2024年2月15日发(作者：小米8青春版手机参数)

表面热处理（Surface heat treatment）

表面处理

1.1表面处理（表面处理）

表面处理的对象非常广泛，从传统工业到现在的高科技工业，从以前的金属表面到现在的塑料，非金属的表面。它使材料更耐腐蚀，更耐磨耗，更耐热，它使材料之寿命延长，此外改善材料表面之特性，光泽美观等提高产品之附加价值，所有这些改变材料表面之物理，机械及化学性质之加工技术统称为表面处理（表面处理）或称为表面加工（表面处理）。

1.1.1金属表面处理（金属表面处理）

金属经初步加工成型后需修饰金属表面，美化金属表面，更进一步改变金属表面的机械性质及物理化学性质等之各种操作过程，称之为金属表面处理。或称之金属表面加工（金属表面处理）。

1.2表面处理的目的

表面处理的目的可以分四大类：

（1）美观（外观）。

（2）防护（保护）

（3）特殊表面性质（特殊表面性能）

（4）机械或工程性质（机械或工程性质）

（1）美观（外观）

为了提高制品之附加价值，赋予制品表面美观，例如装饰性电镀

（装饰性电镀Au、Ag、Rh），Ni，Cr，黄铜等电镀（电镀）。

（2）防护（保护）

为了延长制品的寿命，再制品表面披覆（涂料）耐腐蚀之材料，例如保护性电镀（保）Zn、Cd、Ni、Cr、Sn等电镀。

（3）特殊表面性质（特殊表面性能）

1。提高制品之导电性（电子电导），例如电镀银、Cu。

2。提高焊接性（可焊性）在通讯急电子工业应用，例如锡铅合金电镀。

三.提高光线之反射性（光反射）例如宇宙飞船，人造卫星的外壳需

反射光线，银及RH的镀层被应用上。

4。减小接触阻抗（接触电阻）例如在电子组件之金及PD电镀。

（4）机械或工程性质（机械或工程性质）

1。提高制品之强度（强度），例如塑料电镀。

2。提高制品之润滑性（轴承性质）例如多孔洛电镀

（多孔铬电镀），内燃机之铝合金活塞（活塞），镀锡锡以防止汽缸（缸）壁刮伤。

三.增加硬度（硬度）及耐磨性（耐磨），例如硬洛电镀（镀硬铬）。

4。提高制品之耐热性，耐候性，抗幅射线，例如塑料，非金属之电镀。

5。渗碳（渗碳），氮化（氮化）之防止，例如钢铁表面化（硬化）时在不要硬化部份镀铜。

1.3表面处理之重要性

表面处理工业虽然不是工业之主流，但只有透过表面处理，制品的特性及价值才能充份发挥出来。应用电镀（电镀），阳极处理（阳极氧化），化成处理（耐腐蚀），涂装（涂料）等工业技术，达到防蚀，增进可焊性，润滑性，耐磨性，附着性及钢材防止渗碳等的多项目的。所以表面处理为各种加工制造工业不可或缺的过从传统工业到近代高科技，表面处理技术一直扮演非常重要性之角色。例如宇宙飞船，人造卫星，集成电路等之发展表面处理技术都有决定性之影响由于表面处理对材料月异，带动相关科技工程之进步。

1.4表面处理技术之种类从表面处理之特性可分类：

surface

_____ mechanical method ____ shot peening, honing, cutting,

sanding, grinding, grinding, super processing.

Noodles

_____ metallurgy ____ surface hardening (quenching,

carburizing, nitriding, diffusion coating method).

shape

_____ chemical method ____ electrolytic grinding, pickling,

chemical grinding, acid etching.

become

surface

_____ is coated on the surface of ____ electroplating,

electroless plating, hot dip, spray plating, vacuum

evaporation, sputtering cathode,

Noodles

_____ inorganic coating ____ anodizing, coloring, chemical

treatment, treatment of enamel.

Phi

_____ organic coating ____ coating, rubber lining, plastic

lining.

Status and problems of domestic surface treatment industry in

1.5

On the basis of 70 years of the Republic of China Administrative

Institute of science and Technology Advisory Group report, the

surface treatment industry, domestic about 4000, the

electroplating industry accounted for about 1200, scattered

across the province, the main production projects, industrial

electroplating, plating, hot dip plating, electroplating,

chemical plating, hair color, painting, in surface the staff

of 15000 to 20000 people, with professional knowledge level

about 1000 to 1500 people.

Supply of raw materials and equipment for 1.5.1

The most expensive imported raw materials, production

equipment for the domestic, more valuable is the 75% test

equipment imports. The high cost of domestic raw materials

industry, a heavy burden, should try to improve, to prevent

traders to manipulate the market, but also to encourage

research and development and production of important raw

materials.

Knowledge level of 1.5.2 practitioners

The general practitioners of the low level of knowledge and

technology, short tube products lack the concept, difficult to

have the research and development of new products, dependent

only low labor, in order to survive. The relevant government

units should hold regular seminars, to enable managers to

acquire new knowledge become the research atmosphere, improve

the technical level of in-service engineering personnel,

encourage the use of construction cooperative education,

training or on-the-job training, should also hold all kinds of

technical examination, and the provisions of the factory

industry the job need to be served by the technician.

The surface treatment of the added value of materials is very

high, advanced countries have invested huge manpower and

engaged in research and development, change rapidly makes the

surface processing technology, our country to catch up, bound

from racing together bridle to bridle, education, set up at the

surface of formal education in college physical talent, in

order to have a strong development strength. Encourage schools

and industry between the cooperative education, technical

problems need to be driven by the school, the school to add new

equipment, enrich the teaching, actively cultivate

professional talents, enterprises should employ higher

education only amount of scientific and technical personnel,

in order to increase research and development potential.

1.5.3 production and management mode

General professional manufacturers small scale, mainly for the

production order management system, no small factories, low

level of education, the manpower, raw materials and energy

caused no waste. The competition was Dachang underground

factory malignant price, small plant should be the focus of

investment, with the beginning of camp, economical production

equipment have. Should be eliminated timely replacement of

automated processing equipment, to simplify management,

improve production efficiency, stable quality, save labor,

improve the international reputation of the products, and

promote industrial upgrading.

1.5.4 waste disposal and public nuisance

The underground factory are serious pollution problems to the

waste form and waste disposal system investment cost is very

high, a small non surface treatment in general factory can

afford to maintain it, according to the experience and needs,

that the establishment of professional surface treatment,

processing waste, waste water, not only can reduce pollution,

but also can control the underground factory.

Imworkman 2007-5-9 06:55

1.5.5 Surface Treatment Association

Surface treatment is a very important part in industrial

development, to avoid or prevent vicious competition or surface

treatment of market manipulation, strengthen mutual

cooperation with manufacturers, technology exchange, should

fully play the association function, the industry to solve the

difficult. The other should be equipped with a complete quality

inspection center, centralized inspection, determination of

Service Set Standard Specification for surface treatment, as

the basis for the manufacturers improve the quality or quality

assurance.

Data of 1.5.6 surface treatment technology

According to the industry, the domestic technical information

obtained and the lack of technology, difficult to break,

A sound surface technology data processing center should be set

up to provide new and sufficient information for the research

developer and provide reference data for the introduction of

foreign technicians

Development direction of domestic surface treatment industry

in 1.6

Technology of surface treatment industry by the domestic rarely,

mostly depends on the business of foreign manufacturers

representatives or agents. The introduction of the most

advanced technology is not often or just locally, so that their

product quality is inferior to the inevitable product of the

reputation and the added value is difficult to improve. The

domestic academic institutions have been doing research for a

long time the independence of the upgrading of the domestic

industrial desire, improve the added value of goods, it is

necessary to improve the surface treatment technology, to

support the metal manufacturing industry, machinery industry,

electronic industry task.

1.6.1 decorative plating (decorative plating)

The main purpose of improving the appearance of the decorative

plating products, increase the added value of products, the

main products such as necklaces, brooches, earrings and other

jewelry, legally registered decorative electroplating factory

is less than 1/10, the underground small factory without tax,

wastewater treatment costs, resulting in a small factory to eat

large factory, vicious spiral bad money drives out good anti

out of the direction of development should be added. So the new

equipment for manufacturers to improve the technical level,

improve product quality, strengthen the crackdown on illegal

and natural hazards, make small factory or Amoy merger can

further develop.

1.6.2 engineering electroplating (Engineering plating)

The purpose of the project is to increase the corrosion

resistance of electroplating products, prolong the service

life, improvement of mechanical properties. Now many precision

molds cannot use mechanical processing, also use the plating

method, called electroforming (electroforming). The large

scale, many operations by automation, more attached to the

large-scale large machinery manufacturing factory.

Independent engineering electroplating factory has been large

machine metal factory have long-term processing contract, the

vicious competition with decorative plating, bamboo Qiang and

a economic development, engineering level of electroplating

technology must strive for self-improvement, the development

of the project is to support the use of electroplating materials

have a brilliant future huge number, so the problem of pollution

of waste disposal pay special attention to, the slightest

mistake will cause pollution get out of hand.

General small factory to save money without waste treatment

equipment, or only for the visit of inspection, waste of

investment, ignoring the security staff and environment and

health. So the future development direction for how to help make

these small factories with initial introduction or research and

development is more economical and effective new technology for

electroplating chemicals engineering. Such as the properties

of plating additives for foreign suppliers of raw materials,

secret, profit is very high, if long-term study will research

on the development of successful alternatives to reduce their

cost of electroplating industry.

1.6.3 tin plating (tin plating)

Tin production should go to the high rate of continuous

production direction, only the use of highly automated

equipment can save energy and continuous wages rising. This

equipment domestic design and manufacture, to introduce

technology from abroad in recent years, the use of aluminum cans,

aluminum foil, plastic bottles, wax cartons, glass bottles and

other materials are becoming more and more popular, accounted

for oftinned big market especially some tin production

developing countries such as Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand,

Malaysia has begun production of tin, and gradually changed

Wuxi tin (tin free steel) of the trend.

1.6.4 hot dip galvanized (zinc hot dip coating)

Galvanized steel sheet are electroplating type galvanized

steel sheet and hot dip type steel sheet, the hot dip type

majority, galvanized steel sheet with excellent corrosion

resistance and low price. Mainly for the purpose of building

such as a roof plate (roofing), (siding), billboards, air pipe,

followed by electric device and mechanical industry. Domestic

galvanized steel sheet industry should be the elimination of

obsolete equipment update, the new way of continuous hot dip

galvanizing production, high yield, good quality products,

wide applicability, low cost and with high corrosion resistance,

coating ductility, resistance to heat, welding and beautiful

color painting needs to improve the product quality. Such as

iron zinc alloy developed coating, galvanized and aluminum

single difference, galvanized zinc alloy plating surface.

1.6.

5 anode treatment (anodizing)

Aluminum is anodized aluminum metal surface by the action of

current to form a layer of oxide film, hard wear-resisting, high

corrosion resistance, beautiful color. Aluminum Alloy itself,

easy processing, high strength, uses a wide range of Lei and

T positive products for the processing of aluminum windows and

doors, furniture, cameras and instrument shell parts

manufacturing aluminum. A processing industry is also growing,

aluminum processing has considerable market potential. Yang

For example, the development of hard anodizing anodic treatment

(hard anodizing), is also useful in low temperature current AC

/ DC and used anodic aluminum anodizing. This hardening

treatment can be used for piston, cylinder, cylinder liner,

hydraulic machine and turbine parts, valve, gear, 'gun parts,

clutch, brake (brake, disk) - see machines and tools. The bath

temperature, current density, solution composition for

automatic control to strict quality control of finished

products to the customer requirements. The introduction of

foreign technology and automation needs a lot of money, so at

the same time to insight into the potential foreign markets to

achieve sequential automation.

1.6.6 coating (coating)

The coating industry growth still should continue to expand,

should try to ban underground factories to reduce pollution to

protect the legitimate manufacturers, to avoid vicious

competition. User education pay more attention to the value of

surface treatment technology, improve the coating quality.

Major manufacturers requirements should strive to develop

advanced products and not just complain about low small plant

competition. The development trend of most the powder coating,

to save energy and reduce pollution. The solvent and non solvent

coating and energy type (UV hardening, low temperature

hardening) of new products of China's coating industry should

catch up.

Imworkman 2007-5-9 06:55

Properties of 5.1 nickel

(1) color: silver white, yellow

(2) crystalline structure: FCC

(3) specific gravity: 8.908

(4) atomic weight: 58.69

(5) atomic order: 28

(6) electronic configuration: 1S^2 2S^2 2P^6 3S^2 3P^6 3d^8

4S^2

(7) melting point: 1457 C

(8) boiling point: 2730 C

(9) resistance: 6.84 uohs-cm

(10) tensile strength: 317 Mpa

(11) electrolytic nickel has higher hardness

(12) chemical stability in the atmosphere is not easy to

discolor, and is oxidized more than 600 C

(13) the solution is not dissolved

(14) the corrosion resistance of nickel is stronger than that

of copper, and copper products should be plated with nickel

(15) nickel is easy to dissolve in dilute nitric acid, but it

is not easy to dissolve in concentrated nitric acid

(16) the dissolution of nickel in sulfuric acid and

hydrochloric acid is slower than that in dilute nitric acid

(17) the standard potential of nickel is -0.25 volts, which is

higher than that of iron, and belongs to cathodic coating for

iron and steel

Only full coverage of nickel can protect against rust

(18) nickel is easy to polish and can be used as an intermediate

layer for electroplating

(19) when the nickel is deficient, the copper tin alloy can be

used instead

5.2 nickel plating project

The properties and appearance of nickel coating can be

controlled and the range of operation is wide, so it is widely

used in decorative Engineering electroplating and

electroforming

(1) the characteristics of mirror gloss

Engineering nickel plating is used for anticorrosion, wear

resistance, weldability, magnetism and other special coatings

Nickel electroforming is the manufacture of all nickel parts

and articles by electroplating, such as nickel tools and

moulds,

The mold plate (record stampers), record, seamless tube, ranyin

network (printing screens) plating reaction is Ni+2e-Ni, which

is Ni by the nickel salt solution provided by nickel anode to

supplement and anode efficiency is nearly 100%, greater than

the cathodic current efficiency of ion plating bath and so Ni

pH will have to bring out, though (drag-out) can increase the

Ni offset, but sometimes still lack of water and other

ingredients to regulate the bath composition, and adding acid

to maintain the pH value of nickel plating can be divided into

quanguangze nickel, semi bright nickel, nickel, nickel, double

three nickel, nickel, and Engineering Nickel Electroplating

and black nickel plating

5.3 decorative nickel plating

Its bath bath formula (see 5.4), its main components are nickel

sulfate (nickel sulfate), nickel chloride (nickel chloride)

and boric acid (boric acid). Nickel sulfate mainly provides the

source of Ni, nickel chloride is to help anodic nickel

dissolution and conductivity, boric acid is to help smooth and

more smooth coating.

针孔防止剂（抗点蚀）或润湿剂（润湿剂）可防止氢气泡停滞而形成针孔镀层，不起泡沫之润湿剂可用空气搅拌减低表面张力。大部份的镍镀浴都属专利商业配方，必须依照厂商提供的数据操作，典型的配方为瓦特镀浴（wattsath）。

5.4装饰性镍镀浴配方

由添加剂的控制可得全光泽镍（全光亮镍）、半光泽镍（半光亮镍）及犁地镍（缎面镍）。全光泽镍含硫成份0.06% ~ 0.1%，其添加剂至少需二种有机，一种是光泽剂含硫成份如苯磺酰胺、苯磺酸、苯三磺酸、萘三磺酸。

另外一种是平滑剂（匀染剂）如甲醛，comarin，乙烯氰醇及丁炔二醇。这二种添加剂混合使用可得到光泽平滑镍镀层，其光泽作用主要是硫共同析（沉积）的结果。锌、镉，及硒（硒）有光泽作用，半光泽镍只加平滑性添加剂所以不含硫，它很容易抛光而得到光泽表面，但一省去抛光而直接再镀一层全光泽即为二种镍（双重镍）更耐腐蚀。通常双重镍与半光泽镍镀层厚度比为1:3。另外在全光泽镍与半光泽镍间再镀上很薄（10%全部厚度），一层含高硫份（0.15%）的镍即为三重镍（三层镍），其耐蚀性更加。

5.5工程性镀镍（工程镀镍）

镍具有优良的物理、机械及化学特性所以在工程或工业上应用很多，如防止腐蚀、硬度、耐磨及磁性等。其镀层需无缺陷（无缺陷）光泽性在这里不很重要。其镀层之主要机械性质有：1。强度（抗拉强度），2。延展性（伸长），3。硬度（硬度），4。内应力（内部），5。疲劳限度（疲劳寿命），6。氢脆性（氢脆），镍镀层常被应用于化学、石油、食品及饮料工业上防止腐蚀，防止产品污染及保持产品纯洁。通常镍在氧化气氛下容易腐蚀，而还原性下不易腐蚀，但镍本身会形成氧化物钝态膜保护。当其氧化物保护膜被氯化物容液侵入则会形成针孔状腐蚀一般镍镀层在中性或碱性溶液可以保护住，但太多数矿物则会被腐蚀。

5.6工程镍镀浴配方

（1）瓦特浴（镀镍）

硫酸镍七水300g／L

氯化镍镍60g/L

硼酸H3BO3 37.5g/l

pH值3

浴温60c

电流密度430a /米^ 2

（2）全氯浴（氯化浴）

氯化镍（镍）300g／L

硼酸H3BO3 37.5g/l

pH值3

电流密度430a /米^ 2

（3）氨基磺酸盐浴

Nickel Sulfamate Ni（h2nso3 400g/L）2

硼酸30g/L

pH值4.5

浴温57c

电流密度430a /米^ 2

5.7瓦特镀浴镍镀层机械性质之影响因素

抗拉强度（抗拉强度）：随镍离子浓度增加而增加，操作范围内与浴温，pH值，电流密度比较没有关连。

延展性（伸长）：随镍离子浓度增加而减少，温度增加至55c则增加，超过55c则下降，与pH无关。

硬度（硬度）：随镍离子增加而增加，温度上升至55c则减小，

超过55c则增加。

内应力（内部应力）：随镍离子增加而增加，氯化物增加则剧烈增加，电流密度增加由减少变成增加。