2024年1月4日发(作者：惠普暗影精灵8pro)

U.S_Standard_Atmosphere（1976）美国标准大气（1976）

美国标准大气（1976）

美国标准大气是一个对中纬度大气年温度、压力、密度垂直分布的假设。常用于压力测高校准、飞机性能计算、飞机和火箭设计、弹道、气象图和各种大气建模的依据。其假设大气是干燥，且服从气体定律和流体静力学方程的。综上所述，其包含了温度、压力和密度的垂直分布。其考虑到了地球自转和昼夜循环，半年一次的变化、活跃到安静的地磁场和太阳黑子条件。

美国标准大气（1976）是一个理想条件下，北纬45度地面至1000KM高空地球大气年均状态。其定义气象要素是海平面温度、压力、和1000KM温度廓线。1976年标准大气使用的是数十年来沿用的海平面值。

温度——288.15K(15℃)

压力——101325Pa（1013.25mbar，760mm of Hg,or 29.92

(HG)

密度——1225g/m3(1.225g/l)

平均摩尔质量——28.964g/mol

参数包括这些缩写，标准大气：

Z——高度

T——温度（K）

P——气压（Pa）

ρ——密度（1kg/m3）

n——每立方米分子数密度

ν——平均每秒碰撞率

l——平均自由程（m）

η——绝对粘度（1Pa s=1000c P）

v s——音速（m/s）

g——重力加速度

海平面大气组成：

N——78.084% He——0.000524

O2——20.9476 Kr——0.000114

Ar——0.934 Xe——0.0000087

CO2——0.0314 CH4——0.0002

Ne——0.001818 H2——0.00005

温度和压力在对流层和平流层下部计算公式为：

T/K P/Pa

H≤11000m 288.15-0.0065H 101325(288.15/T)-5.25577

11000m<="" p="">

20000m<="">

这里H=rZ/(r+Z)为地势高度，r是北纬45°平均地球半径，取6356766m.对于32Km高度，ρ=0.003483677（P/T）

Z /m T /K P /Pa ρ /kg m–3n /m –3ν /s –1l /m η /Pa s W m –1

K –1 v s /ms–1g /m s –2

5000 320 .68 1 .778E+05 1 .931 4 .015E+25 1 .151E+10

4 .208E – 08 1 .942E – 05 0 .02788 359 .0 9 .822 4500 317 .42

1 .685E+05 1 .849 3 .845E+25 1 .096E+10 4 .395E – 08 1 .927E –

05 0 .02763 357 .2 9 .830 4000 314 .17 1 .596E+05 1 .770

3 .680E+25 1 .044E+10 4 .592E – 08 1 .912E – 05 0 .02738 355 .3

9 .819 3500 310 .91 1 .511E+05 1 .693 3 .520E+25 9 .933E+09

4 .800E – 08 1 .897E – 05 0 .02713 353 .5 9 .818 3000 307 .66

1 .430E+05 1 .619 3 .366E+25 9 .448E+09 5 .019E – 08 1 .882E –

05 0 .02688 351 .6 9 .816 2500 304 .41 1 .352E+05 1 .547

3 .217E+25 8 .982E+09 5 .252E – 08 1 .867E – 05 0 .02663 349 .8

9 .814 2000 301 .15 1 .278E+05 1 .478 3 .102E+25 8 .623E+09

5 .447E – 08 1 .852E – 05 0 .02638 347 .9 9 .813 1500 297 .90

1 .207E+05 1 .411 2 .935E+25 8 .106E+09 5 .757E – 08 1 .836E –

05 0 .02613 346 .0 9 .811 1000 294 .65 1 .139E+05 1 .347

2 .801E+25 7 .693E+09 6 .032E – 08 1 .821E – 05 0 .02587 344 .1

9 .810 – 500 291 .40 1 .075E+05 1 .285 2 .672E+25 7 .298E+09

6 .324E – 08 1 .805E – 05 0 .02562 342 .2 9 .808

0 288 .15 1 .013E+05 1 .225 2 .547E+25 6 .919E+09 6 .633E –

08 1 .789E – 05 0 .02533 340 .3 9 .807 500 284 .90 9 .546E+04

1 .167 2 .427E+25 6 .556E+09 6 .961E – 08 1 .774E – 05 0 .02511

338 .4 9 .805 1000 281 .65 8 .988E+04 1 .112 2 .311E+25

6 .208E+09 7 .310E – 08 1 .758E – 05 0 .02485 336 .4 9 .804 1500

278 .40 8 .456E+04 1 .058 2 .200E+25 5 .874E+09 7 .680E – 08

1 .742E – 05 0 .02459 334 .5 9 .802 2000 275 .15 7 .950E+04 1 .007

2 .093E+25 5 .555E+09 8 .073E – 08 1 .726E – 05 0 .02433 332 .5

9 .801 2500 271 .91 7 .469E+04 0 .957 1 .990E+25 5 .250E+09

8 .491E – 08 1 .710E – 05 0 .02407 330 .6 9 .799 3000 268 .66

7 .012E+04 0 .909 1 .891E+25 4 .959E+09 8 .937E – 08 1 .694E –

05 0 .02381 328 .6 9 .797 3500 265 .41 6 .579E+04 0 .863

1 .795E+25 4 .680E+09 9 .411E – 08 1 .678E – 05 0 .02355 326 .6

9 .796 4000 262 .17 6 .166E+04 0 .819 1 .704E+25 4 .414E+09

9 .917E – 08 1 .661E – 05 0 .02329 324 .6 9 .794 4500 258 .92

5 .775E+04 0 .777 1 .616E+25 4 .160E+09 1 .046E – 07 1 .645E –

05 0 .02303 322 .6 9 .793 5000 255 .68 5 .405E+04 0 .736

1 .531E+25 3 .918E+09 1 .103E – 07 1 .628E – 05 0 .02277 320 .6

9 .791 5500 252 .43 5 .054E+04 0 .697 1 .450E+25 3 .687E+09

1 .165E – 07 1 .612E – 05 0 .02250 318 .5 9 .790 6000 249 .19

4 .722E+04 0 .660 1 .373E+25 3 .467E+09 1 .231E – 07 1 .595E –

05 0 .02224 316 .5 9 .788 6500 245 .94 4 .408E+04 0 .664

1 .299E+25 3 .258E+09 1 .302E – 07 1 .578E – 05 0 .02197 314 .4

9 .787 7000 242 .70 4 .111E+04 0 .590 1 .227E+25 3 .058E+09

1 .377E – 07 1 .561E – 05 0 .02170 312 .3 9 .785 7500 239 .46

3 .830E+04 0 .557 1 .159E+25 2 .869E+09 1 .458E – 07 1 .544E –

05 0 .02144 310 .2 9 .784 8000 236 .22 3 .565E+04 0 .526

1 .093E+25 2 .689E+09 1 .545E – 07 1 .527E – 05 0 .02117 308 .1

9 .782 8500 232 .97 3 .315E+04 0 .496 1 .031E+25 2 .518E+09

1 .639E – 07 1 .510E – 05 0 .02090 306 .0 9 .781 9000 229 .73

3 .080E+04 0 .467 9 .711E+24 2 .356E+09 1 .740E – 07 1 .493E –

05 0 .02063 303 .9 9 .779 9500 226 .49 2 .858E+04 0 .440

9 .141E+24 2 .202E+09 1 .848E – 07 1 .475E – 05 0 .02036 301 .7

9 .777 0000 223 .25 2 .650E+04 0 .414 8 .598E+24 2 .056E+09

1 .965E – 07 1 .458E – 05 0 .02009 299 .5 9 .776 10500 220 .01

2 .454E+04 0 .389 8 .079E+24 1 .918E+09 2 .091E – 07 1 .440E –

05 0 .01982 297 .4 9 .774 11000 216 .77 2 .270E+04 0 .365

7 .585E+24 1 .787E+09 2 .227E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01954 295 .2

9 .773 11500 216 .65 2 .098E+04 0 .337 7 .016E+24 1 .653E+09

2 .408E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .771 12000 216 .65

1 .940E+04 0 .312 6 .486E+24 1 .528E+09 2 .605E – 07 1 .422E –

05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .770 12500 216 .65 1 .793E+04 0 .288

5 .996E+24 1 .412E+09 2 .818E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1

9 .768 13000 216 .65 1 .658E+04 0 .267 5 .543E+24 1 .306E+09

3 .048E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .767 13500 216 .65

1 .533E+04 0 .246 5 .124E+24 1 .207E+09 3 .297E – 07 1 .422E –

05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .765 14000 216 .65 1 .417E+04 0 .228

4 .738E+24 1 .116E+09 3 .566E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1

9 .764 14500 216 .65 1 .310E+04 0 .211 4 .380E+24 1 .032E+09

3 .857E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .762 15000 216 .65

1 .211E+04 0 .195 4 .049E+24 9 .538E+08 4 .172E – 07 1 .422E –

05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .761 16000 216 .65 1 .035E+04 0 .166

3 .461E+24 8 .153E+08 4 .881E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1

9 .758

17000 216 .65 8 .850E+03 0 .142 2 .959E+24 6 .969E+08

5 .710E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .754 18000 216 .65

7 .565E+03 0 .122 2 .529E+24 5 .958E+08 6 .680E – 07 1 .422E –

05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .751 19000 216 .65 6 .467E+03 0 .104

2 .162E+24 5 .093E+08 7 .814E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1

9 .748 20000 216 .65 5 .529E+03 8 .891E – 02 1 .849E+24

4 .354E+08 9 .139E – 07 1 .422E – 05 0 .01953 295 .1 9 .745 21000

217 .58 4 .729E+03 7 .572E – 02 1 .574E+24 3 .716E+08 1 .073E –

06 1 .427E – 05 0 .01961 295 .1 9 .742 22000 218 .57 4 .048E+03

6 .451E – 02 1 .341E+24 3 .173E+08 1 .260E – 06 1 .432E – 05

0 .01970 296 .4 9 .739 23000 219 .57 3 .467E+03 5 .501E – 02

1 .144E+24 2 .712E+08 1 .477E – 06 1 .438E – 05 0 .01978 297 .1

9 .736 24000 220 .56 2 .972E+03 4 .694E – 02 9 .759E+23

2 .319E+08 1 .731E – 06 1 .443E – 05 0 .01986 297 .7 9 .733 25000

221 .55 2 .549E+03 4 .008E – 02 8 .334E+23 1 .985E+08 2 .027E –

06 1 .448E – 05 0 .01995 298 .4 9 .730 26000 222 .54 2 .188E+03

3 .426E – 02 7 .123E+23 1 .700E+08 2 .372E – 06 1 .454E – 05

0 .02003 299 .1 9 .727 27000 223 .54 1 .880E+03 2 .930E – 02

6 .092E+23 1 .458E+08 2 .773E – 06 1 .459E – 05 0 .02011 299 .7

9 .724 28000 224 .53 1 .610E+03 2 .508E – 02 5 .214E+23

1 .250E+08 3 .240E – 06 1 .465E – 05 0 .02020 300 .4 9 .721 29000

225 .52 1 .390E+03 2 .148E – 02 4 .466E+23 1 .073E+08 3 .783E –

06 1 .470E – 05 0 .02028 301 .1 9 .718 30000 226 .51 1 .197E+03

1 .841E – 02 3 .828E+23 9 .219E+07 4 .414E – 06 1 .475E – 05

0 .02036 301 .7 9 .715 31000 227 .50 1 .031E+03 1 .579E – 02

3 .283E+23 7 .925E+07 5 .146E – 06 1 .481E – 05 0 .02044 302 .4

9 .712 32000 228 .49 8 .891E+02 1 .356E – 02 2 .813E+23

6 .818E+07 5 .995E – 06 1 .486E – 05 0 .02053 303 .0 9 .709 33000

230 .97 7 .673E+02 1 .157E – 02 2 .406E+23 5 .852E+07 7 .021E –

06 1 .499E – 05 0 .02073 304 .7 9 .706 34000 233 .74 6 .634E+02

9 .887E – 03 2 .056E+23 5 .030E+07 8 .218E – 06 1 .514E – 05

0 .02096 306 .5 9 .703 35000 236 .51 5 .746E+02 8 .463E – 03

1 .760E+23 4 .331E+07 9 .601E – 06 1 .529E – 05 0 .02119 308 .3

9 .700

36000 239 .28 4 .985E+02 7 .258E – 03 1 .509E+23

3 .736E+07 1 .120E – 05 1 .543E – 05 0 .02142 310 .1 9 .697 38000

244 .82 3 .771E+02 5 .367E – 03 1 .116E+23 2 .794E+07 1 .514E –

05 1 .572E – 05 0 .02188 313 .7 9 .690 40000 250 .35 2 .871E+02

3 .996E – 03 8 .308E+22 2 .104E+07 2 .034E – 05 1 .601E – 05

0 .02233 317 .2 9 .684 42000 255 .88 2 .200E+02 2 .995E – 03

6 .227E+22 1 .594E+07 2 .713E – 05 1 .629E – 05 0 .02278 320 .7

9 .678 44000 261 .40 1 .695E+02 2 .259E – 03 4 .697E+22

1 .215E+07 3 .597E – 05 1 .657E – 05 0 .02323 324 .1 9 .672 46000

266 .93 1 .313E+02 1 .714E – 03 3 .564E+22 9 .318E+06 4 .740E –

05 1 .685E – 05 0 .02376 327 .5 9 .666 48000 270 .65 1 .023E+02

1 .317E – 03 2 .738E+22 7 .208E+06 6 .171E – 05 1 .704E – 05

0 .02397 329 .8 9 .660 50000 270 .65 7 .978E+01 1 .027E – 03

2 .135E+22 5 .620E+06 7 .913E – 05 1 .703E – 05 0 .02397 329 .8

9 .654 52000 269 .03 6 .221E+01 8 .056E – 04 1 .675E+22

4 .397E+06 1 .009E – 04 1 .696E – 05 0 .02384 328 .8 9 .648 54000

263 .52 4 .834E+01 6 .390E – 04 1 .329E+22 3 .452E+06 1 .272E –

04 1 .660E – 05 0 .02340 325 .4 9 .642 56000 258 .02 3 .736E+01

5 .045E – 04 1 .049E+22 2 .696E+06 1 .611E – 04 1 .640E – 05

0 .02296 322 .0 9 .636 58000 252 .52 2 .872E+01 3 .963E – 04

8 .239E+21 2 .095E+06 2 .051E – 04 1 .612E – 05 0 .02251 318 .6

9 .632 60000 247 .02 2 .196E+01 3 .097E – 04 6 .439E+21

1 .620E+06 2 .624E – 04 1 .584E – 05 0 .02206 315 .1 9 .624 65000

233 .29 1 .093E+01 1 .632E – 04 3 .393E+21 8 .294E+05 4 .979E –

04 1 .512E – 05 0 .02093 306 .2 9 .609 70000 219 .59 5 .221 8 .283E

– 05 1 .722E+21 4 .084E+05 9 .810E – 04 1 .438E – 05 0 .01978

297 .1 9 .594 75000 208 .40 2 .388 3 .992E – 05 8 .300E+20

1 .918E+05 2 .035E – 03 1 .376E – 05 0 .01883 289 .4 9 .579 80000

198 .64 1 .052 1 .846E – 05 3 .838E+20 8 .656E+04 4 .402E – 03

1 .321E – 05 0 .01800 282 .5 9 .564 85000 188 .89 4 .457E – 01

8 .220E – 06 1 .709E+20 3 .766E+04 9 .886E – 03 1 .265E – 05

0 .01716 275 .5 9 .550 90000 186 .87 1 .836E – 01 3 .416E – 06

7 .116E+19 1 .560E+04 2 .370E – 02 9 .535

95000 188 .42 7 .597E – 02 1 .393E – 06 2 .920E+19

6 .440E+03 5 .790E – 02 9 .520

100000 195 .08 3 .201E – 02 5 .604E – 07 1 .189E+19

2 .680E+03 1 .420E – 01 9 .505

110000 240 .00 7 .104E – 03 9 .708E – 08 2 .144E+18

5 .480E+02 7 .880E – 01 9 .476

120000 360 .00 2 .538E – 03 2 .222E – 08 5 .107E+17

1 .630E+02 3 .310 9 .447

130000 469 .27 1 .251E – 03 8 .152E – 09 1 .930E+17

7 .100E+01 8 .800 9 .418

140000 559 .63 7 .203E – 04 3 .831E – 09 9 .322E+16

3 .800E+01 1 .800E+01 9 .389

150000 634 .39 4 .542E – 04 2 .076E – 09 5 .186E+16

2 .300E+01 3 .300E+01 9 .360 160000 696 .29 3 .040E – 04 1 .233E

– 09 3 .162E+16 1 .500E+01 5 .300E+01 9 .331 170000 747 .57

2 .121E – 04 7 .815E – 10 2 .055E+16 1 .000E+01 8 .200E+01

9 .302 180000 790 .07 1 .527E – 04 5 .194E – 10 1 .400E+16 7 .200

1 .200E+02 9 .274 190000 825 .16 1 .127E – 04 3 .581E – 10

9 .887E+15 5 .200 1 .700E+02 9 .246 200000 854 .56 8 .474E – 05

2 .541E – 10 7 .182E+15 3 .900 2 .400E+02 9 .218 220000 899 .01

5 .015E – 05 1 .367E – 10 4 .040E+15 2 .300 4 .200E+02 9 .162

240000 929 .73 3 .106E – 05 7 .858E – 11 2 .420E+15 1 .400

7 .000E+02 9 .106 260000 950 .99 1 .989E – 05 4 .742E – 11

1 .515E+15 9 .300E – 01 1 .100E+03 9 .051 280000 965 .75 1 .308E

– 05 2 .971E – 11 9 .807E+14 6 .100E – 01 1 .700E+03 8 .997

300000 976 .01 8 .770E – 06 1 .916E – 11 6 .509E+14 4 .200E – 01

2 .600E+03 8 .943 320000 983 .16 5 .980E – 06 1 .264E – 11

4 .405E+14 2 .900E – 01 3 .800E+03 8 .889 340000 988 .15 4 .132E

– 06 8 .503E – 12 3 .029E+14 2 .000E – 01 5 .600E+03 8 .836

360000 991 .65 2 .888E – 06 5 .805E – 12 2 .109E+14 1 .400E – 01

8 .000E+03 8 .784 380000 994 .10 2 .038E – 06 4 .013E – 12

1 .485E+14 1 .000E – 01 1 .100E+04 8 .732 400000 995 .83 1 .452E

– 06 2 .803E – 12 1 .056E+14 7 .200E – 02 1 .600E+04 8 .680

450000 998 .22 6 .447E – 07 1 .184E – 12 4 .678E+13 3 .300E – 02

3 .600E+04 8 .553 500000 999 .24 3 .024E – 07 5 .215E – 13

2 .192E+13 1 .600E – 02 7 .700E+04 8 .429 550000 999 .67 1 .514E

– 07 2 .384E – 13 1 .097E+13 8 .400E – 03 1 .500E+05 8 .307

600000 999 .85 8 .213E – 08 1 .137E – 13 5 .950E+12 4 .800E – 03

2 .800E+05 8 .188 650000 999 .93 4 .887E – 08 5 .712E – 14

3 .540E+12 3 .100E – 03 4 .800E+05 8 .072 700000 999 .97 3 .191E

– 08 3 .070E – 14 2 .311E+12 2 .200E – 03 7 .300E+05 7 .958

750000 999 .98 2 .260E – 08 1 .788E – 14 1 .637E+12 1 .700E – 03

1 .000E+06 7 .846 800000 999 .99 1 .704E – 08 1 .136E – 14

1 .234E+12 1 .400E – 03 1 .400E+06 7 .737 850000 1000 .00

1 .342E – 08 7 .824E – 15 9 .717E+11 1 .200E – 03 1 .700E+06

7 .630 900000 1000 .00 1 .087E – 08 5 .759E – 15 7 .876E+11

1 .000E – 03 2 .100E+06 7 .525 950000 1000 .00 8 .982E – 09

4 .453E – 15 6 .505E+11 8 .700E – 04 2 .600E+06 7 .422 1000000

1000 .00 7 .514E – 09 3 .561E – 15 5 .442E+11 7 .500E – 04

3 .100E+06 7 .322