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always usually often sometimes hardly ever never 频度副词的用法
一、频度副词的概念与用法
频度副词是指表示动作发生的次数副词,常见有的never, seldom,
sometimes, frequently, often, usually, always 等。
频度副词通常位于实义动词之前,动词be、助动词、情态动词等之后。
如:
We often get together.
我们常常聚会。
Jane usually goes to work by bike.
简通常骑自行车上班。
He sometimes goes there on business.
他有时到那里出差。
He can never understand.
他永远也不会明白的。
I shall always remember this.
我将永远记住这一点。
注:如果有两个助动词,频度副词通常放在第一个助动词后面。
We have never been invited to one of their parties.
他们聚会,一次也没邀请过我们。
She must sometimes have wanted to run away.
她有时候一定想到过要逃走。
二、频度副词位于助动词之前两种情况
1. 为了表示强调,频度副词有时也可位于动词be、助动词、情态动词之前;此时助动词等应重读。
如:
She always was late.
她老是迟到。
I never can remember.
我永远也记不住。
He never should have joined the army.
他根本不应当参军。
2. 在简略答语中,当频度副词与动词be、助动词或情态动词位于句末时,频度副词必须前置。
如:
“Philip is late again.” “Yes, he always is.”
“菲利普又迟到了。”“是的,他总是迟到。”
“Can you park your car near the shops?” “Yes. I usually can.”
“你可以在商店附近停车吗?”“是的,通常可以。”
I know I should take exercise, but I never do.
我知道我应该进行体育锻炼,但我从来没这样做过。
三、频度副词在否定句中的用法
在否定句中,有的频度副词位于否定词之前或之后均可,而有的频度副词则必须位于否定词之后,而还有的频度副词却必须要位于否定词。大致情况如下:
1. 频度副词usually和often可位于否定词not之前或之后。
如:
他们不常开这样的晚会。
正:They don’t often hold such parties.
正:They often don’t hold such parties.
星期日我们一般不在9点以前起床。
正:We don’t usually get up before nine on Sundays.
正:We usually don’t get up before nine on Sundays.
在否定句中,频度副词用于句中或句首,有时但会导致意思不同。
如:
He doesn’t usually sleep for two days at a time.
他很少一连睡两天。
Usually he doesn’t sleep for two days at a time.
他连续两天不睡觉是常事。
2. 频度副词always总是位于否定词之后,不可位于否定句之前。
如:
Things are not always what they seem to be.
外表往往是靠不住的。
Silence must not always be read as consent.
沉默并不见得一定意味着同意。
3. 频度副词sometimes总是位于否定词之前,不可位于否定词之后。
如:
Jim is sometimes not very punctual.
吉姆有时不太准时。
Debbie is sometimes not responsible for what she does.
戴比有时对她所做的事不负责任。
四、频度副词位于句末的用法
mes常可用于句末。
如:
We all get into trouble sometimes.
我们有时都会遇到麻烦。
You can’t work all the time—it does you good to go out and enjoy yourself
sometimes.
你不能总是工作,有时出去放松一下会对你有好处。
2. often有时可置于句末,但通常会带有very, quite, fairly, more, so等修饰语。如:
We’ve been there quite often.
经常去那里。
When I was young, I used to play tennis very often.
我年轻时经常打网球。
Diana used to travel a lot. These days she doesn’t go away so often.
戴安娜过去经常旅游。最近她不常出门了。
We’re not exactly on intimate terms, but we see each other fairly often.
我们虽算不上关系密切,但还常见面。
注:有时也可不带修饰语,但主要见于否定句或疑问句。
如:
He writes to me often.
他经常给我写信。
Do you come here often?
你常来这儿吗?
I don’t come here often.
我不常来这儿。
3. usually有时也用于句末,其前不用修饰语。
如:
I’m not late, usually.
我通常不迟到。
I get paid on Fridays usually.
我通常在星期五领工资。
4. seldom 一般不用于句末,除非其前带有only, very等修饰。
如:
We go out very seldom.
我们绝少外出。
I play basketball very seldom indeed.
我很少打篮球。
5. always一般不用于句末,偶尔用于句末,此时它不表法“总是”,而表示“永远”。
如:
I’ll love you always.
我将永远爱你。
另外,有时用于句末是因为句子有所省略的缘故。
如:
Generally they walked together on Sunday, but not always.
他们一般在星期日一起散步,但并不总是如此。
句中的but not always=but they didn’t always walk together on Sunday。
五、频度副词位于句首的用法
1. sometimes常可用于句首。
如:
Sometimes she comes late.
有时她来得晚。
Sometimes she didn’t agree with me.
有时她和我意见不一致。
Sometimes we get a lot of rain in August.
有时在8月份雨水很大。
2. often用于句首时,通常表示强调,且其前一般有quite, very修饰。
如:
Very often he comes in late.
他常常迟到。
Quite often the phone rings when I’m in the bath.
电话经常在我洗澡时响。
3. usually有时也用于句首,其前不用修饰语。
如:
Usually I get up early.
我平时起得早。
Sometimes he comes by bus, but usually he comes by taxi.
有时他坐公共汽车来,不过他通常还是打的来。
Usually cooking pots have two small handles but pans have one long handle.
通常地深底煮锅有两只把手而平底锅只有一个长长的把手。
4. always一般不用于句首,除非是用在祈使句中。
如:
Always remember this.
请时刻记住这一点。
Always look in the mirror before starting to drive.
一定要先看看反光镜再开车。
另外,never也可用于祈使句的句首。
如:
Never tell him the news.
千万不要告诉他这消息。
Never ask her about her marriage.
决不要问她结婚的事。
5. 在正式文体中,表示否定意义的副词seldom, never可位于句首,但此时其后要用倒装语序。
如:
Seldom has there been such a happy meeting.
过去很少有过这样愉快的会议。
Never did he think the book would be finished so soon.
他可没想到这本书会这么快看完。
规则动词的过去式变化如下:
1、一般情况下,动词词尾加 -ed ,如:
work ---worked play---played wanted----wanted act----acted
2、以不发音的 -e 结尾动词,动词词尾加 -d,如:
live---lived move----moved taste---tasted hope---hoped
3、以辅音字母 + y结尾的动词,把-y变为-i 再加-ed,如:
study---studied copy---copied cry---cried carry---carried
4、以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节动词,双写词尾辅音字母,再加 -ed,如:
stop ---stopped
5、不规则动词的过去式变化规律性不强,须多加记忆。
go – went make – made get – got buy - bought come - came
fly-flew
不规则动词的过去式的构成
1.把动词原形中的i改为a,变成过去式。如:
begin—began,drink—drank,give—gave,ring—rang,sing—sang,sit—sat,swim—swam
2.把重读开音节中的i改为o,变成过去式。如:
drive—drove,ride—rode,write—wrote
3.改动词原形中的aw /ow为ew,变成过去式。如:
draw—drew,grow—grew,know—knew,throw—threw(动词show除外,show—showed)
4.动词原形中的e改为o,变成过去式。如:
get—got,forget—forgot
5.动词原形中的ee改为e,变成过去式。如:
feed—fed,meet—met
6.动词原形中的eep改为ept,变成过去式。如:
keep—kept,sleep—slept,sweep—swept
7.动词原形中的eak改为oke,变成过去式。如:
break—broke,speak—spoke
8.动词原形中的ell改为old,变成过去式。如:
sell—sold,tell—told
9.动词原形中的an改为oo,变成过去式。如:
stand—stood,understand—understood
10.以ought和aught结尾,且读音是〔 :t〕的过去式。如:
bring—brought,buy— bought,think—thought,catch—caught,teach—taught
11.以ould结尾且读音为〔ud〕的情态动词过去式。如:
can—could,shall—should,will—would
12.把动词原形中的o改为a,变成过去式。如:
come—came,become—became
13.在动词原形后加d或t变成过去式,并且发生音变。如:
hear〔hi 〕—heard〔h :d〕, say〔sei〕—said〔sed〕,mean〔mi:n〕—meant〔ment〕
14.动词的过去式与动词原形一样。如:
let—let,must—must,put—put,read—read〔red〕
15.不符合上述规律的动词过去式。如:
am,is—was,are—were,build—built,do—did,eat—ate,fall—fell,feel—felt,find—found,fly—flew,go—went,have /has— had,hold—held,leave—left,make—made,may—might,run—ran,see—saw,take—took
过去式―-ed‖的发音规则
(1)动词词尾为―t,d‖时,发/ id /音,
want →wanted (要)need →needed (需要)
(2)动词词尾为清辅音时,发/ t / 音。
help →helped (帮助)laugh →laughed (笑)look →looked (看)
kiss →kissed (吻)wash →washed (洗) watch →watched (注视)
(3)动词词尾为t,d以外之浊辅音或元音时,发/ d /音。
call →called (叫)stay→stayed (停留)cry→cried (哭)
助动词的用法
一、助动词be的用法:
1) be +现在分词,构成进行时态,例如:
They are having a meeting. 他们正在开会。
English is becoming more and more important. 英语现在越来越重要。
2) be + 过去分词,构成被动语态,例如:
The window was broken by Tom.. 窗户是汤姆打碎的。
English is taught throughout the world. 世界各地都教英语。
3) be + 动词不定式,可表示下列内容:
a. 表示最近、未来的计划或安排,例如:
He is to go to New York next week.. 他下周要去纽约。
We are to teach the freshpersons. 我们要教新生。
说明: 这种用法也可以说成是一种将来时态表达法。
b. 表示命令,例如:
You are to explain this. 对此你要做出解释。
He is to come to the office this afternoon. 要他今天下午来办公室。
c. 征求意见,例如:
How am I to answer him? 我该怎样答复他?
Who is to go there? 谁该去那儿呢?
d. 表示相约、商定,例如:
We are to meet at the school gate at seven tomorrow morning.
我们明天早晨7点在校门口集合。10:21 2009-5-16
二、助动词have的用法
1)have +过去分词,构成完成时态,例如:
He has left for London. 他已去了伦敦。
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.
上月未为止,他们已经完成工作的一半。
2)have + been +现在分词,构成完成进行时,例如:
I have been studying English for ten years.
我一直在学英语,已达十年之久。
3)have+been +过去分词,构成完成式被动语态,例如:
English has been taught in China for many years.
中国教英语已经多年。
三、助动词do 的用法
1) 构成一般疑问句,例如:
Do you want to pass the CET? 你想通过大学英语测试吗?
Did you study German? 你们学过德语吗?
2) do + not 构成否定句,例如:
I do not want to be criticized. 我不想挨批评。
He doesn't like to study. 他不想学习。
In the past, many students did not know the importance of
English. 过去,好多学生不知道英语的重要性。
3) 构成否定祈使句,例如:
Don't go there. 不要去那里。
Don't be so absent-minded. 不要这么心不在焉。
说明: 构成否定祈使句只用do,不用did和does。
4) 放在动词原形前,加强该动词的语气,例如:
Do come to my birthday party. 一定来参加我的生日宴会。
I did go there. 我确实去那儿了。
I do miss you. 我确实想你。
5) 用于倒装句,例如:
Never did I hear of such a thing. 我从未听说过这样的事情。
Only when we begin our college life do we realize the importance
of English.
只有在开始大学生活时我们才认识到英语的重要性。
说明: 引导此类倒装句的副词有never, seldom, rarely, little, only, so,
well等。
6) 用作代动词,例如:
---- Do you like Beijing? --你喜欢北京吗?
---- Yes, I do. --是的,喜欢。(do用作代动词,代替like Beijing.)
He knows how to drive a car, doesn't he?
他知道如何开车,对吧?
四、助动词shall和will的用法
shall和will作为助动词可以与动词原形一起构成一般将来时,例如:
I shall study harder at English. 我将更加努力地学习英语。
He will go to Shanghai. 他要去上海。
说明:
在过去的语法中,语法学家说shall用于第一人称,will 只用于第二、第三人称。现在,尤其是在口语中,will常用于第一人称,但shall只用于第一人称,如用于第二、第三人称,就失去助动词的意义,已变为情态动词,试比较:
He shall come. 他必须来。(shall有命令的意味。)
He will come. 他要来。(will只与动词原形构成一般将来时。)
五、助动词should,would的用法
1)should无词义,只是shall的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,只用于第一人称,例如:
I telephoned him yesterday to ask what I should do next week.
我昨天给他打电话,问他我下周干什么。
比较:
"What shall I do next week?" I asked.
"我下周干什么?"我问道。(可以说,shall变成间接引语时,变成了should。)
2) would也无词义,是will的过去形式,与动词原形构成过去将来时,用于第二、第三人称,例如:
He said he would come. 他说他要来。
比较:
"I will go," he said. 他说:"我要去那儿。"
变成间接引语,就成了:
He said he would come.
原来的will变成would,go变成了come.。
句子中的being是不能随便去掉的,在句子中出现being的情况大致分为以下几种:
一,being用作现在分词用法。
(1)一种用作现在分词,是强调正在进行,尤其是在被动语态中的使用,这个时候,being只是一个描述进行时态的符号,如,The trees are being planted,这种用法比较简单,我们也很好分辨。
(2)用作现在分词的时候.being用于作定语中,一般和过去分词连用,放在被说明名词后,表示进行时被动意义:The house
being built will be our new laboratory.
(3)being用于状语,一般有逗号,翻译时常加表示状语的词汇,如―由于……‖、―……时‖等:Being very tiny, aunts
cannot often be seen by us.
(4)还有一种现在分词的用法,是用作独立分词结构,含蓄的表示各种状态:
are a large number of different shapes of files, each
being made for some particular kind of work.(伴随情况)各种锉刀的形状大不相同,每一种都是为特殊的一类加工而制作的。
resistance being very high, the current in the circuit is
low.(条件状语)如果电阻很大,则电路内电流就小。
are built in various types, their functions being the
same.(让步状语)泵可制成各种形式,虽然其功能相同。
being the case, we will have to make some alternations
in the plan.(原因状语)情况既然这样,我们就得把计划作一些更改。
temperature being 100℃, water boils and turns into
steam.(时间状语)当温度为100℃时,水就沸腾并变为蒸气。
(5)being用于介词后―主谓‖结构中,即―介词+名词或代词+being+…‖。这时介词宾语是一种复合宾语。其中being为现在分词。例如:
pressure of a gas varies inversely as its volume, with
temperature being constant.在温度不变条件下,气体压力是和其体积成反比的。
current produced is the result of chemical energy being
changed to electric energy.所产生的电流是化学能变为电能的结果。
insisted upon their device being tested under
operating conditions.他们坚持他们的装置要在运转条件下进行试验。
are pleased at them being successful.(用their代替them,则后面being为动名词。)我们为他们成功而感到高兴。
二,being用作动名词时,“being+过去分词‖作介词宾语或动词宾语的用法
has the property of dissolving sugar, sugar (has)the
property of being dissolved by water.(介词宾语)水具有溶解糖的特性,糖则具有被水溶解的特性。
object is at rest and resists being moved quickly.(动词宾语)物体静止时,它就阻止对它的迅速移动。
compound is readily decomposed by being heated.(介词宾语)这种化合物(通过)受热就易分解。
being heated, the two substances form a new
compound.(介词宾语)这两种物质一遇热就生成新的化合物。
三,“be+being+表语”用于表示一时的表现(这种就适用于你提出的第一个句子)
is not being modest today.他今天这样不太谦虚。
are being friendly.他们这样做就是为了表示友好。(意译)
is being a good boy today.他今天可是个好孩子。
四、being用法小结
(1)一般来说,在句中除去being短语后,句中缺少动词的宾语或介词的宾语,则这个being往往作动名词用。除此之外,being均作现在分词用。例如:
Many substances are capable of being dissolved in water.许多物质能(被)溶于水。(句中去掉being dissolved in water,则介词of就缺少宾语,故这个being……为动名词短语。)
(2)being作现在分词时,前面有助动词be,后面有过去分词,则being用于进行时被动态;作定语时一般位于所修饰的名词后面(这两种情况一般均为被动态);作状语时,一般用逗号分开;用于独立分词结构中,则除了用逗号以外,being短语前必有其自己的逻辑主语出现。现把上述小结用于下句分析:
The rate of heat production depends also in the power being
used in the heating element, this power being measured in
watts.(第一个being短语为定语,第二个being结构为独立分词结构。)热量产生的速率也决定于加热元件内所用的功率,而该功率以瓦特计量之。
(3)注意带being的固定词组―for the time being(暂时)‖:
will be in charge of that work for the time being.他将暂时负责那项工作。
the time being, you can’t tell him about the news.你暂时还不能把这消息告诉他。
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