反,多要省略原文的语气助词,而根据英语的行文需要适当增加一些冠词、代词、介词和关联词。
一、冠词的增减:英译汉时,有些不定冠词可以译成“一个”,定冠词可以译成“这”或“那”,但也有很多时候冠词可以省略不译;反之,汉译英时则常常要根据行文需要增加适当的冠词。例如:
1)When the visitors left, Einstein made no reference to the
meeting.
客人离开后,爱因斯坦对这次会议只字未提。
2)The train moved away so slowly that butterflies blew in
and out the windows.
火车开得非常缓慢,蝴蝶从窗口飞进又飞出。
3)Can wisdom be taught? And, if it can, should the teaching
of it be one of the aims of education? I should answer both these
questions in the affirmative. (l, On Wisdom)
智慧能够传授吗?若能,那么传授智慧应该成为教育的一个目的吗?对这两个问
题,我都要给予肯定的回答。
4)We got up at four in the morning, that first day in the East.
On the evening before, we had climbed off a freight train at the
edge of town and with the true instinct of Kentucky boys had
found our way across town and to the race track and the stables
at once.
(Sherwood Anderson, I Want to Know Why)
到东部的第一天,我们凌晨四点就起床了。头天晚上,我们在镇郊爬下货运列
车,凭着肯塔基少年特有的直觉,从镇头径直摸到赛马场和马厩。
5)现在一定是天亮了,因为鸟儿在歌唱。
It must be morning now, because the birds are singing.
6)他是黎明时候从医院里逃出来的,因为他又碰上那个逼他下车的人了。(沙汀《老烟的故事》)
He had escaped from the hospital at dawn, because the man
who'd frightened him into
getting off the bus had shown up again.
二、代词的增减:英译汉时很多代词都可以省略,汉译英时则需根据具体语境增加一些代词。例如:
7)Calmly Mother looked around before she turned back
fearlessly, closing the door behind her and dashed to the window.
母亲镇定地环顾四周,然后毫不畏惧地转身回到屋里,顺手关上门,一个箭步奔
到窗口。(《中国翻译》1999年第1期,第27页)
8)I shall take it as axiomatic that mankind has, by that time,
chosen the latter alternative.
(M. W. Thring) 译文一:我认为人类到那时将会选择后者,这一点是不言而喻的。
译文二:不消说,那时人类将会选择后者。(《中国翻译》1990年,第2期,第8
页)
9)In order to get a great amount of water power,we need
large pressure and current.
要得到巨大的水力,就需要高水压和大水量。(《中国翻译》1990年,第2期,第
21页)
10)In the giraffe's neck, there are lots of muscles that flex
and relax repeatedly as the animal moves its head and sucks up
drinking water.
长颈鹿移动头部喝水时,脖子里有很多肌肉会反复地收紧和放松。
11)她懒洋洋地站起来,估量丈夫不会再回来了。
Lazily she rose. Her husband probably would not come home,
she supposed.
12)梅春姐用手护着头,紧紧地缩着她的身子。(叶紫《星》)
Meichun, protecting her head with her arms, contracted her
body.
三、介词的增减:英译汉时很多介词可以省略,汉译英时则需根据英语的行文需要增加适当的介词。例如:
13)She was one of my colleagues at the university at which
I taught.
她是我任教的那所大学的同事。
14)At about this time, movies actors began running for
President, astronauts began flying around the planet to get from
one desert to another, and people began renting one-
bedroom apartments for $2,000 a month.
如今,电影演员开始竞选总统;宇航员在地球周围飞来飞去,从一个沙漠飞到另 一个沙漠;人们开始租用两千美元一月的单卧室公寓。
15)I get positively angry with the impertinence of it and the
everlastingness.
这么卤莽无礼,没完没了,真让我生气。
16)It turns out that the skin and other tissues in their legs
and feet are much stiffer and tougher than those of other animals.
As a result, the scientists found, the blood vessels in
the leg cannot swell. Therefore, the blood has nowhere to go
but back up to the heart.
原来,它们腿部和脚部的皮肤及其它组织比其它动物要紧密、坚韧得多。结果,
科学家们发现,它们腿部的血管无法膨胀,因此,血液只能流回心脏,别无他处
可去。
17)他已经把这事忘得一干二净了。
He has forgotten all about it.
18)接到信时我高兴得跳了起来。
I jumped with joy when I received the letter.
四、关联词的增减:英译汉时有些关联词可以省略不译,汉译英时则需根据具体语境增加适当的关联词语。例如:
19)Most of the people who appear most often and most
gloriously in the history books are great conquerors and generals
and soldiers…(C. E. M. Joad)
译文一:在历史书中最常出现和最为显赫的人大多是那些伟大的征服者和将军及军人。
译文二:历史上书最常出现、最为显赫者,大多是些伟大的征服者、将军和军人。(《中国翻译》1990年,第2期,第8页)
20) Even if you go there, there won’t be any result.
原译:即使你去了也不会有什么结果。(《英汉语比较研究》1994:172) 改译一:去也不会有什么结果。
改译二:(你)去也白去。
21) The wind was so strong that he found it difficult to keep
on his feet.
原译:风如此之大,以致他发现站住脚很困难。(《英汉语比较研究》1994:172)
改译:风太大了,他感到很难站稳。
22) If once virtue is lost, all is lost.
原译:如果一旦失去了道德,便丧失了一切。(《中国翻译》1990年,第2期,第21页)
改译:丧失了道德,便丧失了一切。
23) 小孩子受了惊吓就会哭。
Little children will cry when they are frightened.
24) 他不愿意,我们干吗强迫他干?
If he is unwilling, why should we force him to do it?
或:Why should we force him to do it since he is unwilling?
五、语气助词的增减:汉译英时语气助词多半要省略,英译汉时则可根据具体语境适当增加一些语气助词。例如:
25) 我想到李白杜甫在那遥远的年代,以一叶扁舟搏浪急进,该是多么雄伟的搏斗,
会激发诗人多少瑰丽的诗思啊!(刘白羽,《长江三日》)
This makes me think of the poets Li Bai and Du Fu in those
ancient days when they
sailed upstream against the current and how such a
magnificent struggle would stir the
poets’ great imagination.
26) 真的呢,再没有比这种童子面更好看的茶花了。(杨朔,《茶花赋》)
It’s true. No flowers are lovelier than children’s faces.
27) 不过你打算去请多少人来呢? Now how many men do you figure to have sent here?
28) What did being a woman in such an environment mean?
在这种环境中做一个女人意味着什么呢?
29) Can an ape master anything like human language?
类人猿能掌握类似于人类的语言吗?
30) After all, what is more enviable than happiness?
毕竟,还有什么能比快乐更令人羡慕呢?
4.2.2 弥合词义差异的需要
为弥合词义差异需要而采用的增词法或减词法一般有如下三种情况:
一、我们在第三章中看到,在很多情况下,英汉词汇的语义范围往往有宽窄之分,并非一一对应。如果英语词义比汉语宽,英译汉时要采用增词法,使原文中隐含的意思得以充分表达;反之,如果英语词义比汉语窄,英译汉时则要采用减词法。例如,“Party liner” 应译为“ 坚决贯彻党的路线的人”(而不只是“党的路线者”);“worry lines” 应译为“因焦虑而深陷的皱纹”(而不只是译为“焦虑线”)。再如:
31)I wanted to be a man, and a man I am. (J. Herford)
我立志做一个真正的人;我现在终于成了一个真正的人。(增词法)32)The hungry boy devoured his dinner.
那饥饿的孩子狼吞虎咽地吃完了饭。(增词法)
33)Social distanc e can be difficult to overcome.
原译:社会上的差异很难克服。
改译:社会等级差异有时很难克服。(增词法)(《中国翻译》1998年,第1期,第20页)
34)When he was accused of theft, he turned red.
当有人指控他犯有盗窃罪时,他脸色涨得通红。
35)He tried to seem angry, but his smile betrayed him.
原译:他试图看上去是生气的,但是他的笑容背叛了他。
改译:他假装生气的样子,可是他的笑容暴露了他的真实感情。(增词法)36)He was killed in a car accident on an icy Denver
street, on his way home to his wife and infant daughter.
他在一条冰雪覆盖的大街上丧生于车祸。当时他正在回家的途中,准备回到年
轻的妻子和还在襁褓中的女儿身边。(增词法)
37)As I boarded the plane for my flight home to Los
Angeles from New York, I was
pleased to see I might have two seats all to myself.(刘世同,p.79)
当我登上从纽约到落杉矶回家的航班,我高兴地看到我可以一个人独享两个人的
座位。(减词法)
38)Afterwards he was convicted of conspiring against the
life of the queen and was hanged in June, 1594.
后来他被指控阴谋谋害女王。1594年6月被处以绞刑。(减词法)39)If I just kept my eyes locked on the back of my brother’s
truck, if I just made my wheels follow his wheels, I’d be all right.
只要盯住弟弟的卡车,跟在他后面,让我的车轮沿着他的车轮而行,准不会出事的。(减词法)
40)The only cure for envy in the case of ordinary men and
women is happiness, and the difficulty is that envy is itself a
terrible obstacle to happiness.
对于普通人而言,治疗妒忌的唯一办法是快乐,然而困难在于,妒忌本身就是快
乐的巨大障碍。(减词法)
同样,当汉语词义比英语宽,汉译英时也要采用增词法;反之,当汉语词义较英语窄,汉译英时则要采用减词法。如,将“苗头”译为“symptoms of a bad trend”(而不只是译为“symptoms”);将“襟怀”译为“ ample and simple bosom”(而不只是译为“bosom”)。再如: 41)吴所长“噢”了一声,凭他的经验可以看得出马而立头脑中的东西。(陆文夫:《围墙》)
Director Wu gave an ‘Oh!’ of understanding. He knew
from experience what was going
on in Ma Erli’s head.(增词法)
42)我们的干部必须具有公仆意识。
Our cadres must be conscious of their obligations as public
servants.(增词法)43)我们应该推动农产品生产、加工和销售的有机结合。
We should integrate the production, processing and
marketing of agricultural products.
(减词法)
44)只有雨还在刷刷地、刷刷地下着。
Only the rain continued to pour.(减词法)
二、英语多用抽象词,概括力强,词义范围宽;汉语用词则倾向于具体,常常以实的形式表示虚的概念,以具体的形象表达抽象的内容。因此,英译汉时可以使英语抽象的概念具体化,根据具体的语境加上“方法”、“现象”、“局势”、“状态”、“情况”、“政策”、“做法”、“习俗”、“精神”、“态度”、“问题”等范畴词,以使译文含义清晰,行文流畅。例如:
45)He was moved by McMenamy’s story and impressed
by his dedication.
他为麦克默纳米的故事所打动,对他的敬业精神印象深刻。
46)If you’ve looked closely at our millennium countdown
and done a little math, you may have noticed we are counting
down to January 1, 2001, not January 1, 2000.
如果你仔细观察了我们千年倒计时的过程,你也许会注意到,我们倒计时的终了
是2001年1月1日,而不是2000年1月1日。
47)But, if public dissatisfaction continues to grow, or appears to do so, politicians may conclude that they have to do
something, usually in the name of reform.
但是,如果公众的不满情绪继续上升,或者似乎将要上升,政客们可能就会得出
结论,认为必须采取行动,而且这种行动通常以改革为名。
48)He was described as impressed by Deng’s flexibility.
据说他对邓(小平)的灵活态度印象很深。(连淑能, p.140)
反之,汉译英时,我们往往不必考虑汉语中的这类范畴词,把整个名词词组译成英语中的抽象名词即可,否则很可能有画蛇添足之嫌。例如:
48)那我们谈谈文艺问题!(楼适夷,“夜间来客”)
Shall we talk about literature and arts? (刘士聪译)
49)我们党结束了那个时期的社会动荡和纷扰不安的局面。
Our Party has put an end to the social unrest and upheaval
of that time. (吕瑞昌等,p.23)
50)根据科学家们的看法,用数百万年的时间才能把有机物转化成煤。
According to scientists, it takes millions of years to transform
organic matter into coal.
51)人类总是无止境的千方百计使自己的土地增产。他们工作中所用的原料是他们的地理条件:一个地区的自然特征和生物的分布情况。
There is almost no end to the things men done to make their
land productive. The raw
material with which they work is their geography: the natural
features of the area and the distribution of life within it.
4.2.3 满足译文修辞上的需要
有时候,若按字面逐字翻译,虽在语法上没什么毛病,但译文总觉得有些呆板凝滞。这时,可考虑在适当的地方增加几个词语,以满足译文修辞的需要,传达原文的语气,使译文具有文采而达到“达”的效果。这一点在英译汉时特别重要。例如:
52)Women screamed, and kids howled, but the men stood
silent, watching, interested in the outcome.
译文:女人尖叫,小孩欢闹,男人们静静地站着观看,对结果感兴趣。
改译:只听到女人们在尖叫,小孩们在欢闹,男人们则静静地立在那儿袖手旁观,饶有兴味地等着看结果。
53)And when he fell, semi-conscious, and the prowlers saw
that their prey had vanished, they eased their frustration by
kicking him unconscious.
他倒在地上,迷迷糊糊,但那两个歹徒一发现自己的猎物不见了,便把他踢得死
去活来,不省人事,似乎这样做,他们的失落感才减轻了些。
54)The moon seemed to sink, a crest reached and lost, and
he watched it, catching the edge against the window, to try to
hold it, but felt it pass.(R. Creeley)
月亮好像沉落下去,碰到了一座山顶,又隐没了。他凝视着月亮,用手触摸映在
窗上那光边,尝试能把它攥住,但是感到月亮光从他手指缝流走了。(但汉源,
pp.35-36)
55)Quiet and shy, he was never more comfortable than
when at his workbench.
他生性沉静腼腆,只有坐在工作凳上时他才最为自在。
反之,原文中有些词语若直译过来,会使译文显得臃肿,不够简洁精炼。因此,为使译文简练、紧凑,文气贯通,有必要把它们省略。例如:
56)He read the words of the poem.
他朗读起这首诗来。
试比较:他朗读起这首诗中的词来。 57)He licked a finger and pushed at the pages of the
notebook.
他舔了舔手指,掀动他那个笔记本。
58)She jumped behind the wheel of the car and, with the
confidence of a newly licensed driver, zoomed off toward the
foothills.
她跳上车,像一个刚刚领取驾照的驾驶员,颇有信心,“突-突-突”地向山下开
去。
59)Temperatures range from 50℃ in the daytime to -10℃
at night and often it does not rain for a whole year or longer.
原译:气温在白天五十度,夜晚零下十度之间。一年到头更长时间也不下一场
雨。
改译:昼夜温差很大,白天最高气温高达到五十度,夜晚最低则低至零下十度,而且常常一年到头不下雨。
60)Another student I knew, a man, knew that his roommate
couldn’t afford an important textbook in his subject, a book
which was very scarce in second-hand shops and
impossibly expensive when new.
原译:我知道的另一个学生是个男生。他得知他的室友买不起本学科的一本重要的教科书——一本旧书店中难得一见而新书又贵得出奇的书。
改译:我还认识一名男生,他得知有本很重要的教科书他的室友想买却买不起,这本书在旧书店里难得一见,而买新的却又贵得出奇
61)And if you do happen to be of the type who networks
professionally, and gives power dinner-parties, it would be a
generous thing to remember sometimes to invite younger
people in the filed, who are looking for jobs or contacts or
merely for stimulation and inspiration.
原译:如果你碰巧是职业上交游范围广泛且有举办大型宴会能力的那类人,那么不要忘记间或邀请一些正在寻找工作或寻求交往或仅仅想寻求刺激或灵感
的年轻人参加比赛或进行野外研究活动,那会是一件慷慨之举。
改译:如果你恰好在自己的专业领域内交游广泛,而且经常举行大型宴会,那么请记住,偶尔也邀请一些该领域的年轻人来参加,因为他们正在寻找工
作,寻求交往机会,或者只是在寻求刺激,寻找灵感。这才是一件慷慨之
举。
62)此时,鲁小姐卸了浓装,换了几件雅淡衣服,遽公孙举目细看真有沉鱼落雁之容,闭月羞花之貌。(吴敬梓,《儒林外史》)
By this time Miss Lu had changed out of her ceremonial dress
into an ordinary gown,
and then Zhu looked at her closely, he saw that her beauty
would put the flowers to
shame.(包惠南,P.50)
63)孔子的家里很穷,但是他从小就认真读书,刻苦学习。
His family was very poor, but he worked hard at his studies
even in early childhood.
第59例中,“for a whole year or longer”简洁地译成“一年到头”即可,“or longer”的含义已囊括进去,因此不必再加上“更长时间”;第62例中,原句用“沉鱼落雁之容,闭月羞花之貌”这种对仗形式结构匀称,可以增强语意,读起来还具有音韵之美,而译文却只译为“her beauty would put the flowers to shame”,而将“沉鱼”、“落雁”和“闭月”省略未译。同样,第63例中的“认真读书”和“刻苦学习”指同一件事,没有必要分别译出。汉语中这类同义反复的例子很多,主要是出于音韵节奏上的需要,译成英语时通常不必重复。 4.2.4 满足译文语境的需要
原文可根据上下文提示或在一定的文化语境中将有些内容予以省略,并不妨碍读者的理解,但译文有时须采用增词法,将所省略的内容明确化,否则译入语读者会感到信息不足。例如:
64)‘But, although you are the youngest man that ever
lived,’ said Charles Darnay, rather hesitating, ‘I must still
suggest to you-’
原译:“不过,即使你是最年轻的人,”查尔斯·达奈犹犹豫豫地说道,“我也得奉劝你。”
改译:“虽然银行里目前算你岁数最小,”查尔斯·达奈有点犹豫地说,“但我还是要奉劝你。”(《中国翻译》1997年,第3期,第47页)
65)I was all but dancing with impatience in the checkout
line and sighed with exasperation.
Hearing me, he smiled apologetically.
站在结帐队伍里的我不耐烦地在动来动去,恼怒地叹了口气。听到我的叹气声,
他满脸歉意地笑了。
66)I never told my love vocally; still, if looks have language,
the merest idiot might have guessed I was over head and ears.
我从没有把自个儿的爱情说出口,可是如果眉目也能传情,那么即使白痴也能看
出,我已经沉溺在爱河里,没了顶了。
67) Here nearly 48 million people live in an area only slightly
larger than Maryland.
将近四千八百万人生活的这块地方只比美国马里兰州略大一点。
68) 这只是我的理解,我觉得有些牵强甚至走样,我觉得我懂其意却难以表述。(蒋
力,“西风的话”)
This is only my personal understanding of the song, which I knew was a somewhat
farfetched distortion of it. I could sense and feel its meaning
but could not say it.
69)女人的生活天地较小,一旦过了三十五,便象吃了耗子药,非紧张不可。
译文一:Women live in a smaller world. When they are over
35, they are bound to get upset, as if they had taken medicine for
mice.
译文二:Women live in a rather limited world. At 35, they will
be more upset than ever, as if they had taken by mistake a dose
of pesticide (and just realized it).
(袁洪庚,“阐释学与翻译”,载杜承南文军主编:《中国当代翻译百
论》,pp.208-214,重庆大学出版社,1994年)
第64例选自《双城记》。原译可能会将译文读者引入歧途,使之误以为说话的对象真的很年轻。其实对方此时已届七十八岁高龄。但特尔逊银行里的职员年纪都很大,七十八岁在该行还算是年轻的。所以应在汉译文中加上“银行里目前”这几个字,才不会让译文读者产生误解。第67例中的Maryland对美国读者来说足够了,但如译为“马里兰”,则很多中国读者很可能不甚了了,所以加了“美国”和“州”三个字。第68例原文中的“我的理解”指“我对这首歌的理解”,译文根据上下文作了作了增补,以明其义。第69例“译文一”的译者忽略了中西文化语境的差异,因为西方独身女子司空见惯,早已见怪不怪。“译文二”适当地运用了增补的技巧,以使读者亲身体会中国独身女子的尴尬处境。
反之,有时有的词或词组在原文中使用了,而在译文中则可根据上下文语境很容易便能推断出来,这时便可将该词省略不译。例如:
70)John sat near her on the bed. His face was white as he
sat holding her hot hands.
约翰坐在床边陪着她。当他握着她滚烫的双手时,他脸色苍白。 71)Now in the foothills there was his grave--a grave I could
not bear to visit.
现在,他的坟墓就在山脚,我却不忍心去看一眼。
72)When the pull is strong, the disc is moved toward the
electromagnet, and when the pull is weak, the disc springs away
from the electromagnet. This back-and-forth movement
of the disc causes air in front of the receiver to move back
and forth in the same way.
吸引力强时,金属片朝向电磁铁运动。吸引力弱时,金属片从电磁铁处弹回。
这种往返运动使听筒前的空气以同样的方式做往返运动。
73)Motorists who don’t change their own oil still know
how to pull out a dipstick, wipe it clean, slip it back in, pull it out
and observe the level. If it looks low, they add half a
liter of oil or take the car for a professional oil change.
汽车司机即使自己不换油也知道如何拔出量油尺,把它擦干净,插进去,再拔出
来看看油有多深。如果很浅,就会添加半升汽油,或者将车开到加油站去加油。
74)她忽然觉得心头一紧,不知怎么的就哭了起来,那是欢乐的泪水,满足的泪水。
(铁凝,《哦,香雪》)
She suddenly felt her heart tighten, and began to cry. They
were tears of joy, and of
satisfaction.
75)我想要他画一张他没有画过的画,我说:“你给我画一张册页,从来没有画过的。”他欣然答应了,……(艾青)
I wanted him to paint me something he’d never painted
before. When I asked him, he
readily agreed. 第四章练习:
I. 试译下列句子,注意为弥合语法差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词:1.Over the past 50 years scientists and
psychologists have increasingly argued over whether genetics or
environment has a greater impact upon human intelligence.(省略冠词)2.The moon gives no light of its own. It merely reflects
the light of the sun, like a huge mirror hung in the sky.(省略冠词)
3.Emma slept, and when she woke, she had a shower.(省略代词)
4.Hotel staff won’t be overly offended if you don’t tip.(省略代词)
5.Trips were made three times a week in summer and twice
a week in winter.(省略介词)6.When I graduated from college,
my days of ambivalence was over.(省略介词)
7.Back in the hotel room, Jon made sure she was settled
before he set off.(省略关联词)8.After the light was turned off,
the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its
cage.(省略关联词)
9.Then what on earth do you want to do with it?(增加语气助词)
10.Did he reward you any further?(增加语气助词)
11.他抬眼望了望马路上昏暗的路灯。(增加冠词)
12.他们正在研究该地区的自然特征和生物的分布情况。(增加冠词)
13.丁医生放下雪茄,又回到小客厅里去了。(增加代词)
14.她小心地打开盒子,又学着同桌的样子轻轻把它盖上。(增加代词)
15.夏夜在屋外乘凉的时候,往往有些担心,不敢去看墙上。(增加介词) 16.美国国土的主要部分位于北美洲中央,北接加拿大,南联墨西哥,东濒大西洋,西临太平洋。(增加介词)
17.我在十八日早晨,才知道上午有群众向执政府请愿的事;下午便听到噩耗,说卫队居然开枪,死伤至数十人,而刘和珍君即在遇害者之列。(鲁迅,《记念刘和珍君》)(增加关联词)
18.时间一分钟一分钟过去,前面那团红雾更红更亮了。(增加关联词)
II. 试译下列句子,注意为弥合词义差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词:(一)增词
1.The retreat commenced in all haste.
2.Her grace was a delight.
3.There was a wide emptiness over the street.
4.His arrogance made everyone dislike him.
5.He waited for the booing to quiet down, then cleared his
throat.
6.Humans vying for dominance will turn to genetics to
compete.
7.Considering its growing economic importance, the
general neglect of geology in university teaching is difficult to
justify.
8.Psychologist Richard Stuart showed in the 1960s that
overweight women could lose pounds by modifying both their
eating behavior and “stimulus environemnt”.
9.He had noticed the mounting insubordination, and he
realized with embarrassment that he was the cause of what could
have become his own downfall.
10.He is much less selfish and much more peaceful now.
11.John’s closest neighbor Clint Hart lived two miles
down the road.
12.We called him our Christmas Boy because he came to us during that season of joy, when he was just six days old.
13.I’ve known several people who have overcome nail-biting simply by buying 50 nail files (指甲剪) and distributing
them everywhere: in their pockets, desks and bedrooms. 14.Zoy
hunched over her veranda desk, correcting exercise books.
15.In line with latest trends in fashion, a few dress designers
have been sacrificing elegance to audacity.
16.听到这个消息,他一肚皮的酒几乎全化成了酸醋。
17.他一边放声大笑,一边不住地拿眼瞅着她。
18.“这件事你打算怎么办呢?”她嘴巴一撇,侧着头,故意忍住了笑似的说。
19.她悄悄地来到她妹妹的房间里,将门拉上。
20.这令我到底惦记着江南。——这样想着,猛一抬头,不觉已是自己的门前。(朱自清,《荷塘月色》)
(二)减词
1.They had to stay there until the person they were
addressed to happened to come by and stop at the inn.
2.By means of a code of combinations of dots and dashes,
messages are sent along the wire that connects the key to a
sounder.
3.When you dial a number, an automatic switch in the
telephone exchange makes a circuit between your telephone and
the telephone of the person you are calling.
4.This explains why farmers in very windy regions try to
protect their soil by planting rows of trees to break the force of
the wind.
5.Some people accuse me of being rude because I always
introduce myself to other people I meet on trains; but I answer
by telling them that the reason for my action is not curiosity but
friendliness. 6.Times were tough during the Depression, and there were
five mouths to feed in my family, besides buying coal and wood
for the stove.
7.She looked around and padded off across a ravine,
toward the edge of the blue spruce forest that would be her new
home.
8.On top of one of the hills stood the farm house and the
barn where the farm animals lived. 9.I kept closing the gap
between my car and my brother’s truck, inching toward the
reassuring glow of the taillights like a frightened sheep following
a shepherd.
10.Amy settles into her seat, takes out her computer and
read over the agenda for the meeting to which she’s traveling.
11.但是,我却看到了一次最雄伟、最瑰丽的日出景象。
12.姑娘有点不好意思了,脸上泛着红潮。
13.本书所谈的是美国人民与土地合作的经过,以及合作过程中所产生的一些变迁。14.他们两个悄悄地走到一个窗子边,向里窥望。
15.将近午夜,煤油灯里的油燃尽了,爆着小小的无边的火花,屋里渐渐黑暗下来,终于完全漆黑了。
III. 试译下列句子,注意为弥合修辞差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词:(一)增词
1.Outside stood a little girl, dripping wet and shivering.
2.If future predictions of a shortage of quality workers
come true, it will become even more important to make
employees feel part of the team.
3.If techniques like this sound silly, keep in mind that the
power of self-monitoring has been conducted over the last four
decades.
4.America’s best-known billionaire is back to doing what
he has always done best—designing exciting new products and making barrels of money.
5.Most Chinese children seem to get whatever they want,
from ice cream, sweets and toys to endless attention from the
adults around them.
6.和八大的时候比较,现在我们党对我国社会主义建设规律的认识深刻得多了。(邓小平)
7.她不喜欢他这样打扮,老里老气的,不像个青年人。
8.他一个人跑到北海的土山上,徜徉了一个晚上。
(二)减词
1.The mail carrier could leave letters there for everyone for
miles around.
2.As soon as the operator releases the key, breaking the
circuit, the electromagnet releases the end of the armature(电枢)that it has pulled toward itself.
3.The answer is that the operator closes his end of the
circuit by means of a switch called a line switch.
4.The back-and forth movement of the metal disc
alternately presses the carbon grains together and then leaves
them room to spread out.
5.They went from one big town to another.
6.这儿的峡谷又是另一番景象:谷中急水奔流,穿峡而过,两岸树木葱茏,鲜花繁茂,碧草萋萋,活脱脱一幅生机盎然的天然风景画。各种奇峰异岭,令人感受各异,遐想万千。
7.这放盐也不是一成不变的,要因人、因时而变。
8.千千万万个像他这样的人,之所以在困难中没有对新中国失去信心,就是因为他们经历过旧社会,经历过五十年代那些康乐的年头。
IV. 试译下列句子,注意为弥合语境差异的需要增加适当的词或减少某些不必要的词:(一)增词
1.You probably already know that black absorbs the most
heat while white reflects the most. But what about other colors between?
2.The odor of disinfectant stung my nostrils as I moved
down the row of pens. Each contained five to seven dogs.
3.Not long ago John lost his wife to cancer. She was a
fighter, but in the end the disease won their eight-year battle.
4.Computer viruses now rely as much on human foibles—greed, fear, curiosity, loneliness—to draw you in as they do any
kind of technical trickery.
5.What this means is that businesses that once were
peripheral to the mall are grouped together. 6.我抬头望去,已到巫山。
7.从费城出发去他家之前,我就和他通了电话。一下车,他已经在站上等了。
8.我并没有和他深谈过,但从他的行事看来,相信我是理解他的。
(二)减词
1.So I made as much noise as I could with my automobile
horn. I sounded the horn every ten minutes, hoping that some
other traveler passing near me would hear.
2.Double Click(双击公司)was sued by a California woman
who accused the company of illegally obtaining and selling
personal information about Internet users.
3.On the one hand, child is the adored and spoiled centre
of a whole circle of adults, but on the other hand, he or she is
also expected to start studying with great discipline from early
age. 4.She was lucky, for he had given her a gift more powerful
than sight, the gift of love that can bring light where had been
darkness.
5.My husband and I are juggling the challenges of a new
baby, a growing company, a move to a new home and the launch
of a new product line. On the top of these challenges, we have gifts to buy, parties to attend and cards to send.
6.柔软的柳丝低垂在静谧的小河边上,河边的顽童,破坏了小河的安静。
7.清晨,一列从北平向东开行的平沈通车,正驰行在广阔、碧绿的原野上。
8.这又是一次拍马屁的机会,这种马屁奖分(brownie points)对于晋升和保持职位至关重要。
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