2023年12月15日发(作者：组装一台台式电脑大概多少钱)

1Academic Word ListAn Introduction to theAcademic Word ListAveril Coxhead,

Massey University, New ZealandThe Academic Word List (AWL) is a list of 570

word families that are commonly found in

academic texts. This list was selected by

examining a large corpus (or collection) of

written academic texts and selecting the

words that occurred:1 In texts from all four academic faculty

sections: Arts, Commerce, Law and Science.2 Over 100 times in the corpus overall.3 At least 10 times in each academic

faculty section.

4 Outside the 2000 most frequent words

on Michael West’s

(GSL). The GSL includes everyday words

General Service List

such as I, house and principles ensured that only words that

occurred reasonably frequently in a variety of

study areas were selected.

The AWL targets vocabulary that occurs most

often in written academic texts. These words

also occur in newspapers but not as often as they

do in textbooks. The AWL words appear even

less in fiction. If your focus is learning academic

vocabulary, you need to make sure you read

academic textbooks so that you encounter these

words in AWL is organized into Word Families.

Word families are made up of the ‘parent word’

and ‘family members’. Take for example the word

maximiseof the verb such as

. Its family members include inflections

maximisesmaximumBritish spelling of the noun

. The word family also includes the

and maximisingmaximised as well as the noun

,

as maximization, the US spelling.

maximisation, as well

If you learn the verb maximise, you will be able

to recognise other family members such as

maximisedreading. These words are closely related and the

when you encounter them in your

meaning is likely to be the same or similar. When

you are looking for words in this dictionary, think

about other word family members too.

Finally, there are some academic words that

do not have a word family. These words occur

on their own and do not have any inflections.

Examples include

behalf.

nonetheless, so-called and

The AWL is intended as a reference for students

who are studying or preparing to study at a

tertiary level in English. As a university lecturer,

I was aware of the difficulties that students had

in mastering the vocabulary necessary for written

assignments. The AWL does not include ‘content’

vocabulary for particular subjects which students

obviously need to learn as well. The AWL focuses

instead on the non-subject-specific vocabulary

that students of any discipline will need to master

in order to produce coherently-structured written

AWL covers up to 10% of the vocabulary

covered in written academic texts. This means

that, on average, one word in 10 in an academic

textbook is in the AWL. Look at the following

extract from an academic text:EUROPEAN ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYEnvironmental issuesMany of the problems, like the

are truly global.

of CFCs into the atmosphere, have global

releasing

effects and

problems link to the

require global action. Some

commons –

international communitythe resourcesexploitation

of global

as ocean beds and the atmosphere. such

shared by the

Sometimes small local problems, such

as poisonous gases leaking from landfills

and water pollution, are multiplied so

many times in any local

they become

contexts that

environmentmajor world hazards. The

global policies. is a global concern requiring

Academic Word List2The highlighted words are all on the AWL.

This sample illustrates clearly that the AWL

can help with decisions about which words are

important for you to learn if you are studying in

an English-speaking country.

Knowledge of academic vocabulary is vital for

students studying at an English-speaking

university, particularly for reading and writing.

If you compare estimates of how many words a

native English speaker might know by the age of

18 (approximately 18,000 to 20,000 words) and

how many a learner who has had two or three

hours of schooling in English over

several years (roughly 2000 to 3000 words

depending on the language background of the

student), this gap is enormous. In order to read

and write successfully you need to be able to

recognize as many words as possible in your

textbooks and use as many as possible in your

essays. The bigger your vocabulary, the more you

will be able to cope with the high reading and

writing demands of your studies.

Academic writing tends to be quite formal in

style. The vocabulary items that you use in your

writing can affect the level of formality. Writers

need to know whether a word can be used in a

particular situation. TThis is marked as

ake for example consequent.

not choose to use this word when speaking with

formal. You would probably

friends but you should use it in written English to

take your language to a higher level of formality.

The AWL will help you to focus on issues of

formality. Look out for the formal label in this

dictionary.

Remember that the AWL covers approximately

10% of all vocabulary in a piece of academic

writing. You should aim to have roughly the

same percentage in your own academic writing

too. If you go to the

by Sandra Haywood (http:/AWL highlighter website

// copy and paste your text into it and it will

~alzsh3/acvocab/) you

highlight the AWL words for you. This will enable

you to see how many AWL words you are using

overall and whether you repeat the same words

many times in your looking up words from the AWL in this

dictionary you should also focus on the bold

phrases that are highlighted. These show you the

key grammatical patterns and collocations for

that word. Collocations are words that commonly

occur together or near each other in a text, for

example ‘effect on’. Collocations and phrases

are important because they help with fluency

in writing and indicate that you are working at a

higher level with academic vocabulary than just

using a word from your own language and its

translation. The collocations in the following text

have been highlighted in ING BIODIVERSITYWhatever the

climate, rain-forest clearance

effects on this planet’s

undeniable

has another

rain forests is a

impact. The

disappearance of

earth’s biodiversity, or, more simply

major factor eroding the

causing many thousands of species of plant

and animal life to disappear forever. While

rain forests

the

account for just seven percent of

half of this planet’s living species. Estimates

earth’s surface, they are

home to almost

of the

and plants

total numberas 30 million. Researchers, in fact, have

range from of species of animals

1.5 million to as high

identified more than 1,000 species of ants

alone (Wilson, 1991).Remember that building your vocabulary takes

time. You are not likely to learn everything you

need to know about a word the very first time you

see it. And don’t expect to remember everything

about a word after looking it up in a dictionary

once. Try some of these ideas to help you with

vocabulary building:•