2023年12月2日发(作者：唯米手机质量怎么样)

测绘工程专业英语(全书翻译) Uuit1 What is Geomatics? （什么是测绘学）

Geomatics Defined（测绘学定义）

Where does the word Geomatics come from?（Geomatics－测绘或地球空间信息学，这个名词是怎么来的呢？）GEODESY+GEOINFORMATICS=GEOMATICS or GEO-

for earth and – MATICS for mathematical or

GEO- for Geoscience and -MATICS for

informatics. （大地测量学＋地理信息学＝GEOMATICS 测绘学 或者 geo 代表地球，matics

代表数学，或者 geo 代表地球科学，matics 代表信息学）It has been said that geomatics is

many things to many people.（据说测绘学这个词对不同的人有不同的理解）The term

geomatics emerged first in Canada and as an

academic discipline; it has been introduced

worldwide in a number of institutes of

higher education during the past few years,

mostly by renaming what was previously

called “geodesy” or “surveying”, and by adding a number of computer sciences and/or

GIS-oriented courses.（这个术语【term 术语】作为一个学科【academic discipline 学科】第一次形成【emerge】于加拿大；在过去的几年里被全世界的许多高等教育研究机构所熟知，通常是以前的“大地测量学”或“测量学”在引入了许多计算机科学和 GIS 方向【或“基于 GIS”】的课程后重新命名的。）Now the term includes

the traditional surveying definition along

with surveying steadily increased

importance with the development of new

technologies and the growing demand for a

variety of spatially related types of

information, particularly in measuring and

monitoring our environment.（随着新技术的发展和不断增长的对空间关系的信息类型的需求，尤其是在测量和监测我们的环境方面【环境监测】，现在，传统测量学定义连同【along with】日益【steadily 稳定的】增长的测量的重要性一起包含在这个术语里了。【逗号后面的句子修饰 demand】）Increasingly critical are areas

of expanding populations, appreciating land values, dwindling natural

resources, and the continuing stressing of

the quality of our land, water and air from

human activities.（日益增长的危机来自人口扩张，地价上涨，资源紧缩【紧张】，还有由于人类活动引起的土地、水、空气质量的持续的压力【由人类活动带来的土地、水、空气质量的恶化】)As such, geomatics bridges wide arcs

from the geosciences through various

engineering sciences and computer sciences

to spatial planning, land development and

the environmental sciences.（这样，测绘学在地球科学，各种工程学【engineering

sciences 工程学】，计算机科学，空间规划，土地开发和环境科学相互之间架起了广泛的桥梁。）Now the word geomatics has been adopted

by several international bodies including

the International Standards

Organization(ISO),so it is here to stay.（现在 geomatics 这个词已经被包括 ISO【国际标准化组织】在内的数个国际机构【international bodies】所采用，因此它就这 样被普遍接受【be here to stay 习惯用语“被普遍接受”】)

The term “surveyor” is traditionally used

to collectively describe those engaged in

the above activities. （surveyor 这个词按惯例用来总指（这换成“总称”较好）【collectively 全体的】那些从事上述活动的人。）More explicit job descriptions such as

Land Surveyor, Engineering Surveyor or

Hydrographic Surveyor for example, are

commonly used by practitioners to more

clearly describe and market their

specialized expertise.（更具体的【explicit

清楚的、直接的】工作如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般【commonly一般地】被业内人士【practitioners 从业者】用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。【直译为：更清楚的工作描述就如如土地测量员、工程测量员和水道测量员，一般被从业者用来更准确的描述他们的专门技术。】）

The term geomatics is a recent creation to convey the true collective and scientific

nature of these related activities and has

the flexibility to allow for the

incorporation of future technological

developments in these fields.（geomatics 这个术语是个新词，表达【convey 传达】了实体集合和它们相关联【related】的活动的自然科学，并使这些领域的未来技术发展的结合【incorporation 结合】成为可能。【flexibility 弹性、机动性】）Adoption of the

term also allows a coherent marketing of the

profession to industry and schools on a

worldwide basis. （这个术语的采用同时也在全世界范围里为行业【industry】里和学校建立了【allow 允许了】一个一致的【coherent】专业市场）As a result, both course and award

titles in the traditional Land Surveying

sector at many of the world’s leading

universities are being changed to “Degree

in Geomatics”. （结果，世界上许多一流大学的传统的测量专业【部门】的无论是课程还是授予资【授予学位名称】格都改为“测绘学位” 【Degree in Geomatics】的了）This does not

suggest the demise of the term “surveyor”

and graduates will still practice as land

surveyors or photogammertrists, etc. as

appropriate to their specialization.（这并不意味着“surveyor”这个词的消亡，测绘毕业生还将从事适合他们专业的【as appropriate to

their specialization】土地测量员、摄影测量员及其他【ect.】的工作）

In the last decade, there has been dramatic

development and growth in the use of

hardware and software solutions to both

measure and process geo-spatial data.（在过去的十年中，在应用硬件和软件的方法【solution 解决方法】来测量和处理地球空间数据工作时 有着戏剧性的发展和增长）[in the

use of 在使用……时]This has created and

will continue to create new areas of

application, with associated job

opportunities for suitably qualified

graduates. （创造并将继续创造新的应用【application】领域，并为合适的、合格 【qualified 有资格的】的毕业生提供相关的【associated】工作。）As a result, the role

of the “surveyor” is expanding beyond

traditional areas of practice,

areas

as

of describedabove, into new

opportunity.（结果是，“surveyor”的角色大大超越传统实践领域――如前面所述的领域，进入到新的【opportunity 机会、时机】的领域。）In addition, recent advances in the

technology of data collection and

processing have blurred the boundaries of

practice and activity between what were

previously regarded as related but separate

areas.（另外，最近的数据采集和处理技术的发展模糊了以前被认为有联系却分离的领域的【实践的活动的 practice and activity】界限）Such

developments are forecast to continue and

will create new career paths for graduates

whose education and training is broadly

based and of a high academic standard.（可以预见【forecast】，这种发展继续并将为涉猎广泛、学识一流的【broadly based and of a high academic standard】毕业生创造新的事业。）

To enable graduates to take full advantage

of these developments, significant changes

in education and training are required.（为了使毕业生能充分利用【take full advantage

of】这些发展，教育和训练的重大改革【significant changes】成为必需的）Academic

and professional institutions are also

responding, in part, by adopting the term

geomatics both as a course and as an award

title. （学院的和专业的机构也作出反应，部分地，采用术语“geomatics”作为一门课程和一项授予资格【授予学位名称】。）A working

definition of geomatics, which reflects

current thinking and predicted change, is:（测绘学的一个现在使用的反映了当前的思想和对未来的预期的定义是：）

The science and technology of

acquiring, storing, processing,

managing, analyzing and presenting

geographically referenced information(geo-spatial data ).（获取、处理、存储，分析和上呈【presenting呈现】地理参考信息（地理空间信息）的科学和技术。）This

broad term applies both to science

and technology, and mapping,

geodesy, satellite positioning,

photogrammetry, remote sensing,

geographic information

systems(GIS), land

management ,computer systems,

environmental visualization and

computer graphics.（这个广泛的术语应用于科学和技术，以及制图、大地测量学、卫星定位、摄影测量学、遥感、地理信息系统、土地管理、计算机系统、环境可视化和计算机制图等领域）

Several terms such as “geomatics” ,“geomatic engineering,activities

” and

“geoinformatics” are now in common use

pertaining to generally

concerned with geographic information.（现 在一些术语如“测绘学”，“测绘工程”和“地学信息学”共同应用于某些活动中―――专属于【pertain to】通常【generally】涉及【concern

with】地理信息的活动。）These terms have been

adopted primarily to represent the general

approach that geographic information is

collected, managed, and applied. （这些术语起初被采用用来表示地理信息的采集、管理和应用的总体的方法。）Along with land

surveying, photogrammetry, remote sensing,

and cartography, GIS is an important

component of geomatics. （连同土地测量学，摄影测量学，遥感和制图学一起，GIS 也是测绘学中重要的一个组成部分。）

Branches of Geomatics（测绘学分支）

Data acquisition techniques include field

surveying, global positioning system(GPS),

satellite positioning, and remotely sensed

imagery obtained through aerial photography

and satellite imagery.（数据获取技术包括普通野外测量，GPS 测量，卫星定位和遥感图像获 取，通过航空摄影和卫星成像）It also includes

the acquisition of database material

scanned from older maps and plans and data

collected by related agencies.（它还包括数据库资料的获取――通过扫描就有地图和设计图，还有有关机构收集的数据。）

Data management and process are handled

through the use of computer programs for

engineering design,digital photogrammetry,

image analysis, relational data base

management, and geographic information

systems (GIS). （通过计算机程序，数据管理和处理 应用于工程设计，数字摄影测量【digital photogrammetry】，图像分析，相关资料库的管理和 GIS。）Data

plotting(presentation) is handled through

the use of mapping and other illustrative

computer programs; the presentations are

displayed on computer screens(where

interactive editing can occur)and are

output on paper from digital plotting

devices.（数据成图【数字成图】是通过制图和 其他直观的计算机程序【illustrative 直观的、说明性的】进行的；其表达显示在计算机屏幕上（交互式编辑处理），也可以通过数字绘图仪输出到纸上。【handle 操作、处理】）

Once the positions and attributes of

geographic entities have been digitized and

stored in computer memory, they are

available for use by a wide variety of users.（一旦地理实体的位置和属性被数字化并被存储进计算机存储器，就可以有效的【available

有效的、可用的】为广泛的各种的使用者所用）Through the use of modern information

technology(IT), geomatics brings together

professionals in the following disciplines:

surveying, mapping, remote sensing, land

registration, civil and marine engineering,

forestry,

sciences,

agriculture,

geology,

planning and

development, geographical

management, infrastructure

navigation, environmental and natural

resources monitoring, and computer science.（通过现代【估计 moderm 应该是 modern】信 息技术，测绘学将以下学科的专业人员整合到一起：测量学、制图学、遥感、国土注册、土木【civil

民用的】工程和海洋工程，林业，农业，决策与发展，地质学，地理科学，基础设施【infrastructure】管理，导航，环境与自然资源监测和计算机科学。）

Other Definitions of Geomatics（测绘学的其他定义）

As defined by the Canadian Institute of

Geomatics in their quarterly journal

“Geomatica”:Geomatics is a field of

activities which, using a systemic approach,

integrates all the means used to acquire and

manage spatial data required as part of

scientific, administrative, legal and

technical operations【业务】 involved in the

process of the production and management of

spatial information.（加拿大测量学会【Canadian Institute of Geomatics】在他们的季刊“地球空间信息学”中这样定义：测绘学是利用系统的方法，为生产和处理【management】 科学的，行政的，法律的【legal】和技术的业务【operations】所需的空间信息，将所有获取和管理空间信息的方法【means】整合在一起的活动领域。）【as part of 作为……的一部分，这里不翻译出来】

The definition of Geomatics is evolving. A

working definition might be “the art,

science and technologies related to the

management of geographically-referenced

information.” Geomatics includes a wide

range of activities, from the acquisition

and analysis of site-specific spatial data

in engineering and development surveys to

the application of GIS and remote sensing

technologies in environmental management.

It includes cadastral surveying,

hydrographic surveying, and ocean mapping,

and it plays an important role in land

administration and land use management .（测绘学定义在发展。现行的一个定义是“涉及工艺、科学和技术的地理信息的处理”。测绘学或地球空间信息学包括一个广泛的生产活 动――从工程学和发展了的测量学领域中特殊点的空间数据的获取和分析 到 GIS 和遥感技术在环境管理中的应用。它包括地籍测量、水道测量和海图测量，在土地管理和土地使用中扮演重要的角色。）

Geomatics is the modern scientific term

referring to the integrated approach of

measurement, analysis, management, storage

and display of the descriptions and location

of Earthbased data, often termed spatial

data. These data come from many sources,

including earth orbiting satellites, air

and sea-borne sensors and ground based

instruments.

manipulated

It is processed and

with state-of-the-art

information technology using computer

software and hardware. It has applications

in all disciplines which depend on spatial

data, including environmental studies,

planning, engineering, navigation, geology

and geophysics, oceanography, land

development and land ownership and tourism. It is thus fundamental to all the geoscience

disciplines which use spatially related

data .（测绘学是一个现代科学术语，用以表示测量、分析、管理，存储和显示基于地球信息，经常被称为空间数据【often termed spatial

data】数据的描述和位置的集成方法。这些数据来自各种数据源，包括地球轨道卫星，空载和舰载传感器及地面仪器。利用计算机软件和硬件，借助现代【state-of-the-art】信息技术。它的应用覆盖所有依赖空间数据的学科，包括环境研究，规划，工程学，导航，地质和地球物理学，海洋学，土地开发，土地经营和旅游学。它因而成为所有使用空间数据地球科学学科的基础。）

[from the School of Geomatic Engineering,

Univ. of New South Wales]（摘自新南威尔士大学测绘【或地球空间信息学】工程学院）

Geomatics is concerned with the measurement,

representation, analysis, management,

retrieval and display of spatial data

concerning both the Earths physical

features and the built environment. The principal disciplines embraced by Geomatics

include the mapping sciences, land

management, geographic information systems,

environmental

photogrammetry,

visualization,

remote

geodesy,

and sensing

surveying.（测绘学是测量、表示，分析，处理，重获和显示关于地球物理特征和环境的空间数据的科学。其包括的主要学科有制图学，土地管理，GIS，环境可视化，大地测量学，摄影测量学，遥感和测量学。）

[from the Dept. of Geomatics at Univ. of

Melbourne]（摘自墨尔本大学测绘学系【或者地球空间信息学系】)

Geomatics comprises the science,

engineering, and art involved in collecting

and managing geographically-referenced

information. Geographical information

plays an important role in activities such

as environmental monitoring, management of

land and marine resources, and real estate

transactions.（测绘学包括自然科学，工程学 和工艺或【技术】学；对地理信息的收集与管理。地理信息在环境监测，陆地和海洋资源管理，以及房地产交易【real estate 房地产，transaction 交易】中扮演重要角色。

[from the Dept. of Geodesy and Geomatics

Engineering at UNB]（摘自加拿大纽布朗斯 维克大学 测量与大地测量学系）

The science of Geomatics is concerned with

the measurement, representation, analysis,

management, retrieval and display of

spatial information describing both the

Earth’s physical features and the built

environment. Geomatics includes

disciplines such as :

Surveying, Geodesy, Remote Sensing &

Photogrammetry, Cartography, Geographic

Information Systems, Global Positioning

Systems.（测绘学测量，表示，分析，管理，重获和显示空间信息，用来描述地球物理特征和环境。测绘学包括的学科有：测量学，大地测量学，遥感和摄影测量学，制图学，GIS，GPS ） [from the Dept. of Sruveying and Spatial

Information Science at the Univ. Of Tasmania]（摘自塔斯马尼亚大学，测量与空间信息科学系）

Unit 2 Geodetic Surveying and Plane Surveying（大地测量与平面测量）

Surveying has been traditionally defined as the art and science of determining the position of

natural and artificial features on, above or below the earth’s surface; and representing this information in analog form as a contoured map, paper plan or chart, or as figures in report tables, or in digital form as a three dimensional mathematical model stored in the computer.（测量传统定义为确定地表、地下和地上的自然与人工地貌特征；并使之按比例测绘成地形图、平面图或图表，或形成报告图表，或以数字形式形成三维立体数学模型存储进计算机）As such, the

surveyor/geodesist dealt with the physical and

mathematical aspect of measurement.（同样的，测量员/大地测量学家处理的就是测量出的物理 的和数学的特征)The accurate determination

and monumentation of points on the surface of

the Earth is therefore seen as the major task.（因此精确确定并标定地表点位便成为测量的主要任务）Though these surveys are for various

purposes, still the basic operations are the

same---they involve measurements and

computations or, basically, fieldwork and office

work.（虽然测量工作有不同目的，基本的操作却都一样――他们包括测量和计算，或更基本地称之为，外业工作和内业工作）There are many

different types of surveys such as land surveys,

route surveys, city surveys, construction surveys,

hydrographic surveys, etc., but generally

speaking, surveying is divided into two major

categories: geodetic and plane surveying.（测量分为许多不同的类型，如土地测量，路线测量，城市测量，建筑测量，水道测量等等，但是总的来说，测量分为两个主要的种类：大地测量和平面测量）Surveys will either take into account the

true shape of the Earth（Geodetic surveys） or

treat the earth as a flat surface(Plane surveys). （是考虑地球真实形状的大地测量还是将地球当成一个平面的平面测量）Additionally, surveys

are conducted for the purpose of positioning

features on the ground(Horizontal surveys),

determining the elevation or heights of

features(Vertical surveys) or a combination of

both.（另外，测量还分为确定平面位置的水平测量和确定海拔的高程测量或两者的综合。）

Geodetic Surveying（大地测量）

The type of surveying that takes into account

the true shape of the earth is called geodetic

surveying. （考虑地球真实形状的测量工作称为大地测量）This type of survey is suited for large

areas and long lines and is used to find the

precise location of basic points needed for

establishing control for other surveys. （这种测量适用于大范围和长距离的测量工作，用来确立基本点的精确位置，用以建立其他测量工作所需的控制网。）In geodetic surveys, the stations are

normally long distances apart, and more precise

instruments and surveying methods are required for this type of surveying than for

plane surveying.（在大地测量中，站点经常是互相距离很远，那么这种测量就比平面测量需要更精确的仪器和测量方法。）

Widely spaced, permanent monuments serve as

the basis for computing lengths and distances

between relative positions. （广泛间隔开的永久标石就作为计算点位之间距离的基础）These

basic points with permanent monuments are

called geodetic control survey points,

whichsupport the production of consistent and

compatible data for surveying and mapping

projects.（这种永久标石点被称为大地控制点，为测量和绘图工作提供可靠和一致的数据）In

the past,ground-based theodolites, tapes , and

electronic devices were the primary geodetic

field measurements used. （过去，大地经纬仪、卷尺和电子设备是大地测量的野外工作初时的工具。）Today, the technological expansion of

GPS has made it possible to perform extremely

accurate geodetic surveys at a fraction of the

cost.（现在，技术的发展 GPS使大地测量工作花 费非常小的代价就能获得极为精确的结果成为可能。）A thorough knowledge of the principles

of geodesy is an absolute prerequisite for the

proper planning and execution of geodetic

surveys.（大地测量工作计划的编制和实施，绝对需要对大地测量学知识有全面的掌握。）

In Geodetic Surveys, the shape of the earth is

thought of as a spheroid, although in a technical

sense, it is not really a spheroid.（在大地测量中，地球的形状被看成一个椭球体，虽然在技术角度来看，它不是真正的椭球。【或附近测量距离并不是沿着直线或平面进行，而是在一个曲面上。】)

Hence, in the 在大地测量距离的计算中，参考椭球的长轴与短轴所带来的误差就显示出来。）The

position of each geodetic station is related to this

spheroid.（每个大地站点的位置都与这个椭球有关）The positions are expressed as

latitudes(angles north or south of the Equator)

and longitudes(angles east or west of a prime

meridian) or as northings and eastings on a

rectangular grid.（这个位置是用纬度【与赤道面所成的角】和经度【与初子午线所成的角】或 用在直角坐标系中的北距和东距来表示。）

A geodetic survey establishes the A geodetic

survey establishes the fundamentals for the

determination of the surface and gravity field of

a country.（大地测量为建立国家范围内的重力场和确定地表架构提供基础） This is realized

by coordinates and gravity values of a

sufficiently large number of control points,

arranged in geodetic and gravimetric networks.（这将由测定布设在大地网和重力网中数量十分巨大的控制点，所得到的坐标和重力值来实现） In this fundamental work, curvature and

the gravity field of the earth must be considered.（在这项基础工作中，地球的曲率和重力场都应被考虑。）

Plane Surveying（平面测量）

The type of surveying in which the mean surface

of the earth is considered a plane, or in whichthe

curvature of the earth can be disregarded

without significant error,generally is called

plane surveying.（这种类型的测量把地球平均的 表面视作平面，或认为地球曲率带来的误差可以忽略不计，这样的测量工作称为平面测量） The

term is used to designate survey work in which

the distances or areas involved are of limited

extent.（这个术语曾指涉及的距离及范围非常有限的测量工作） With regard torections, a level

line is considered mathematically straight, the

direction of theplumb line is considered to be the

same at all points within the limits of the survey,

and all angles are considered to be plane angles.（由于被当成了水平距离和方向，水平线被当成直线，在这个有限范围内所有点上的铅垂线方向被认为是相同的，所有的角被认为都是平面角。）

To make computations in plane surveying, you

will use formulas of plane trigonometry, algebra,

and analytical geometry. （在平面测量的计算中，你可以使用平面三角、代数、计算中，你可以使用平面三角、代数、和平面解析几何的公式）

For small areas, precise results may be

obtained with planesurveying methods, but

the accuracy and precision of such results

will decrease as the area surveyed increases in size. （小范围内，平面测量方法可以获得精确的结果，但是随着范围的扩大，精度和准确度将随之下降）

For example, the length of an arc 18.5 km long lying in the earth’s surface is only 7mm greater than the subtended chord and, further, the difference between the sum of the angles in a plane triangle and the sum of those in a spherical triangle is 2 only 0.51 second for a triangle at

earth’s surface having an area of 100km . （例如，地球表面一条18.5km长的弧只比其所对的弦长7mm，另外，在一个面积为 100 平方公里的平面三角形中的内角和与对应球面三角形中的内角和与对应球面三角形中的内角和之差只有 0.51 秒） It will be appreciated that

the curvature of the earth must be taken into

consideration only in precise surveys of

large areas.（只有在大面积的精密测量工作中地球曲率才必需被考虑）。

A great number of surveys are of the plane

surveying type.（多数的测量工作都是属于平 面测量类型） Surveys for the location and

（多数的测量工作都是属于平面测量类型）

Surveys for the location and construction of

highways, railroads, canals, and in general,

the surveys necessary for the works of human

beingsare plane surveys, as are the surveys

made to establish boundaries, except state

and national.（区域测量、公路建设、铁路、沟渠等，总的来说与人们工作密切相关的测量工作都是平面测量，不包括州界和国界测量在内的边界测量也同属平面测量） However, with the

increasing size and sophistication of

engineering and other scientific projects,

surveyors who restrict their practice to

plane surveying are severely limited in the

types of surveys in which they can be engaged.（然而，随着工程和其他科学项目越来越大越来越复杂，在限定于学项目越来越大越来越复杂，在限定于从事平面测量工作的测量员在他们可以从事的测量类型上受到严格限制。）

The operation of determining elevation

usually is considered a division of plane surveying. （我们通常把高程的测量与平面测量分开来。） Elevations are referred to the

geoid.（高程参考的是大地水准面。） The geoid

is theoretical only.（大地水准面只是在理论上存在） It is the natural extension of the

mean sea level surface under the landmass.

（它是平均海平面在大陆下的自然延伸。【它是平均海平面蔓延穿过大陆而成的】）We could

illustrate this idea by digging an imaginary

trench across the country linking the

Atlantic and Pacific oceans.（我们可以通过挖掘一个的想象中的连通大西洋和太平洋沟渠来阐明这个概念。） If we allowed the trench

to fill with seawater, the surface of the

water in the trench would represent he geoid.

（如果我们允许这条沟渠注满海水，沟渠里的水面就代表大地水准面。） So for all intents and

purposes, the geoid is the same as mean sea

level. （因此，从所有的目的和用途出发，大地水准面与平均海平面是一样的。） Mean sea

level is the average level of the ocean

surface halfway between the highest and lowest levels recorded. （平均海平面是海水表面高度的记录值的平均面是海水表面高度的记录值的平均值。）We use mean sea level as a

datum or, curiously and incorrectly, a datum

plane upon which we can reference or

describe the heights of features on, above

or below the ground.（我们用平均海平面作为一个数据，或不常用地和不准确地，当作一个基准面，通过它我们可以参考和描述地上、地表、地下的情况。）

Imagine a true plane tangent to thesurface

of mean sea level at a given point. （想象一个真正的平面与平均海平面在一个特定点上相切）。 At horizontal distances of 1km from

the point of tangency, the vertical

distances(or elevations) of the plane above

the surface represented by mean sea level

are 7.8cm. （在离切点 1km 的地方，这个平面高于平均海平面的垂直距离为 7.8cm。）

Obviously, curvature of the earth’s

surface is a factor that cannot be neglected

in obtaining even rough values of elevations. （很明显，即使在获取粗略的高程值的时候，地球表面曲率也是一个不可忽略的因素。）The

ordinary procedure in determining

elevations, such as balancing backsight and

foresight distance in differential leveling,

automatically takes into account the

curvature of the earth and compensates for

earth curvature and refraction, and

elevations referred to the curved surface of

reference are secured without extra effort

by the surveyor.（常规的测高程的程序是，例如，在微差水准测量中平衡前后视距，地球曲率和大气折光影响将被自动考虑和低偿，不必经测量者额外改正，至参考曲面的高程就是可靠的了。）

There is close cooperation between geodetic

surveying and plane surveying.（大地测量和平面测量关系密切。） The geodetic survey

adopts the parameters determined by

measurements of the earth, and its own

results are available to those who measure

the earth. （大地测量采用通过测量地球得到 的参数，而其计算结果又可以被测量地球的工作所利用） The plane surveys, in turn, are

generally tied to the control points of the

geodetic surveys and serve particularly in

the development of national map series and

in the formation of real estate cadastres.（接下来，平面测量，一般依赖于大地测量建立的控制点，在国家地图系列的发展和在房地产地籍信息领域提供特别服务。）

Unit 3Distance Measurement（距离测量）

One of the fundamentals of surveying is the

need to measure distance. （ 测 量 工 作 的

一 项 基 础【fundamental 基本原则，同时有基础的意思】是距离测量）

Distances are not necessarily linear,

especially if they occur on the spherical

earth. （距离不一定指的是直线的，尤其是在地球曲面上的距离）In this subject we will

deal with distances in Euclidean space,

which we can consider a straight line from

one point or feature to another. （这里【In this subject 翻译成这里】，我们所涉及的是欧几里德空间，我们可以认为一条从一点到另一点或一个特征到另一个特征的线是直线。）Distance between two points can be

horizontal, slope, or vertical. （两点之间的距离可以是平距、斜距、或者是垂距。）Horizontal and slope distances can be

measured with lots of techniques of

measurement depending on the desired

quality of the result. （根据测量结果的精度【quality 质量】要求不同，平距或斜距有多种测量方法）If the points are at different

elevations, then the distance is the

horizontal length between plumb lines at the

points. （如果这些点在不同高程上，那么平距指的是过点的垂线【plumb lines】之间的水平长度。）Here gives a brief summary of relevant

techniques and their respective accuracies:

（这里给出一个简短的相关【relevant 相关的】技术的摘要【summary 摘要】和它们各自的【respective 各自的】精度）

Pacing and Odometer（步测和自动计程仪） Pacing is a very useful form of measurement

though it is not precise, especially when

surveyors are looking for survey marks in

the field.（虽然不精确，但步测是一个非常有用的测量方法【form of measurement】，尤其是测量者在野外寻找测量标志时。）Pacing can be

performed at an accuracy level of

1/100~1/500 when performed on horizontal

land, while the accuracy of pacing can’t be

relied upon when pacing up or down steep

hills.（当在水平场地进行时，步测可以达到

1/100 到 1/500 的相对精度，而当地面起伏较大时，这样的精度就不能保证了。）The odometer

is a simple device that can be attached to

any vehicle and directly registers the

number of revolutions of a wheel.（自动计程仪是一个简单的装置，可以附属于【be

attached to 附属于】车辆之上并直接记录【register 记录 v.】轮子的旋转周数。）With

the circumference of the wheel known, the

relation between revolutions and distance

is fixed. （由于知道了轮子的周长 【circumference of the wheel 轮周】，转数【revolution 这里有转数的意思】和距离之间的关系就确定下来【fix 确定】。）

Ordinary Taping and PreciseTaping（普通尺距测量和精密尺距测量）

Taping is a very common technique for

measuring horizontal distance between two

points.（尺距测量是测量两点之间平距的非常普遍的方法。）Ordinary taping refers to the

very common tapes that we can buy them in

stores, such as the plastic tapes or poly

tapes. （普通尺距测量使用【refers to 引用】的是我们可以在商店里买到的非常普遍的的尺子，例如塑胶尺或涤纶尺。）Such tapes have low

precision in distance measurements with

about 1/3000~1/5000.（这种尺的精度低，测距精度只有 1/3000 到 1/5000）The precise

taping refers to the steel tapes and which

are much more expensive than the plastic

tape and have higher precision of

1/10000~1/30000.（精密尺距测量使用的是比塑 胶尺贵的多的钢尺，并具有更高的精度――1/10000 到 1/30000）Invar tapes are

composed 35% nickel and 65% steel.（因瓦尺是由 35％的镍和 65％的钢组成）This alloy

has a very low coefficient of thermal

expansion, making the tapes useful in

precise distance measurement. （这种合金具有非常低的热膨胀【thermal expansion】系数【coefficient】，使得这种尺利于精密距离测量）Many tapes are now graduated with foot

units on one side and metric units on the

reverse side. （现在许多尺上都在正面标刻【graduate 标刻、刻】了英尺计量单位，而在反面标刻了米制计量单位）Metric units are in

meters, centimeter and minimeter with the

total length of 20 m, 30 m, 50 m and 100 m.（米制计量单位是米，厘米和毫米，尺的总长为

20m、30m、50m 或 100m）

If we want to measure the horizontal

distance between the two points A and B, we

can do like this:（如果我们想测量 A 点和 B

点之间的平距，我们可以这样来做：） With zero of the tape to the higher point B

and tape going along the point A, we can

measure the horizontal distance by using the

plumb bob with pump line entering to the

point A.（将尺的 0 刻度对准较高点 B 点，尺沿向 A 点，我们可以利用在 A 点的铅垂【plumb

bob】垂线【pump line 应为 plumb line 垂线】测出平距）To judge the exact horizontal line,

we should move the tape up and down along the

pump line and we will find the changes of

reading in the tape.（为了确定准确的水平线，我们应沿垂线方向上下移动尺子，我们在尺上将得到不同的的读数【changes of reading 读数的变化】）The shortest reading of the tape is

the horizontal distance.（尺子最小的读数就是平距）If the distance is longer than the

length of tape, then we can divide the long

distance into several segments and get the

total distance by plus each segment together.（如果距离比尺长要长，那么【then】我们可以将其分成几段【segment】，把每段长加起来获得总长。）Since different tapes have different starts of zero of the tapes, it is very

important to judge where the zero of the tape

begins.（由于不同的尺有不同的 0 刻度，判断尺的 0 刻度在哪儿十分重要。）

Tacheometry and Stadia （视距测量和视距仪）

Tacheometry is an optical solution to the

measurement of distance.（视距测量是一个光学【optical】测距方法）The word is derived

from the Greek Tacns, meaning “swift”, and

metrot, meaning “a measure”.（这个词源自于【is derived from 源自于】希腊语的 Tacns，意思是“迅速的”，和 metrot【同样是希腊语】，意思是“方法”。）Tacheometry involves the

measurement of a related distance parameter【参数】 either by means of a fixed-angle

intercept.（视距测量包括一个相关距离参数的测量和依靠定角截距的测量【by means of依靠】【either 表示并列】）Theodolite tacheometry

is an example of stadia system. （经纬仪视距测量就是视距仪器的一个例子）The theodolite is directed at the level staff

where the staff is held vertically and the

line of sight of the telescope is horizontal.（将经纬仪【is directed at 被动语态，翻译为将；direct at 对准……】对准水准尺【level

staff】，水准尺竖直，望远镜的视线【可以翻译为视准轴】水平。）By reading the top and

bottom stadia hairs on the telescope view

and then the horizontal distance from center

of instrument to rod can be obtained by

multiplying the stadia interval factor K by

the stadia interval and plus the distance C

which is from the center of instrument to

principal focus, i.e. D=Ks + C.（通过望远镜视野【view】里的上下视距丝读数，从仪器到尺的平距可以用视距常数【stadia interval

factor】K 乘视距间隔【stadia interval】加上从仪器中心到主焦点【principal focus】的距离 C 得到。也就是【i.e.=id est】，D=Ks + C）Usually the nominal stadia interval factor

K equals 100 which is a constant for a

particular instrument as long as conditions remain unchanged, but it may be determined

by observation in practice.（通常，名义上的视距常数K等于100，只要【as long as】条件保持不变，它就是个特别装置的【particular

instrument指代视距装置】常数【constant 常数】但在实践中可以通过观测确定）The value of

C is determined by the manufacturer and

stated on the inside of the instrument box.（C 值由厂商决定并固定在仪器之内）For

external-focusing telescopes, under

ordinary condition, C may be considered as

1 ft without error of consequence.（对于外调焦望远镜，通常情况下，C 被认为是 1 英尺而不会给结果带来错误。）Internal-focusing

telescopes are so constructed that C is 0 or

nearly so; this is an advantage of

internal-focus telescopes for stadia work.（内调焦望远镜因此被发明【construct 建立、创立】，C 为或近似为 0；这是内调焦望远镜在视距测量中的一个优点。）Most instruments now

used for stadia are equipped with

internal-focusing telescopes.（现在大多数 视距仪器都使用内调焦望远镜）

Applications of tacheometry include

traversing and leveling for the topographic

surveys, location of detail surveys,

leveling and field completion surveys for

the topographic mapping, and hydrographic

mapping.（视距测量的应用包括地形测量【topographic survey】中的导线测量【traversing】和水准测量【leveling】工作，细部测量【detail survey】中的定位，绘制地形图工作中的水准测量和野外完全化测量，以及水道测图）The relative precision is 1:1000

to 1:5000.（其相对精度为 1:1000 到 1:5000）Stadia is a form of tacheometry that uses a

telescopic cross-hair configuration to

assist in determining distances.（视距仪是视距测量的一种形式，利用望远镜的十字丝结构帮助测距）A series of rod readings is taken

with a theodolite and the resultant

intervals are used to determine distances.

（一系列的标尺读数由经纬仪测出，并且籍此而得到视距间隔，用来确定距离【resultant由此 产生的】）

Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM)

（电子测距仪）

The Electronic Distance Measurement(EDM)

was first introduced in 1950s by the

founders of Geodimeter Inc.（电子测距仪的概念是由 Geodimeter【“光电测距仪”――商标名】公司的创始人在20 世纪 50 年代引入的。）The advent of EDM instrument has completely

revolutionized all surveying procedures,

resulting in a change of emphasis and

techniques.（EDM 测量手段的出现【advent】是对所有测量手段的完全的革命【revolutionized 革命化的】，导致【result

in】了一场技术革命【change】和侧重点的改变。【emphasis侧重点】）Distance can now be

measured easily, quickly and with great

accuracy, regardless of terrain conditions.（现在距离可以被很容易、快速和精确的测量，而又不受地形【terrain】影响。）

EDM instruments refer to the distance measurement equipments using light and

radio waves. （EDM 是利用光波和无线电波测距的设备【refer to 译为“是”】）Both light

waves and radio waves are electromagnetic.（光波和无线电波都是电磁波【electromagnetic电磁的】）They have

identical velocities in a vacuum (or space)

to 299,792.458±0.001km/sec.（它们在真空中都有一样的速度 299,792.458±0.001km/sec）These velocities, which are affected by the

air’s density, are reduced and need to be

recalculated in the atmosphere. （它们的速度，由于会收到空气密度的影响而降低，在大气中需要重新计算【recalculate】）The basic

principle of EDM instruments is that

distance equals time multiplied by velocity.（EDM 的基本原理是距离等于时间乘速度）Thus

if the velocity of a radio or light wave and

time required for it to go from one point to

another are known, the distance between the

two points can be calculated.（这样，如果无线电波或光波的速度和其从一点到另一点所 需的时间已知了，两点之间的距离就可以计算出来）

The EDM instruments may be classified

according to the type and wavelength of the

electromagnetic energy generated or

according to their operational range.（可以依照产生【generate】的电磁能量【电磁波】的类型和波长或根据它们的运作范围【工作范围】给 EDM 分类。）EDM instruments use three

different wavelength bands: (1)Microwave

systems with range up to 150km, wave length

3 cm, not limited to line of sight and

unaffected by visibility; (2)Light wave

systems with range up to 5 km (for small

machines), visible light, lasers and

distance reduced by visibility; (3)Infrared

systems with range up to 3 km, limited to

line of sight and limited by rain, fog, other

airborne particles.（EDM 使用三种不同波长的波段：(1)微波系统【波段】，其测距范围达

150km，波长 3cm，不受限于视线范围，也不受可见度的影响；(2)可见光波段，有效范围 5km （小型仪器），可见光、激光，其距离受可见度的影响会降低；(3)红外线【Infrared】波段，测程 3km，受限于视线范围，并且受限于空气中的微粒影响）

Although there is a wide variety of EDM

instruments available with different

wavelengths, there are basically only two

methods of measurement employed which may

divide the instruments into two

classification as electro-optical (light

waves) and microwaves (radio waves)

instruments.（尽管不同的EDM 用到不同的波长，基本上只有两种测量方法在使用，可以将其【即 EDM】分为光电测距仪和微波测距仪）These

two basic methods are namely the pulse

method and more popular phase different

method. （这两种基本方法即【namely 即】脉冲【pulse】法和更流行的相位【phase different

相位的不同】法）They function by sending

light waves or microwaves along the path to

be measured and measuring the time

differences between transmitted and received signals, or in measuring the phase

differences

received

between

in

transmitted

returning

and

the signals

reflecting light wave to source. （沿着要测的路径发射光波或微波，并测出发射和收到反射信号之间的时间间隔，或者是测出发射和接受反射信号之间的相差【phase differences】，它们通过这种方法来运行【function v.】）

Modern EDM instruments are fully automatic

to such an extent that, after the

instruments, set up on one station, emits a

modulated light beam to a passive reflector

set up on the other end of the line to be

measured.（现代的 EDM 全自动化到这样的程度【to such an extent that 到这样的程度】，在一个站点安置，需测距离线的另一处安置有反射棱镜，发射一束已调制【modulated 已调制的】的光束到棱镜上）The operator need only

depress a button, and the slope distance is

automatically displayed. （操作者仅仅需要按一个键，斜距就自动显示出来。）More

complete EDM instruments also have the capability of measuring horizontal and

vertical or zenith angles as well as the

slope distance. （更完全的【功能更完备的】EDM 还具有测水平角、竖直角和天顶角的功能）These instruments referred to as total

station instruments. （这种仪器被称为全站仪）

Unit 4 Angle and Direction Measurement（角度和方向测量）

Horizontal and vertical angles are

fundamental measurements in surveying.（水平角和竖直角是测量的基本测量工作）It is

necessary to be familiar with the meanings

of certain basic terms before describing

angle and direction measurement.（在描述角度和方向测量之前，有必要熟悉【be familiar

with 熟悉】几个【certain某些】基本术语的含义【meaning】）The terms discussed here have

reference to the actual figure of the earth.（这里讨论的这些术语与地球的真实形状有关【have reference to 与……有关】） Basic Terms（基本术语）

A vertical line at any point on the earth’s surface is the line that follows the

direction of gravity at that point.（地球表面任一点的垂线是指这点上沿着重力的方向的线【可译为：地球表面任一点的垂线方向是过该点的重力方向】）It is the direction that a

string will assume if a weight is attached

at that point and the string is suspended

freely at the point. （如果在这点上用线悬挂一个重物，当线自由【即无干扰】静止【suspended暂停的、悬浮的】时，这条线所呈现【assume 呈现】的方向即重力方向。）At a

given point there is only one vertical line.（在给定的一个点上只有一条垂线。）

A horizontal line at a point is any line that

is perpendicular to the vertical line at the

point. （一点上的水平线是垂直【perpendicular 垂直的】于过该点的垂线的直线。）At any point there are an unlimited

number of horizontal lines.（过任一点的水 平线有无数【unlimited】条。）

A horizontal plane at a point is the plane

that is perpendicular to the vertical line

at the point.（过一点的水平面是垂直于过该点的垂线的平面）There is only one horizontal

plane through a given point.（过给定的一个点只有一个水平面）

A vertical plane at a point is any plane that

contains the vertical line at the point.（过一点的竖直面是包含【contain】过该点的垂线的任一平面）There are an unlimited

number of vertical planes at a given point.（过给定的一点有无数个竖直面）

Horizontal Angle and Vertical Angle（水平角和竖直角）

A horizontal angle is the angle formed in a

horizontal plane by two intersecting

vertical planes, or a horizontal angle

between two lines is the angle between the

projections of the lines onto a horizontal

plane.（水平角是指在一个水平面内由两相交