2024年3月20日发(作者：华为g9青春版手机配置参数)

Chapterc2 合同 Contract

第一节 建筑合同的种类

Types of Construction Contract

一、按计价机制分类的合同

(Contracts according to Pricing Mechanism)

（一）总价合同 / 包干合同 / 总包合同

(Lump Sum Contract)

承包商同意实施全部指定的工程，以获得一笔预

先规定的总款项。 [kən'sent]

The contractor consents to execute the entire

specified work for a stated total sum.

（二）成本补偿合同

(Cost Reimbursement Contract)

雇主承诺支付承包商主要成本/直接成本，也就是

施工中使用到的实际人工费、设备费、材料费。

The client undertakes to pay the contractor the

prime cost: that is, the actual cost of labor, plant

and materials utilized in the execution of the

works.

除了直接成本外，承包商还被付有代替开办费和

利润的一笔约定款额。

In addition to the prime cost, the contractor is

paid an agreed sum to cover establishment

charges and profit.

（三）单价合同 (Unit Price Contract)

即使没有给出合同价，但由于双方就适用于该工

程的费率达成一致，因此对于成本是有一定控制

的。

There is some control over cost because the

parties agree on the rates which will apply to

the work even though there is no contract sum.

（四）计量合同 (Measurement Contract)

在本合同协定下，工程的单价是可提前预算的，

但总价只能到工程完工时估量、估价来确定。

Price of units of work under this contractual

arrangement is pre-estimated but the total price

cannot be ascertained until the work is

measured and valued on completion.

[æsə'teind]

计量合同协定可以通过近似工程量清单或单价

表获得。

Measurement contractual arrangement can be

procured on an approximate bill of quantities

or schedules of rates.

施工中实际发生的费用 the actual cost incurred

in the execution of the works

总价合同的价格可能是固定的也可能是浮动的。

The price for lump sum contracts may be fixed

or fluctuating. ['fl

ʌ

kt

ʃ

ueitiŋ]

由于时间或其他方面的原因

for reasons of time or otherwise

从业主的角度看

from the employer’s point of view

费用超支 cost overrun

二、按工程范围或承包方式分类的合同

(Contracts According To Scope of Work or

Way of Contracting)

（一）管理合同 (Management Contract)

在这种合同协定下，雇主委任一个组织或一家公

司（称之为管理承包商）来管理和协调工程的设

计和建设阶段。

Under this contractual arrangement, the client

appoints an organization or a firm termed as

the management contractor to manage and

co-ordinate the design and construction phases

of the project.

服务设施 service facilities

永久工程 permanent works

塔式起重机 tower crane

脚手架 scaffolding

以各分包合同包的形式

in subcontract packages

（二）设计-施工合同

(Contract for Design and Build)

这种合同协定使得一家公司或一个组织能够对

某一建筑物的设计与施工负全部责任，承担全部

义务。

This contractual arrangement enables a firm or

an organization to take full responsibility and

carry sole liability for both the design and

construction of a building.

在雇主确定他/她对某一建筑物的需求之后，他/

她将根据实体设计需求及预期的实体使用充分

声明其要求。

After the client identified his or her need for a

building, he or she states the requirement

adequately in terms of physical design need as

well as intended physical use.

这种合同适合于标准的建筑物及工业系统（如工

厂和仓库）。

This contract is suitable for standard buildings

and industrialized system (e.g. factories and

warehouses) .

（三）一揽子交易/交钥匙合同

[ri'petətiv]

(Package Deals/Turnkey Contract)

“总承包合同，整套承包合同，全包式合同”

这种系统使用于工业、商业和重复建设的采购。

This system is employed in the procurement of

industrial, commercial and repetitive buildings.

专用系统 proprietary system

[prəu'praiətəri]

报刊广告 press advertisement

规划许可 planning permission

价格谈判，价格协商 price negotiation

（四）分项分包合同 (Separate Contract)

建筑师在雇主批准他/她的设计解决方案后执行

工程的管理。

The architect carries out the management of

the project after the client has approved his or

her design solution.

建筑师代表雇主与一些被选定的工程承包商为

各工程分项约定一些分项合同。

The architect arranges on behalf of the client a

number of separate contracts with a selected

number of works contractors for subdivisional

work.

['sʌbdi,viʒənəl]

分项工程验收acceptance of subdivisional work

雇主直接与每个被选定的承包商签订合同。 The

client enters into direct contract with each of the

selected contractors.

第二节 建筑工程承包商

Construction Contractors

监管建设项目执行的建筑商传统上被称为承包

商，或更似施工人员。

Builders who supervise the execution of

construction projects are traditionally referred

to as contractors, or more approximately called

constructors.

总承包商协调一项工程各种各样的任务，专业承

包商如机械、电力承包商履行他们专业上的工

作。

The general contractor coordinates various

tasks for a project while the specialty

contractors such as mechanical or electrical

contractors perform the work in their

specialties.

材料和设备供应商经常作为安装承包商，他们在

建设项目中担任重要的角色因为材料和设备的

交货条件影响着工程的质量、成本和及时完工。

Material and equipment suppliers often act as

installation contractors: they play a significant

role in a construction project since the

conditions of delivery of material and

equipment affect the quality, cost and timely

completion of the project.

（一）总承包商 (General Contractors)

一个在过去已经与主管、专业承包商或分包商团

队合作过一些工程的好的总承包商在鼓励忠诚

和协作方面最为有效。 [,sju:pərin'tendənt]

A good general contractor who has

worked with a team of superintendents,

specialty contractors or subcontractors for a

number of projects in the past is efficient in

inspiring loyalty and cooperation.

总承包商也对施工中使用的劳动力也很在行。

The general contractor is also knowledgeable

about the labor force employed in construction.

工匠 craftsman 熟练工 journeyman

自由雇用企业（或工厂、商店） open shop

只雇佣某一工会会员的企业（或工厂、商店）

closed shop

学徒 apprentice [ə'prentis]

（二）专业承包商 (Specialty Contractors)

专业承包商包括机械、电力、基础、开挖、拆除

承包商及其他。他们通常作为总承包商的分包

商。

[,ekskə'veiʃən] [,demə'liʃən]

Specialty contractors include mechanical,

electrical, foundation, excavation and

demolition contractors among others. They

usually serve as subcontractors to the general

contractor in a project.

除了这样的特例，雇主会让主承包商负责同分包

商谈判，签订合同协议书。

With the exception of such special cases, an

owner will hold the general contractor

responsible for negotiating and fulfilling the

contractual agreements with the subcontractors

独立的主合同 separate prime contract

公共工程，市政工程 public works

（三）材料与设备供应商

(Material and Equipment Suppliers)

主要的材料供应商包括结构钢加工与安装、金属

板、预拌混凝土交货、钢筋详图设计员、屋顶、

上釉等专业承包商。

Major material suppliers include specialty

contractors in structural steel fabrication and

erection, sheet metal, ready mixed concrete

delivery, reinforcing steel bar detailers, roofing,

glazing etc. fabrication 制造

erection 安装，装配 off-site 在工地外，在场外

发电机 generator 热水器 boiler 管路 piping