2024年2月7日发(作者：n70和n72)

Unit 11 Why Historians Disagree

Key to the Exercises

Preview Do the following exercises.

1. Translate the following words and analyze how they are formed. Page 266

1)亲英的; 亲美的; 赞成现代化的; 赞成妇女堕胎权利的

pro-: 亲; 赞成; 拥护

2) 万无一失的; 防水的; 防火的; 防弹的; 隔音的

-proof: 防/抗/耐…的

3)

尽管; 借以; 在那种情况下; 在那以后; 因此; 从而; 在那里; 以后; 于是; 直到那时

4) 现在已经听惯了的借口; 一种等着瞧的政策; 一种随意的、无计划的行动; 因交通肇事者逃逸而受害的人; 一种自己机活也让别人活的哲学(和平共处哲学); 一个千载难逢的机会;一场殊死斗争;

笑了笑, 表示早就和你说过,你就是不听; 一副悉听尊便的态度

Note: These compound words may consist of a whole sentence and they are hyphenated.

2. Give synonyms of the following words and expressions. Page 266

(1) elusive: puzzling, baffling (2) intriguing: fascinating (3) evident: clear, plain, obvious,

noticeable

(4) ultimate: final, last (5) to revise: to correct, to change, to alter, to modify, to rewrite

(6) to probe: to dig into, to investigate, to look into (7) belligerent: warlike, aggressive,

hostile

(8) in the event of: in the case of, should sth occur (9) nonetheless: nevertheless, in

spite of, just the same

(10) to conclude (the quest): to end (the search/probing) (11) to denote: to refer to

(12) persuasively: convincingly (13) more or less: on the whole, generally

speaking

(14) moreover: in addition, besides, apart from, what's more (15) by way of: through

3. Give antonyms of the following words and expressions. Page 266

(1) exhilarating: depressing (2) unquestioned: doubtful (3) premise: conclusion

(4) motivation: effect (5) proportionate: disproportionate (6) pro-British: anti-British (7) to

take into account: to ignore

(8) a crude (theory): a well-developed (theory), a sophisticated (theory) (9) confused:

clear-minded

(10) professional: non-professional, amateurish

II Vocabulary

Translate 1) into Chinese. Page 268

(1) 专业的历史学家 (2)常识反应 (3) 情况; 事态 (4) 已经准备好了的东西 (5)个人喜好问题

(6) 截然不同的观点 过去的遗留物 一旦发生潜艇战 (9) 一个不成熟的理论 (10) 好战的行为

(11) 宣传机器 (12) 力量均衡; 实力平衡 (13) （事物的）因果 (14)海岸炮兵

(15) 终极关怀 (16) 近因 (17) 万无一失的解释 (18) 永不停止的探索

2) into English. Page 269

(1) to gain new insights (2) to benefit from the comparison (3) to trace the cause (4)

to dig into the problem

(5) to begin from this premise (6) to be immersed in a vast sea (7) to master the new techniques

(8) to give equal weight to sth (9) to be destined to do sth (10) to influence the government

(11) to make an assumption (12) to destroy the balance of power (13) to form an alliance

(14) to repay the loans (15) to contemplate war (16) to intercept the secret

message

(17) to fill in the gaps (18) to conclude the quest

Replace the words in bold type with words and phrases that convey more or less the same meaning. Page

269

1)

crude: simple

required: made

fat: thick

2)contemplating the destiny: pondering the future/ thinking about the future

trivial:

insignificant

3) diametrically opposed: completely different 4)

deem: consider

view: look at

perspectives:

points of view

5)is fully aware of: knows only too well/ knows very well

mounting resentment: growing anger

6)

In addition to: Apart from

convenient: easy

in the event of: in the case of

7)

deliberately: intentionally

ignored: neglected; paid no attention to

8) more or less: generally

Nevertheless: However

stemming from: coming from

9)

foolproof: completely reliable

eliminating: getting rid of

are destined to: are bound to

Fill in the blanks with appropriate prepositions. Page 269-270

(1) In, of, to (2) over, throughout, with, in, of (3) to, in (4) with, to, On, to

(5) from, in, as, to, of (6) with, up, in, of, out, out, in (7) to, to, under, on (8) into, In, to (9) to, of, as (10) At, from, from, from

Translate the following sentences into English. Page 270-271

1) Scientists more or less agree that global warming is a fact, but its cause is still hotly debated among

them. Many believe that if we piece together all the available evidence, we can conclude that it is caused

by human activities, but others think we need to dig into the problem further, and that natural forces

are at least of equal importance.

2) He devoted all his life to the cause of

water conservancy. He was one of the few scientists who first

saw what kind of trouble it would cause us in future if we were to build a dam here.

3) Those who sympathize with international terrorism view the problem from a different premise. They believe

that their goal can justify the means. But I am strongly opposed to this view. I believe that no excuse

can justify cold-blooded murder of innocent women, children and old people.

4) It is a good thing to have NGOs at work. In a pluralistic society, people’s views are bound to differ.

Opposition should not only be allowed, but also be respected and encouraged. It is also to our advantage

to do this.

5) Government’s over-investment means that many state bank loans will not be repaid and these bad debts

will finally lead to a financial crisis.

6) Special bank loans are now available to university students. Those who can’t pay for their education

can benefit from these

loans. .

7) He ended his speech by saying that as soon as they concluded their investigation they would report to

the Security Council. He firmly believed that any attempt to maintain the rulers of a country in power

using mass killing was destined to fail.

8) She will fly to India by way of Hongkong to conclude a new agreement on the protection of intellectual

property rights with the Indian government.

9) Based on these reasons, we could only come to the conclusion that they were out to make trouble. Therefore,

we decided to recall our ambassador immediately by way of protest.

Ex. 5 Choose the right words in their proper form. Page 271-272

1) (1) historic (2) historical (3) historical; historical (4) historic

(5) historic

2) (1) economic; economic (2) economical (3) economical (4) economical (5) economic

3) (1) limited (2) limit (3) restricted (4) restricted (5)

limited (6) limit/ restrict

4) (1) cause (2) courses (3) course (4) course (5) cause; course 5) (1) sources (2) sauce (3) source

(4) source; sauce

6) (1) suppose/assume (2) supposed (3) presume/assume (4) Suppose (5)

presumed

III Grammar

Complete the sentences with

one or

a/

an. Page 273

1) one 2) a 3) one, a 4) one 5) a 6) one 7) A 8) one 9) a, one 10)

One

Study and practice using patterns of defining. Page 273-274

Patterns of definition:

①Noun phrase (singular) + is one who…

Noun phrase (plural) + are the people who…

Noun phrase + is a place/ machine/ book, etc. that / which…

②Sb defines sth as…

Sth is defined as…

③Sth is sth + qualifier

Sth is associated with…( a loose, personal definition)

(1) professional historian (2) history (3) history (4) something ( prejudice/ bias) (5) we

(avid readers)

(6) we (avid readers) (7) life (8) fun (9) this process (emotional independence) (10)

school

Translate these sentences using the patterns of defining. Page 274

1) Heroes are people with unusual qualities. / Heroes are people who have unusual qualities.

2) Celebrities are people who become famous because of publicity through the media.

3) The Internet is a system that connects computers throughout the world.

4) Professor Ouyang says that a good teacher is one who does all he/she can to make himself/ herself

unnecessary for the students.

5) A fair-weather friend is one who will desert you as soon as you are in trouble.

6) Economics is defined as the social science that deals with the production, distribution and consumption

of goods and services.

7) An armchair revolutionary is one who talks about revolution, but who doesn't put what he says into

practice.

8) The International Monetary Fund is the organization within the United Nations which is concerned with

trade and economic development.

9) The flash or USB drive is a small memory device that can be used to store data from a computer and to

move it from one

computer to another.

10) Microblogging is defined as the activity in which you send regular short message, photos or videos

over the Internet to

keep people informed about your activities and thoughts.

Study the grammatical structure of these involved sentences. Page 274

1. This is a complex sentence which can be divided into two parts.

The first part contains:

Subject: they

Predicate verb: will find (The prepositional phrase “among many American political leaders” is an

adverbial modifying the predicate verb.)

Object: a deep concern over the balance of power in Europe

The second part elaborates the object” balance” by:

1) repeating the key word “balance”

2) using a restrictive relative clause “that would be destroyed” to define the word

3) using a prepositional phrase “ to America’s disadvantage” to indicate the consequence of the action

of the balance being destroyed

4) using an if-clause to indicate the conditions under which the balance would be destroyed

2. This is a complex sentence in which the main clause ---“we can”---is very short and simple, whereas

the subordinate clause is a bit complex.

In the subordinate clause:

Subject: the state of our knowledge

Predicate verb: were

Predicative: such (Here it is used as an adjective followed by a that-clause to express a result.)

Adverbial clause of result: that it provided us with a model of unquestioned validity (modifying “such”)

Relative clause: that completely explained human behavior (modifying “validity”)

Translate the selection into Chinese. Page 275

要了解一种文化, 学习艺术史 不失为一种好办法,比上通史课学到的可能更多。最典型的历史课程重点都放在政治、经济和战争方面,而艺术史的侧重点不仅仅是这些, 因为艺术不仅反映人们的政治是非观,还反映人们的宗教信仰、感情以及思想活动。此外,艺术还能提供有关我们先辈们的,或是不同于我们的那些民族的日常生活用品的信息。简而言之,艺术表现出时代和地域的重要特征,艺术明显比大多数历史书更能加深我们对这些特征的理解。

历史书向我们展示的是一个 国家政治生活的客观信息,但不触及人们的观点。相反,艺术是主观的,它能表达出个人的、带有感情色彩的历史观。