2024年3月27日发(作者：专门玩游戏的笔记本电脑推荐)

1. Noun Suffixes

(1) Denominal Nouns 由名词转化的名词

 Concrete: the suffixes of this group are added to noun bases to produce concrete nouns.

1) -eer meaning ‘skilled in, engaged in’

e.g. engineer, profiteer, mountaineer…

2) -er meaning ‘as dominant characteristic, denizen of’

e.g. teenager, Londoner, glover, northwester (西北大风) …

3) -ess meaning ‘female’

4) -ette meaning ‘compact’

e.g. kitchenette, dinette, cigarette …

-ette also meaning ‘imitation and female’

e.g. leatherette, flannelette (棉织法兰绒), usherette…

5) -let meaning ‘small, unimportant’

e.g. droplet, booklet, starlet…

6) -ster meaning ‘involved in’

e.g. trickster, gangster, songster…

 Abstract: the suffixes of this group are added to noun bases to form abstract nouns.

1) -age meaning ‘measure of, process or state’

e.g. storage, mileage, footage, coverage…

2) -dom meaning ‘state, condition’

e.g. officialdom (官场, 官僚作风), kingdom, stardom (名演员的身份,明星界) …

3) -ery, -ry meaning ‘condition or behavior associated with’

e.g. slavery, devilry, savagery…

-ery, -ry also meaning ‘place’

e.g. bakery, winery…

4) -ful meaning ‘amount contained in’

e.g. armful, houseful, mouthful…

5) -hood meaning ‘state, condition’

e.g. adulthood, daughterhood, spinsterhood (独身, 未婚), widowerhood (鳏居,丧妻)…

6) -ing meaning ‘the material of’

e.g. tubing (管类,管子;管形材料), matting, carpeting…

-ing also meaning ‘activity connected with’

e.g. farming, golfing…

7) -ism meaning ‘doctrine of, practice of’

e.g. terrorism, sexism, consumerism…

8) -ship meaning ‘occupation, position’

e.g. governorship (州长或总督等的职位或任期), authorship…

-ship also meaning ‘skill and ability’

e.g. craftsmanship, sportsmanship…

-ship also meaning ‘relation’

e.g. acquaintanceship, friendship, partnership…

(2) Deverbal Nouns 由动词转化的名词

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 The following suffixes combine with verb bases to yield largely agential nouns.

1) -ant meaning ‘occupations and participation’

e.g. assistant, contestant, applicant…

-ant meaning ‘an object or substance’

e.g. coolant, pollutant…

2) -ee meaning ‘receiver of the action’

e.g. addressee, employee, trainee…

3) -ent meaning ‘a person or a thing’

e.g. respondent, correspondent, descendent…

4) -er, -or meaning ‘doer of the action’

e.g. commander, photographer,…

or non-persons

e.g. cooker, mixer, recorder…

elevator, escalator…

 Suffixes of the next group added to verb bases to produce largely abstract nouns, denoting action,

result, process, state, etc.

1) -age meaning ‘action of , instance of’

e.g. marriage, linkage, carriage…

2) -al meaning ‘the process or state of’

e.g. dismissal, survival, portrayal…

3) -ance meaning ‘action, process, state’

e.g. performance, insurance, attendance…

4) -ation, -ition, -tion, -sion, -ion meaning ‘process or state of’ or ‘product of, institution

produced by’

e.g. imagination, addition, protection, commission, operation…

5) -ence meaning ‘action, process, state’

e.g. adherence, persistence, existence…

6) -ing meaning ‘action of’

e.g. wedding, opening, savings, earnings…

7) -ment meaning ‘result of’

e.g. assessment, puzzlement, resentment…

(3) De-adjective Nouns 由形容词转化的名词

1) -ity meaning ‘state or condition’

e.g. productivity, intensity, superiority…

-ant productive with adjectives ending in –able, -al, -ar…

e.g. respectability, morality, popularity…

2) -ness meaning ‘state or quality’

e.g. youthfulness, up-to-dateness …

(4) Noun and Adjective Suffixes 由形容词转化的名词

1) -ese meaning ‘member of, language of’

e.g. Chinese, Lebanese…

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-ese also meaning ‘style of’

e.g. journalese (新闻文体), officialese (公文用语)…

2) -an, -ian meaning ‘citizen and language of’

e.g. Australian, Cambodian…

-ese also meaning ‘adherent to, relating to’

e.g. Darwinian (达尔文的), shakespearian(莎士比亚(风格)的 )…

3) -ist meaning ‘adherent to beliefs and behavior’

e.g. racist, socialist, loyalist…

-ist also meaning ‘occupations or study’

e.g. artist, psychiatrist (精神病医师, 精神病学家), environmentalist…

4) -ite meaning ‘adherent to, member of’

e.g. Thatcherite (撒切尔夫人的支持者), Chomskyite, …

2. Adjective Suffixes

(1) Denominal Suffixes 附加于名词的后缀

1) -ed added to those noun (adj.) + noun compounds

e.g. pear-shaped, blue-eyed, giant-sized…

2) -ful meaning ‘full of, providing’

e.g. merciful, graceful, tactful…

3) -ish meaning ‘somewhat like, approximately’

e.g. monkeyish, snobbish, nightmarish …

-ish also referring to ‘language or nationality’

e.g. Polish, Jewish…

-ish also very productive with adjective bases in the sense of ‘somewhat’

e.g. wettish, thinnish, plumpish…

4) -less meaning ‘without’

e.g. nameless, brainless, humourless…

-less also meaning ‘unmeasurable’

e.g. priceless, timeless…

5) -like meaning ‘like’

e.g. animal-like, lady-like (风度雍容如贵妇的,温雅的), dreamlike…

6) -ly meaning ‘having the quality of’

e.g. soldierly, friendly, cowardly…

-ly also meaning ‘frequency’

e.g. hourly, fortnightly…

7) -y meaning ‘somewhat like, characterized by’

e.g. flowery, smoky, bloody…

-y also productive with names to show affection or familiarity

e.g. doggy, birdy…

-like & -ish

The latter is relatively pejorative and less literally close to the meaning of the base, for example

manly, manlike, mannish

………

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8) -al, -ial, -ical meaning ‘relating to’

e.g. residential, sentimental, philosophical…

9) -esque meaning ‘having the properties of’, productive with names of famous writer,

composers or painters.

e.g. Beethovenesque, Chaplinesque…

10) -ic meaning ‘resembling, involving, connected with’

e.g. patriotic, poetic, bureaucratic(官僚的，官僚政治的)…

-ic also productive with nouns ending in –ist

e.g. pessimistic, traditionalistic…

11) -ous, -eous, -ious, -uous meaning ‘having a particular quality’

e.g. sensuous (感觉上的, 给人美感的), courageous, marvelous, anxious…

(2) Deverbal Suffixes 附加于动词的后缀

1) -able, ible showing ‘possibility’

e.g. washable, admirable, identifiable…

2) -ative, -tive, -sive

e.g. talkative, affirmative, active, decisive…

3. Adverb Suffixes

1) -ly meaning ’ in …manner, to a …degree’

e.g. gradually, seriously, publicly…

2) -ward, -wards showing ‘direction’

e.g. eastwards, homewards, downward, skyward…

3) -wise meaning ‘in …manner’

e.g. clockwise (顺时针方向的), crabwise (横斜地, 小心地)…

-wise also meaning ‘ as far as … is concerned’

e.g. moneywise, education-wise…

4. Verb Suffixes

1) -ate meaning ‘give or make or become’

e.g. originate, validate(使有效, 使生效), hyphenate…

2) -en meaning ‘make or become’ with nouns or adjectives.

e.g. strengthen, heighten, dampen…

3) -ify, -fy meaning ‘make, endow with’

e.g. solidify, glorify, amplify…

4) -ize, -ise meaning ‘involving or related to’ productive with nouns and adjectives.

e.g. symbolize, visualize…; -ise confined to British use.

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