2024年4月5日发(作者：)

新托业听力阅读考试

新托业语法

考点全汇总

0

托业考试核心语法

1 名词和冠词

2 动词的种类 主动与被动

3 主谓一致 时态与虚拟语气

4 不定式 动名词 分词

5 形容词 副词 比较级

6 代词 关系代词

7 介词 连词

Unit1 1名词和冠词

01 可数名词和不可数名词

A.可数名词

单数可数名词+不定冠a/an,复数形式加-(e)s

 To request extra cards for other members of your household, call our

automated service line.

 The electronics company has recruited staff from several of its competitors.

B. 不可数名词

不可数名词是指不能以数目来计算，例如表示概念、情感或者物质材料的名

词。

 不可数名词视为单数名词

 The equipment you ordered is scheduled to be delivered on August 26.

 不可数名词不与a/an 连用

 They helped needy people by the provision of clothing , food, and shelter.

 考试常见的不可数名词

advertising

equipment

information

pollution

traffic

advice

furniture

machinery

recreation

luggage

clothing

homework

money

scenery

baggage

employment

knowledge

merchandise

stationery

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02 名词的功能和位置

名词在句中可用作主语、宾语和补语

A.用作主语

Prevention of an illness is preferable of treatment after it occurs.

B.用作动词的宾语

Bell Manufacturing, Inc., designs products that meet the needs of different

clients.

C. 限定词（冠词）+名词

The majority of magazine subscribers prefer looking at photographs of

celebrities.

D.介词+名词

The post office requires one form of identification from anyone picking up

registered mail.

E. 形容词物主代词（所有格）+名词

The mediator in the labor dispute was replaced when his neutrality was

called into question.

F. 名词+关系代词

All applicants who were interviewed for the announcer position at the BBC

broadcasting station will receive an e-mail response within the following three

weeks.

03 语义易混淆的名词

一般名词

agency

attendance

consultation

donation

表人名词

agent

attendant

consultant

donor

一般名词

supervision

illustration

employment

advice

表人名词

supervisor

illustrator

employee

advisor

2

accounting

一般名词

writing

assistance

application

engineering

participation

translation

accountant

表人名词

writer

assistant

applicant

engineer

participant

translator

direction

一般名词

photograph

performance

subscription

membership

benefit

research

director

表人名词

photographer

performer

subscriber

member

beneficiary

researcher

 For directory assistance, please press 301 and the operation/ operator

will assist you.

 Close supervisor/ supervision is needed when pilot trainees take the

controls for the first time.

 Our service representations/ representatives will be on call to answer

your questions that you might have.

单词形态相近但意思不同

commitment

committee

percent

percentage

interest

interests

complexity

complex

product

production

productivity

produce

承诺；献身

委员会

百分之一

百分比

兴趣

利益

复杂性

复杂的

产品

生产

生产率

农产品

permit

permission

expectancy

expectation

utility

utilization

segment

segmentation

meaning

means

允许

许可

预期，期望

预料，预计

效用，功用

利用，应用

部分

分割

意思，意义

手段，方法

单词形态相近但意思不同

communion

沟通；教会

objective

目标

3

community

communication

社区

交流

objectivity

objection

客观性

反对

 As a member of the admissions commitment/ committee, I am not

permitted to discuss your file until a final decision has been made.

 The chairman wanted to recognize the factory division that had

demonstrated the highest product/ productivity over the past three

years.

04 名词+名词= 复合名词

复合名词是由两个或两个以上的名词组成的新名词。通常情况下，在两个名词中，

前一个名词有形容词意义，几乎不用复数形式。但也有另外如“-s型名词+名词”

的复合名词，比如saving account，这类复合名词变复数只要将后一个名词变为

复数即可，即savings accounts。

名词+名词

Advertising company

Application form

Assembly line

Baggage allowance

Company policy

Consumer loan

Face value

Gender discrimination

Information desk

Membership fee

Performance appraisal

Performance appraisal

Product recognition

Profit margin

Safety precautions

-s型名词+名词

Awards ceremony

Customs official

Communications satellite

Customs regulations

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Apartment complex

Application fee

Attendance record

Communication skill

Construction site

Customer satisfaction

Fringe benefits

Hotel reservation

Job performance

Job performance

Office furniture

Product availability

Production schedule

Promissory note

Service desk

Earnings growth

Benefits package

Overseas trip

Sales department

Sales manager

Economics professor

Public relations office

Savings account

Sports complex

Sales target

05 不定冠词a(n) vs.定冠词the

原义是“一”，指不特定的单一。

可数名词前要加不定冠词。

不定冠词a用于辅音音素开头的单词前，不定冠词an用于

元音音素开头的单词前。

通常情况下，规定的，特定的，被修饰的名词前用定冠词the。

表示最高级的形容词前使用定冠词。

定冠词the

序数词前用定冠词：the+序数词（first，second，third等）。

Some of / most of / all of / many of/ half of / several + the + 名

词。

不定冠词a(n)

06 以下情况不用冠词

学科

交通方式

通讯方式

In an economics (×)  in economics

In an accounting (×)  in accounting

By a car (×)  by car=in a car

By the plane (×)  by plane = on the plane

By a fax (×)  by fax

By the phone (×)  by phone= over the phone

07 习惯用法

A.不用不定冠词而用定冠词the的习惯表达方式

In the way of 在……方面

In the distance 在远处

On the contrary 于此相反，正相反

On the whole 大体上，基本上

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B. 不用冠词的习惯表达方式

For safekeeping安全起见

In error 错误地

In order to 为了

Take advantage of利用

C. 必须用冠词的习惯表达方式

As a result of 结果

As a whole 总体上

Come to an end 结束

In an effort to 努力做…

In a hurry 匆忙

In the potential 潜在

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In haste急速地

In detail 详细地

Until further notice

Take care of照顾

As a symbol of作为…象征

At a distance 在远处

All of a sudden 突然

In an attempt to 试图做

In the middle of 在…中间

Reach an agreement 达成协议

Unit2 2动词的种类

01 There + 系动词+副词短语

A. There be 动词+主语+副词短语

There is a book on the table.

B. There + 其他系动词+主语

There still remains a group of unemployed whom the unions do not help

02 主语+系动词+表语

表示“状态”的系动词 Appear，seem，feel，smell ，sound，taste，remain，

stay，lie，hold等

It remains to be seen whether the operation was successful.

She sounded great on the phone.

表示“转变”的系动词become，run，go，come，fall，grow，turn，get等。

The weather became warmer.

Pollution from cars has become a major problem.

03 主语+及物动词+宾语

正确表达

Assess

Accompany

Approach

Approve

Check

join

marry

mention

overcome

provide

错误表达

Assess to

Accompany with

Approach to

Approve for

check for

Join into

Marry with

Mention about

Overcome with

Provide with

正确表达

Disclose

Discuss

Exceed

Express

Investigate

Reach

Regret

Require

Resemble

错误表达

Disclose about

Discuss about

Exceed at

Express about

Investigate into

Reach to

Regret for

Require to

Resemble with

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A. 容易被当成不及物动词的及物动词

Most coordinators require to / require their clients to provide a detailed list of

assets and liabilities well before the final filing date.

B. 相当于及物动词的动词短语

Account for

Deal with

React to

Speak to (with)

Add to

Head for

Reply to

Talk to

Agree on(with)

Interfere with

Respond to

Sympathize with

Arrive at

Listen to

Return to

04 主语+双宾动词+间接宾语+直接宾语

A. 主语+give+直接宾语+ to + 间接宾语

My father gave a book to me for my birthday.

B. 主语+buy+直接宾语+for+间接宾语

I will buy a book for you.

John made a bookcase for Jennifer.

C. 主语+ask+直接宾语+of+间接宾语

He asked a favor of me.

05 主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补语

A. 宾语+宾语补语的五种类型

Appoint/call/select+宾语+名词

Drive/paint/keep/find+宾语+形容词

Allow/compel/forbid/instruct/invite/tell/pe

rmit/urge/cause+ 宾语+不定式

Catch/find/keep+宾语+现在分词

They appointed him chairman.

You have to keep the food fresh.

John allowed us to go home early.

We are very sorry to have kept you

waiting.

Get/hear/make/have/keep+宾语+过去分词The purpose of this report is to make it

easier for your service department to keep us informed of product problems.

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B. 使役动词的五个句型

Make/let+宾语+动词原形

Have +宾语（人）+动词原形

Help +宾语+动词原形/不定式

Get+宾语（人）+不定式

Have/get + 宾语（物）+过去分词

C. 宾语补语前面使用as

主动语态

regard …as …

Think of …as…

consider…as…

Look upon… as…

cite…as…

He considered that building as sublime?

His work is highly regarded as very good by art experts.

被动语态

…be regarded as …

…be thought of as …

…be considered as …

…be looked upon as …

…be cited as …

Mr. Wang made his son clean his room.

I had the plumber repair the leak.

My sister helped me wash my car.

The students got the teacher to dismiss

class early.

John had his watch repaired (by

someone)

06 在祈使句中使用动词原形

用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫祈使句。通常省略主语

you，以动词原形开头。通常动词都位于句子开头，但有时也位于介词短语或

从句之后。

Before deciding on a price, make sure that the consultant is clear about your

business.

07 情态动词

A. 情态动词+动词原形

Must, have to , should, may, might , can , could等情态动词之后接动词原形。

From Monday , all morning shifts will started /start promptly at 7:

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The Sun Star Hotel’s facilities, which include several restaurants and conference

rooms, can easily accommodation/accommodate a large tour group.

B. may 和 might的用法

恭请的请求

正式的许可

低于50%的可能性

May I borrow your calculator?

You may leave the room.

He may be at the library.

He might be at the bank.

Altering a passport in any way may make it invalid.

可能性

可能性已经做过

这样做比较好

With the extra free time, they might do more

volunteer work.

They may have called when she was in Los Angeles.

If there’s nothing more to do, we may as well go to

bed.

I must go to class today.

You must not open that door.

John must be sick.

John must have been sick yesterday.

I have to go to class today.

I had to go to class yesterday.

I don’t have to go to class today.

I didn’t have to go to class yesterday.

Would you mind if I left early?

I would rather go to the TOEIC class than stay home.

I would rather have gone to the park.

When I was a child, I would visit my grandparents

every weekend.

I would like an apple, please.

I would have liked a cookie, but there were none in

the house.

I used to visit my grandparents every weekend.

I used to live in the United States. Now I live in China.

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C. must 和 have to 的用法

强烈的必要性

静止

确认，确信

对过去事情的肯定推测

（95%的可能性）

必要性

不必要性

D. would 和 used to 的用法

恭敬的请求

喜好，优先考虑

过去反复出现的动作

Want 的委婉表达

未能实现的愿望

过去常常做某事

过去做而现在做不了

Unit2 3主动与被动

01 被动语态的构成

时态

一般现在时

现在完成时

一般过去时

过去完成时

一般将来时

将来完成时

现在进行时

过去进行时

主语

The car / cars

The car / cars

The car / cars

The car / cars

The car / cars

The car / cars

The car / cars

The car / cars

单数

is

has been

was

had been

will be

will have

been

is being

were

being

过去分词

designed.

designed.

designed.

designed.

designed.

designed.

designed.

designed.

复数

are

have been

were

had been

will be

will have

been

are being

were being

02 被动语态和主动语态的区别

A. 主语是事物时的被动语态

After being delivered to the recycling plant, the aluminum cans were washed and

then crushed before being melted.

B. 主语是人时的主动语态

n predicted that the wheat harvest would be reduced dramatically due

to the strong typhoon that ruined the crop during the rainy season.

C. 主语是人时的被动语态

According to the latest directive, no employee will be required to work more than 8

hours a day.

03 不能用于被动语态的动词

seem

Lie

Happen

Notice

Arrive

Disappear

Remain

Look

Function

Wish

Rise

occur

Unfortunately, your dissatisfaction seemed to be focused outside the scope of our

original guarantees for this equipment.

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04 不及物动词+介词=及物动词

主动语态

Account for

Attend to

Deal with

Focus on

Laugh at

Look after

Rely on

被动语态

Be accounted for by

Be attended to by

Be dealt with by

Be focused on by

Be laughed at by

Be looked after by

Be relied on by

05 be+ed 形容词+介词

A. 使用介词at 的常见表达

Be alarmed

Be amazed

Be amused

Be annoyed

Be disappointed

Be grieved

Be relieved

B. 使用介词in的常见表达

Be absorbed

Be involved

Be indulged

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+ at

+ in

Be interested

Be engaged

Be located

C. 使用介词with的常见表达

Be bored

Be contented

Be covered

Be crowed

Be exhausted

Be fatigued

Be gratified

Be worn out

+ with

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Unit3 4主谓一致

01 单数名词+单数谓语/复数名词+复数谓语

A. 使用单数谓语的主语

不可数名词

One of the（所有格）+复数名词

Each/Every+单数名词

The number of (数字)+复数名词

以复数形式出现的国家、机关、团体名称

专有名词（-s结尾的企业名称等）

None of the + 复数名词

例句

 The furniture you ordered is scheduled to be delivered on August 26.

 One of my friends is there.

 Each book and magazine is listed in the card catalogue.

 The number of students in the class is twenty.

 The United States is located on the North American Continent.

 None of the girls is here.

B. 使用复数谓语的主语

The +形容词（表示一类人）

Some（of）+ 复数名词

A lot of + 复数名词

A number of （很多）+复数名词

Two-thirds + 复数名词

例句

 The wealthy usually do not consider themselves to be rich enough.

 Some of the books are good for children.

 A lot of his friends are here.

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+ 单数谓语

+ 复数谓语

 A number of students are late for the TOEIC class.

 Nearly two-thirds of Americans are overweight.

02 主语+介词短语+谓语

主语后面的介词短语中出现的名词并不属于句子的主语成分，丝毫不影响主语和

谓语的一致。

 Nurses at the Intensive Care Unit needs to monitor the vital signs of

the patient every hour.

 The manufacturer of these disposable cameras guarantees that the quality

of materials will last well over a year.

03 先行词+关系代词+谓语

关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，其后的谓语应与先行词的单复数保持一致。

 单数名词+关系代词（作主语）+单数谓语

 John Smith wants to grow up and be a politician who makes his country

more prosperous.

 复数名词+关系代词（作主语）+复数谓语

 Peter works closely with sales people who manage orders from

production to delivery.

04 指示代词、不定代词与名词的一致

名词前有指示代词、不定式代词时，人称和数的一致规则如下。

 单数指示代词（this/that）

+名词单数

 复数指示代词（these/those）+名词复数

 The company made a huge profit this / these year thanks to the

aggressive advertising campaign.

 Please fill in the applicable spaces on this / these travel-expense report.

 不定代词（many / several / all / some）+名词复数

 不定代词 （another / other )+名词单数

 All monthly statement / statements should be handed in on time.

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Unit3 5时态与虚拟语气

01 一般现在时

A.规律性的习惯或一般性的习惯用一般现在时。

The office manager purchases supplies once every three months.

B. 有usually或generally这样的频度副词出现时使用一般现在时。

Saving and checking accounts usually earn interest if the customer maintains

a minimum balance.

C. 表达一般性的常识或真理时要用一般现在时。

02 一般过去时

Last + 时间

表时间的名词短语+ago

Previous+ 周、月、年

On / in + 表示过去的日期、年份

表示过去时间的副词（短语）

Late night / late week / last Wednesday /

last month / last year

A week ago / a month ago / several days

ago / many years ago / ten years ago

Previous week / previous month / previous

year

On March 7 / in 1965

Yesterday / at that time / those days

 Last week , the building commissioner formally approves / approved the

construction plan.

 Susan has joined / joined Evergreen College’s teaching staff three months

ago after working several years in her field.

03 一般将来时

Tomorrow / next week

until+未来某时刻

within the next three weeks 未来三周内

as if + 未来某时刻 从某时起

two weeks from now 即日起两周内

At the end of this quarter, our company will hold more than 96 software

patents.

The general manager will be out of the office until next Monday, so the assistant

manager will answer routine inquiries.

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04 现在完成时（have + 过去分词）

In the past year(s)

For the past two years

表示一段时间的副词短

语

For the last two months

Over the last three years

During the last year

Throughout the year

其他副词或副词短语

Recently / lately / just / already / since

So far / up to now / up to the present

 The demand for exports risen / has risen steadily throughout the year,

which led to a corresponding increase in our gross annual profit.

 The new regional director for pharmaceutical sales has already decided to

introduce new antibiotics in selected cities in England.

05 过去完成时（had + 过去分词）

在过去所发生的两个事件中，先发生的事用过去完成时表示。

 John had already left by the time Peter got there.

 Our competitors believed that the products they have developed / had

developed were able to surpass the standards we set for durability and

design.

06 将来完成时（will have + 过去分词）

将来完成时表示过去或现在发生的动作会在将来的某个时间点完成，或影响会一

直持续到那个时候。

 Dr. Sheila Marcial will have served on the Board of West Coast College for

20 years by the time she retires.

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07 主句与从句的时态一致

如果主句的时态是一般过去时，那么一般来说由从属连词所引导的从句也应该使

用表示过去的几个时态。

 Even before the warning was issued, Mr. Lee claimed responsibility for

approving the purchase of the faulty equipment.

 When the company was restructuring its automobile division, the

management had to solve many problems with the labor union.

08 时态不一致的特殊用法

A.时间状语从句与条件状语从句

 用现在时代替将来时

时间和条件从属连词+主语+谓语（现在

时）

从句

主语+谓语(将来时)

主句

 When you will finish /finish the training course, a certificate of attendance

will be sent to your address.

 If the software industry will collapse/ collapse, many small firms will go

bankrupt.

B. 主句中有表提议、主张、要求、命令等的动词 that从句中的动词用原形

Suggest / propose (提议)

主语 Insist / urge (主张)

Ask / demand / require/ (要求)

 The property custodian has requested that any overdue equipment be

returned by the end of the week.

 He suggested that she spent /spend the weekend with him.

C .表示”重要的；必需的；义务的”等含义的形容词that 从句中的动词用原

形

Difficult / mandatory / vital

It is Imperative / compulsory /

Important / necessary / essential

 It is necessary that the contract is finalized /be finalized at least one

week before the project begins.

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That + 主语+（should）+动词原形

That + 主语+（should）+动词原形

09 虚拟语气在虚拟条件中的用法

虚拟语气是在虚拟条件句中可以表示与现在事实相反的情况、与过去事实相反

的情况、或表示将来的某事实现的可能性不大。

假定与现在

If + 主语+ 动词过去式， 主语+would / could / might +动词原形

的事实相反，

或者现在发

If more families lived near subway stations , they would use their

生的可能性

private vehicle less often.

比较小。

If + 主语+ had+过去分词， 主语+would / could / might + have+

过去分词

假定与过去

的事实相反

If the office manager had been told that the fax machine was not

working properly, she could have called the repair company earlier

If + 主语+ 动词过去式/ were to +动词原形/ should+动词原形，

对将来的事

能否实现表

主语+will/can/may/would / could / might +动词原形

示强烈的怀

If the president should not attend a meeting today, we will

疑

cancel the meeting.

If + 主语+ had+过去分词(与过去的事实相反)

If + 主语+would / could / might + have+ 动词原形（与现在的事实

在时间关系

相反）

复杂的条件

句中，发生在

If it had not snowed last night, the road would not be slippery now.

过去的事情

If I had eaten breakfast several hours ago, I would not be hungry

一直影响到

now.

现在

If John had followed my advice, he wouldn’t be in such a difficult

situation now.

10 特殊虚拟语气

除了if 从句，以下句型也能表示虚拟语气

A. 与现在

或将来的事

实相反

Without + 名词

But for + 名词+ 主语+ would/should/could/might+动词原形

Were it not for + 名词

Without + 名词

B. 与过去

But for + 名词+ 主语+ would/should/could/might+动词原形

的事实相反

Had it not been+ 名词

 Without Andrew Dottin’s exceptional effort and expertise, we would

never have succeeded in winning the prize.

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11 if 的省略

在虚拟语气中，如果省略了if，则剩下的部分要使用倒装语序。

A. 与现在或将来的事实相反

If + 主语+动词过去时 过去式+主语

Were I you , I would ask her for a date.

If + 主语+had+ 过去分词 had + 主语+

过去分词

Had the engine parts been delivered earlier ,

we might have been able to finish the job on

time.

B. 与过去的事实相反

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Unit4 6不定式

01 可以接不定式做宾语的动词

ask

agree

care

hope

learn

prepare

manage

decide

plan

deserve

promise

expect

refuse

fail

struggle

hesitate

want

arrange

consent

He asked to come with us.

They agreed to help us.

I don’t care to see that movie.

I hope to see you.

He learn to play the piano.

We prepared to welcome them.

She managed to finish her work early.

I have decided to leave on Monday.

I am planning to have a party.

She deserves to win the prize.

I promised not to be late.

I expect to enter graduate school in the fall.

I refuse to believe his story.

She fail to return the book to the library on time.

I struggle to stay awake.

Don’t hesitate to ask for my help.

I want to tell you something.

I’ll arrange to meet you at the airport.

She finally consented to marry him.

02 动词+宾语+不定式

advise

encourage

allow

expect

invite

ask

He advised me to wait until tomorrow.

He encouraged me to try again.

He allowed me to use his bicycle.

I expect you to be here on time.

John invited Jenny to come to his party.

I asked Kimberly to help John.

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Order

remind

force

tell

warn

Instruct

The judge ordered him to pay a fine.

He reminded me to lock the door.

He forced me to tell the truth.

The doctor told me to take these pills.

I warn you not to drive too fast.

He instructed them to be careful.

03 be+形容词+不定式

Be able to do

Be glad to do

Be unable to do

Be willing to do

Be liable to do

Be likely to do

Be eager to do

Be easy to do

Be reluctant to do

Be sorry to do

I will be able to overcome my present problem.

I was glad to learn about mathematics.

He is still unable to express himself in English.

He was willing to take the responsibility.

Children are more liable to get an infection.

It is likely to rain.

I am eager to learn how to drive a car.

It is not easy to forecast the weather.

I am reluctant to help him.

We were sorry to hear that the bad news.

04 名词+不定式

Time to do

Right to do

Decision to do

Permission to do

Opportunity to do

Ability to do

It’s time to eat dinner.

We have a right to bear arms.

They made a decision to wait.

She has permission to carry pepper spray.

He waited for an opportunity to speak.

I envy your ability to work so fast.

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05 形式主语it

不定式作主语时，如果主语太长，可以将主语部分放到句子最后，用it 作形

式主语。

It +

系动词+

形式主语

difficult +

possible +

necessary +

Important +

不定式的逻辑

主语

真正的主语

for 宾语+ 不定式

 It is necessary for us to take measures to deal with the new situation.

06 不定式的副词性用法

不定式可以像副词一样修饰形容词、动词以及副词，表示目的、结果、原因

等。

A. 目的：为了……，为了……的目的

The document was revised to clarify ambiguous points.

B. 结果：结果……；成为……

He lift a stone only to hit himself.

C. 原因：由于……，因为……

I am sorry to bother you.

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Unit4 7动名词

01 动名词作主语

动名词和不定式都可以作主语，但是托业考试中经常考查动名词做主语的情

况

Swimming is a popular form of recreation, an important international sport, and

a healthful exercise.

Setting manageable goals is an important step toward creating and maintaining

a budget.

02 介词接动名词作宾语

介词之后如果要接动词作宾语，应用其动名词形式。

By / without / after / of +

动名词

Before taking over the company’s automobile division, Mr. Smith was in charge of

corporate planning.

03 接动名词作宾语的动词

以下动词接动名词作宾语

avoid

keep

practice

consider

finish

suggest

discontinue

recommend

dislike

enjoy

postpone

mind

 He avoided answering my question.

 I will consider going with you.

 He discontinued speaking.

04 既可以接动名词也可以接不定式作宾语的动词

A. 接动名词作宾语 和 接不定式作宾语时 意义不同的动词

表示过去的动作或状态

一直影响到现在

表示动作将在未来发生

stop / try / remember / forget + 动名词

stop / try / remember / forget + 不定式

 I stopped smoking. 我停止了抽烟。

 I stopped to smoke. 我停下来去抽烟。

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B. 接动名词作宾语和接不定式作宾语是意义相同

开始 start / begin

继续 continue

讨厌 hate / dislike / can’t bear / can’t stand

喜欢 like / prefer

 According to a recent opinion poll, most consumers prefer to maintain /

maintaining a reliable old car rather than buying a new car.

05 go + 动名词

表示“去参加或进行某项娱乐、活动”时，用go+动名词

go boating

go hiking

go shopping

go bowling

go jogging

go skiing

go camping

go running

go sledding

go dancing

go sailing

Go snorkeling

 If you’re not too busy this weekend, we should go shopping and try to find

a nice birthday present for Brad.

06 固定短语+动名词

以介词结尾的固定短语之后接动词的话，应用其动名词形式

A. 以介词to结尾的固定短语

Be / become accustomed to

Be/ become used to

Be opposed to

Look forward to

Object to

With a view to

 They look forward to finding out more about the architectural plans of

the building.

B. 其他以介词结尾的固定短语

Be aware of

In spite of

Prevent / prohibit from

have difficulty in

have trouble / a hard time in

Complain about

 The subway train was overcrowded, so I had difficulty in getting on the

subway train.

 The airline industry has been prevented from expanding into emerging

markets by government regulations.

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C. 接动名词的特殊情况

Spend + 时间/金钱+ 动名词

 John spends most of his time studying TOEIC.

waste + 时间/金钱+ 动名词

 I wasted a lot of time watching TV.

Sit + 地点+ 动名词

 John sat at his desk writing a letter.

stand + 地点+ 动名词

 I stood there wondering what to do next.

lie + 地点+ 动名词

 She is lying in bed reading a novel.

Find + 名词/代词+动名词

 When I walked into my office, I found Peter using my phone.

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Unit4 8分词

01 分词的种类

A. 不及物动词的分词

 现在分词：意思是“正在进行着的”，可改成定语从句。

 Swimming boys（

= boys who are swimming）

 过去分词：意思是“进行完了的”，表示动作的完成或一种状态。

 Fallen leaves（=leaves which have fallen）

B. 及物动词的分词

 现在分词：意思是“使人…的，让人…的”，表示主动或使动的意思。

 an exciting game=(a game which excites the onlooker)

 过去分词：意思是“被…的，受到…的”， 表示被动意义。

 an excited audience = (an audience that is excited)

02 感情动词的现在分词和过去分词

一般来讲，主语是人用过去分词，主语是物用现在分词。

动词

amaze

astonish

fascinate

frighten

overwhelm

现在分词

amazing

astonishing

fascinating

frightening

overwhelming

过去分词

amazed

astonished

fascinated

frightened

overwhelmed

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03 分词作状语

A. 分词做状语的用法

时间 when / while / as / since / after

When I arrived at the station, I found the train just going out.

Arriving at the station, I found the train just going out.

理由 as / since / because

As I was tired , I went to bed early.

Being tired , I went to bed early.

条件 if

If I had known of your arrival , I would have met you.

Having known of your arrival , I would have met you.

伴随状况 while

While she smiled brightly, she extended her hand.

Smiling brightly, she extended her hand.

04 分词做状语的多种使用方法

A. “连词 + 分词”作状语

When they handle fresh meat and vegetables, catering staff must follow the

established food safety guidelines.

 When handing fresh meat and vegetables, catering staff must follow the

established food safety guidelines.

B. 主语不同时的情况

当主句的主语和分词的逻辑主语不一致时，分词的逻辑主语不能省略.

If the weather permits, we are going on a picnic tomorrow as scheduled.

 The weather permitting, we are going on a picnic tomorrow as scheduled.

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C . 过去分词作状语

分词作状语，若分词表示的动作与主语是被动关系，则可以用过去分析的三种形

式：done, being done 和

having been done。

Because they were faced with petroleum shortages, engineers in the United

States stepped up their efforts to develop more efficient heating systems.

 (Being) faced with petroleum shortages, engineers in the United States

stepped up their efforts to develop more efficient heating systems.

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Unit5 9形容词

01 修饰名词的形容词

A. 一般形容词+名词

Potential customer

Immediate supervisor

Local supporter

Professional attire

Promissory note

Persuasive argument

 The company posted impress / impressive profile last year because of the

aggressive advertising campaign.

B. 分词形容词 + 名词

Attached schedule

Damaged luggage

Update manual

Designated hotel

Limited warranty

Proposed project

 At an automation / automated wine refinery, a machine fills bottles with

wine and weighs the bottle before capping them.

C . 形容词 + and + 形容词 + 名词

fresh and innovative idea

experienced and dynamic instructor

bold and original marketing plan

informative and interesting lecture

dedicated and talented employee

Inaccurate and questionable information

D. 副词 + 形容词 + 名词

conveniently placed store

entirely reliable product

fully operational factory

strictly prohibited rules

bitterly disappointed candidate

quite impressive earning figures

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E. 冠词 + 形容词 + 名词

an introductory chapter

A certified technician

A renowned engineer

A rich source of information

A tentative agreement

 According to the recent report, polluted air from industry is the majority /

major source of global warning.

F. 限定词 + 形容词 + 名词

many construction-related industries

many experienced workers

any associated charges

02 形容词作表语

A .系动词 + 形容词

be available

remain silent

look empty

seem helpful

 Because of the recession, the government remain readily /ready to lower

interest rate to stimulate the economy.

B. be动词 + 形容词 + 介词

be available for

be capable of

be comparable to

be aware of

be cognizant of

be confident of

 I am not fully satisfied with the standard of your work.

 Manufacturing companies spend millions of dollars trying to convince

customers that their products are superior to those of other companies.

03 复合形容词

 The contract stipulates a two-week paid vacation will be offered to every

employee.

 The clerk recommended a two-room suite but we couldn’t afford it.

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04 易混淆的形容词

Industrial 工业的

Industrious 刻苦的

Comprehensive 全面的

Comprehensible 易于了解的

Arguable 可论证的

Argumentative 爱争论的

Responsible负责的

Responsive 反应热烈的

Healthy健康的

Healthful 有益健康的

Successful 成功的

Successive 连续的

Economic 经济的

Economical 节约的

Considerable 相当可观的

Considerate 考虑周到的

Numerical 数字的

Numerous 无数的

Persuasive 有说服力的

Persuadable 容易说服的

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Unit5 10副词

01 副词的功能和位置

除名词外，副词几乎可以修饰其他所有词性的词。托业考试中对副词的考查主要

是副词修饰动词或形容词的情况。

A. 动词后

 When you speak clearly, your customer can understand clearly.

B. 助动词 + 副词 + 动词原形

 The prices of the finished products will slightly increase due to the price

increase in raw materials.

C. have + 副词 + 过去分词

 Residential property values have recently increased more than ten

percent.

D. Be 动词 + 副词 + 过去分词

 When the camera doesn’t work, first check if the batteries are properly

inserted.

E. 副词 + 形容词

 Remodeling the head office was really expensive, but the result was well

worth the expense.

F. 动词 + as + 副词 + as

 In order to be competitive, we need to use our time as efficiently as

possible.

02 修饰整个句子的副词

下面是托业考试中曾经出现的修饰整个句子的副词。

Apparently

Increasingly

Clearly

More importantly

33

presumably

regrettably

recently

unfortunately

 Recently, the Wilson family has begun to operate a chain of restaurants

and organic food markets in the area.

03 修饰数词的副词

Almost , approximately, about , nearly 等副词

 Chemical products account for approximately two-thirds of our exports.

 It seems like yesterday, but it’s actually nearly ten years since we first

met.

04 already, yet , still

A. already

Have / had + already + 过去分词

be动词 + already + 过去分词

already + 动词

 Several of the employees have already been laid off because of the

recession.

B. yet

Haven’t + 过去分词 + yet

Have + yet + to do

 My order hasn’t arrived yet.

C. still

Still + 实义动词

Still + 助动词 +实义动词

Be 动词 + still + 动词的ing形式

 Company employees are still putting in many hours of overtime to catch

up on paperwork and are not being compensated for their work.

34

05 just , now ,soon , finally

A. Just: 通常与完成时一起使用

 I have just finished reading The Perfect Plan by James Johnson.

B. Now: 通常与现在时一起使用

 We are able to process your order because the materials you requested

are now in stock.

C. soon :通常与将来时态一起使用

 According to the weather forecast, the weather will improve soon.

D. finally : 通常用于完成时或被动语态

 Because the contract has finally been approved, staff members and

managers must report to work immediately.

06 加-ly后语义变化的副词

high （高的，高等的） highly （很，非常）

hard （坚固的，困难的） hardly （几乎不）

short （短的，矮的） shortly （简略的）

late （迟到的，晚的） lately （最近）

near （近的） nearly （几乎）

close （近的） closely（密切的）

07 hardly , seldom, scarcely, barely

句子若有否定意义的副词，就不需要再用not。

否定副词出现在句首，句子要倒装，例如：seldom + 助动词+ 主语 + 谓语 …

Hardly / seldom / scarcely / barely

Hardly ever ;

 There are barely enough employees to cover shifts during the vacation

season.

35

08 频率副词

A. 频率副词的位置

Be动词 + 频率副词

助动词+频率副词 + 实意动词

频率副词+实意动词

B. 常出现的频率副词

Always / ever / frequently / generally / hardly / never / occasionally

Often / once / rarely / scarcely / seldom / sometimes / usually

 Our company’s arts department can usually arrange advertising posters

within 48 hours for our customers.

C. 表次数的频率副词

everyday / weekly / bi-weekly

monthly / annually / semi-annually

 The agreement will be renewed annually.

09 too much , much too , enough , very , much

A. too much +名词

Drinking too much fruit juice can contribute to obesity and the development of

cavities.

B. much too + 形容词 /副词

California feel that taxes ,especially federal taxes , are much too high.

C. much to one’s + 抽象名词

Much to my surprise, the steps involved in posting new information and

deleting old news were simple.

D. 形容词+ enough + (不定式)

That doctor is very popular among his patients because he is kind enough to help

them overcome any problems whether they are rich or poor.

E. very

We are very pleased to welcome Louis Smith , Human Resource Director of

Industry, to answer all your questions.

F. much

Even though they may look very much alike, there are some distinguishing

features that you can identify.

36

Unit5 11比较级

01 原形比较

A. be动词 + as + 形容词 + as

The reviewers agreed that the data presented in the report was as reliable as

other data they tested.

B. 实意动词 + as + 副词 + as

The existing treatment facility enables us to process wastes water as efficiently

as possible.

C. almost / nearly / just 修饰形容词或副词原级

John is just as qualified as the other candidates for that position.

02 比较级

A. 形容词/ 副词的比较级+ than

 Given the high price of gasoline lately , renting a car is not cheaper than

taking the train.

B. more + 形容词/ 副词 + than

 Ever since the office switched from carpeted floors to linoleum floors, the

janitors have been able to clean the office more easily than before.

03 最高级

A. The + 形容词 / 副词 + est

 To cease smoking is the easiest thing I ever did.

B. the most + 形容词/ 副词

 That was the most boring movie I’ve ever seen.

04 与the一起使用的比较级

A. The + 比较级， the +比较级

37

 The closer you live to a city, the more expensive your home insurance

premiums will be.

B. of the two + 名词，主语+动词+the + 比较级

 Of the two candidates, John is the better qualified for that job.

05 拉丁式比较级

Inferior to 次于

Posterior to 晚于

Senior to 身份地位高于

Junior to 身份地位低于

Prefer to 更喜欢

Superior to 优于

 He pointed out that the former was inferior to the latter in some respects.

 You should be arrive at least one hour prior to boarding.

06 强调比较级和最高级的副词

Much / by far / a lot / even / far / still / a little

 This year’s college football game was far more exciting to watch than last

year’s.

 Attendance figures of the new employees at the staff meeting are much

higher than expected.

07比较级固定短语

No longer than

No more than

No later than

Other than

No sooner…than

Rather than

Would rather…than

At the latest

 As announced this morning’s meeting, this year’s appraisal forms have

to be filled out and returned to the personal department no later than

June 30.

38

08 不规则的比较级形式

原级 比较级

Good / well better

Bad/ ill worse

Many / much more

little less

 I like your interpretation better than mine.

最高级

best

worst

most

least

39

Unit6 12代词

01 代词的格

名词性

物主代

词

mine

yours

his

hers

its

ours

yours

theirs

代词 人称

第一人称

第二人称

主格

I

you

he

she

it

we

you

they

所有格

My

your

his

her

its

our

your

their

宾格

me

you

him

her

it

us

you

them

反身代词

myself

yourself

himself

herself

itself

ourselves

yourselves

themselves

单数 第三人称

第三人称

第三人称

第一人称

复数 第二人称

第三人称

02 主格

注意不要在主语后重复使用不必要的主格代词。牢记一个句子只有一个主句。

 In the final report , the author she(去掉，不加) has stated that she

would be interested in writing another mystery novel.

03 宾格

及物动词或双宾语动词后用 宾格代词

 Our new Service Hotline is now operating continuously, so we can

provide yours / you with technical assistance any time of the day.

04 所有格

名词前用形容词性物主代词

 In the event that you cannot appear in court , make sure that you /

your lawyer has all the relevant documents.

40

 My associates and I would like to express its / our gratitude for your

support in our tree-planting project.

05 代词的数要与其指代的名词一致

若其指代的名词是单数，那么代词也是用单数；

若其指代的名词是复数，那么代词也是用复数；

代词

事物

人

主格

单数

It

she/he

复数

they

they

单数

it

Her / him

宾格

复数

them

them

所有格

单数

its

Her/ his

复数

their

their

 The firm wished to announce the addition of Mr. Jennings to their / its

administrative staff.

06 反身代词

A. 反身用法

 Heaven helps those who help themselves.

B. 强调用法

 Mr. Smith usually repairs his car himself.

C. 固定短语 （介词+反身代词）

 She prefers to travel throughout the world by herself rather than with a

tour group.

07 that / those

A. that / those of (正确) ， this / these of (不用)

 Because of Ms. Black’s valuable sales experience and that of her associates,

the manager put them on the marketing outreach team.

B. those who (…的人们)

 For those who are looking forward to seeing the mysterious artifacts

found in a Nevada cave, our museum is open from to daily.

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08 不定代词

A. one, another, the other , the others, some one, the other

两者，其中一个用one，另外一个the other.

三者间，其中一个是one，另外一个是 another.

三者以上时，其中一个是one，其实统称 the others.

三者以上时，其中一个是one，其他不确指的一个称为another.

多数中的一部分是some，其余部分统称 the others.

B. another 和 other 的区别

another+单数名词

other +复数名词

C .习惯表达方式

 Each other / one another / one after the other

 One after anther / A is one thing and B is another.

09 most

A. most作形容词 most people 大多数人。

 Almost / Most employees have been working at the company for a

minimum of five years.

B. most作代词 “most of the + 名词”结构中，most为代词

 Most of the candidates for the opening position.

10 some-, any-, no- 的用法

A. 肯定句中用some-

 It is a good car but I am looking for something cheaper.

B. 疑问句、否定句、条件句中用any-

 We regret that we do not have anything you requested in stock at the

moment.

C. 否定句用no one , nobody, nothing

 She knocked on the door but nobody answered.

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Unit6 13关系代词

01 关系代词的格

先行词

人

物

人、物

主格

who

which

that

所有格

whose

Whose/of which

--

宾格

whom

which

that

A. who 先行词是人用who或者that，which的先行词是物

 The man who lives across the street is a good neighbor.

 San Francisco is a city which attracts a lot of tourists.

B. that 先行词是人或物用 that

 Our sales department will be unable to process purchase orders that are

not complete.

C. 非限定性定语从句和限定性定语从句的区别

 非限定性定语从句

 My brother, who lives in New York came to visit me this week.

 限定性定语从句

 My brother who lives in New York came to visit me this week.

D. 关系代词that 不能用于非限定性定语从句

 My brother, that / who lives in New York came to visit me this week.

02 关系代词的格的区分

A. 先行词+主格关系代词 + 动词

 Employees who wish to use the company’s fitness facilities must register

at the reception desk.

B. 先行词+所有格关系代词 + 名词

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 Awards will be granted to non-profit organizations whose programs

benefit the residents of the local community.

C. 先行词+ 宾格关系代词 + 主语 + 动词

 The business magazines which I bought were expensive.

03 连接代词what 的用法

A . 关系代词型的what （what = the thing + which）

 If you desire to get some additional information about what was

discussed at the meeting, please contact our office during business hours.

B. 引导名词从句，主要是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句

 What he said was unbelievable.

 I don’t understand what John is talking about.

04 关系副词

先行词

时间和日期

场所

理由

方法

A when

 I’ll never forget the day when I met you.

 = I’ll never forget the day on which I met you.

B where

 The building where he lives is very cold.

 = The building in which he lives is very cold.

关系副词

when

where

why

how

介词+关系代词

at / in / on which

at / in / on which

for which

in which

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05 复合关系词

A. whoever 不管是谁

 Whoever wants to come is welcome.

 = Anyone who wants to come is welcome.

B. whichever 不管是哪一个

 There are ten flights San Francisco every day. We can take whichever fits

in best with our schedule.

 =There are ten flights San Francisco every day. We can take anything that

fits in best with our schedule.

C. whatever 不论是什么

 He always says whatever comes to his mind.

 = He always says anything that comes to his mind.

D. whenever 不论何时

 You may leave whenever you want.

 = You may leave any time that you want.

E. wherever 不论何地

 You can go wherever you want to go.

 = You can go anyplace that you want to go.

F. however 不管什么方法

 The students may dress however they please.

 = The students may dress any way that they please.

06 先行词和从句谓语数的一致

A. 单数先行词 + 关系代词 + 单数动词

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 Small businesses prefer a system that has salespeople working on

commission.

B. 复数先行词 + 关系代词 + 复数动词

 The supervisor showed a noticeable dislike for employees who were late.

07 关系代词的省略

先行词 + 关系代词 + be 动词 + 现在分词 / 过去分词

 可同时省略

 Any employee (who is ) interested in obtaining information about

pension plans should speak with Ms. Smith in Human Resources.

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Unit7 14介词

01 in 通常用于不确定的、广泛的、概括性的时间和空间前。

A. 时间

 In + 年、世纪、年代

 In 2006 | in the 19

th

century | in the 1970s

 In + 月份、季节

 In January | in the summer

 In + 一天的某段时间

 In the morning / afternoon / evening

B. 场所

 In + 有广阔空间的场所

 In the world | in the universe

 In + 四大洋、七大洲

 In the Pacific | in Asia

 In + 国家、州、城市

 In china | in California | in Seoul

 In +周边、边缘场所

 In the neighborhood (of)… | in the suburbs (of)…

C. 其他

 In + 语言

 In Spanish| in Chinese

 In + 报纸、杂志

 In the newspaper | 注意 on TV ， on the radio

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 In + 学科、专门领域、产业部门

 In science | in chemical engineering

 In +部门

 In the accounting department

D. 固定短语

In one’s opinion

In the middle of

In danger of

In detail

In person

In time

In season

Out of season

In front of

In the meantime

In the end

In particular

In part

In the past

In session

Out of session

In stock

Out of stock

In the future

In the rear of

In general

In line

In a row

In print

Out of print

02 on 介词on

除用在场所之前或固定短语中外，可用在确定性时间前

A. 时间、日期

 on + 具体日期时间

 on October 8 | on the morning of October 8 | on that day

 on + 星期

 on Friday | on Saturday

B. 场所、空间

 on + 街道

 on Wall Street

 on + 场所（强调接触、在表面上）

 on the wall | on the floor

 on the ceiling | on the cover

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C. 固定短语

On foot

On sale

On a diet

On a map

On purpose

On the wane

On a business trip

On the market

On duty

On air

On strike

On time 准时

In time 及时

On vacation

On schedule

On leave

On the other hand

On top of

03 at 表示特定的、限定的、具体的、狭隘的时间和场所

A. 时间场所

 At 7:30 | at noon | at midnight | at the beginning

 at + 具体地址

 at 123 Wilson Street

 at + 具体场所

 at the station | at the airport | at the door | at work

B. 固定短语

At best

At least

At risk

At random

At a low price

At all time

At first

At most

At table

At times

At rest

At last

At the moment

At present

At the same time

At work

04 for

常用于构成固定短语“for ＋名词/名词短语”，意为“为了…”

For free | For good | for rent | for sale

 Membership is open to all for free.

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05 by 表示方式时与in，on，with 不同，不能与冠词一起使用

A. 交通及通信方式

 By taxi | by car | by plane | by check | by credit card

B. by + 动词：以…的方式来…

 Higher interest rates will decrease profits by raising borrowing costs .

C. by chance :偶然 ，意外地

 I met him by chance while walking on the street.

D. 强调比较级、最高级的by far

：到目前为止

 She is by far the best female executive in the company.

06 by与until

by指特定时间前动作结束；until指动作状态一直持续到某时

A. by = no late than

 The work must be done by (= no late than) the end of the week.

 By things had cleared up enough for the team to survey the damage

caused by the sudden thunderstorm.

B. until

 The corner store is open until midnight.

 Business analysts expect that economic recovery and the upward trend in

spending is likely to continue until next year.

07 despite / in spite of

Despite 和 in spite of 意为“不顾…”，后接名词或名词短语

 Despite campaigns about the dangers of excessive drinking, most

countries still see a steady increase in the number of alcoholics.

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08 because of / due to / thanks to / owing to

+ 名词 / 名词短语 表示 因为……

 Northwest Airlines offered to compensate passengers who missed flight

777 because of over-booking problems.

 Due to the heavy traffic along the main road, the workshop administrator

was more than thirty minutes late.

09 except

Except for+ 名词/名词短语

Except that + 从句

Aside from + 名词/ 名词短语

 Delivery is free for all dishes on the menu except for the items noted

below.

 All assembly-line workers except the night-shift staff should report to the

conference room immediately for equipment training.

Barring + 名词/名词短语

without+名词/名词短语

But for + 名词/ 名词短语

 Barring an extreme fluctuation in the exchange rate, the current foreign

car prices will remain in effect until the end of the year.

表示 没有……的话

表示 除……之外

10 between 与 among

A. between:两者之间

Between A and B | between two + 复数名词

 Although good health depends on a number of factors , in general , there is

a close correlation between the wealth of a country and the health status

of its people.

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B. among ：在…之中 （三者以上）, among + 复数名词

 The teacher is popular among students because he has a sense of humor.

11 +时间的介词

A for + 一段时间

 Dr. Allison has trained all the nurses at the Detroit Medical Hospital for

the past two years.

B during + the + 特定的一段时间

 It is necessary for company executive members to attend many meetings

and conferences during the workday.

C. over : 在…期间

 Over the last few years

D. throughout: …期间，整个…期间

 The Health Board announced its intention of performing at least 50

surprise inspections of juice bars throughout the year.

E. within + 一段时间及场所：在…期间内，在…场所里

 Within ten days

12 表示“方向”的介词

A. to : 往……

Go to+ 场所

return + 宾语 + to + 场所

send + 宾语 + to + 场所

report + 宾语 + to + 场所

 Please report the survey results directly to the personnel department by

next Tuesday.

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B. For + 宾语 ：朝向…

leave for + 目的地

depart for + 目的地

start for + 目的地

bound for + 目的地

 He left for London last night.

 This train is bound for New York.

C. Towards ： 往……

 Let’s go towards the coast.

D. From A to B : 从 A 到 B

 I walk from the station to the library every day.

13 under

A. 在…下面，在…的管理、统治下

 Under the new management, Yorkshire Garments will establish facilities

in Asia and the Pacific.

B.正在进行当中

 Under construction

 Under discussion

14 of

介词of 的功能之一是用在连接名词

 The construction of the business center will be delayed because of

financial problems.

 Despite the lack of advertisement available on these products ,there has

been an incredible growth in sales over the past five years.

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15 关于

Concerning

Regarding

Regard to

With respect to

With reference to

 I’ writing to thank you for talking to me yesterday regarding the issue

between Page Bookstore an Justin Corporation.

 Eric has written an insightful memo concerning the third quarter report.

+ 名词/名词短语

54

Unit7 15连词

01 并列连词 -- （for, and , nor, but ,or, yet ,so）

A 并列连词

 Our company engineers have been predicting an increase in the demand,

for more steel is being used in constructing newer buildings.

 John doesn’t give up easily, nor does Peter.

B. 并列连词的作用

 连接单词

 Automobile sales are usually up during summer and winter seasons.

 连接短语

 Many bed-and-breakfast will provide an evening meal if it is ordered the

previous night or before noon on the day it is required.

 连接句子

 The Meadow Opera canceled its Friday performance , so we must make

alternative arrangements for entertaining the visiting delegation.

C. 由多个词组成的并列连词

either A or B | neither A nor B

both A and B | not only A but (also) B | A as well as B

 You can reserve tickets either at the box office or through our Web site.

 I regret to inform you that neither Ms. Brown nor I will be able to attend

the annual conference.

02 从属连词

A.表时间的从属连词

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When | While | as | before | after | until | as soon as |

whenever

 Mr. Smith was the president of the company when it went bankrupt.

B.表条件的从属连词

If | unless | in case | provided that

 The condominium units will be ready for occupancy by April if the owner

are able to secure a business permit by the end of March.

C. 表原因的从属连词

Because | since | as | now that

 The economy added 10,000 jobs in the second quarter as stronger

domestic demand encouraged companies to hire more workers.

D.表让步和对比的从属连词

Although / though | while | even if / even though

 Although he is young and relatively inexperienced, John is just as reliable

as other candidates.

03 可引导名词性从句的连词that ,if , whether

A That

That + 主语

+ 动词 【作主语】

主语 + 及物动词 + that +主语 + 动词【作宾语】

主语 + 系动词（be 动词）+ that + 主语 + 动词 【作表语】

 Health club policy states that children under fourteen must be

accompanied by a paying guardian or parents.

B. If / whether

表示不确定名词从句中所陈述的内容。

条件状语从句中不用whether

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 There are some concerns as to whether Mr. Black’s training team can

train all employees by the end of the month.

04 引导时间和条件状语从句的从属连词

A 引导时间状语从句的从属连词

When | as soon as | until | before/after | since | once | as | while

 Profits from exports increased by over 10 percent while Mr. Kim was

serving as sales manager.

B.引导条件状语从句的从属连词

If | unless | so long as | in case | provided that | on condition that

 Unless the items are packed with extreme care, they will get broken in

transit.

05 目的状语从句和结果状语从句

A 目的状语从句

So that + 主语 + may / can :

= in order to + 动词原形；

 Research articles intended for publication must include descriptive

statistics so that an informed reader may interpret and evaluate the

finding accurately.

B 结果状语从句

So + 形容词/ 副词+ that | such + a(n)+名词 + that

06 意义相同的连词和介词

A 表原因的连词

Because / since / as / now that + 从句 （主语+ 谓语）

Because of / due to / owing to / thanks to + 名词/ 名词短语

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 The receptionist was late for work today because of / because the main

road was blocked by a fallen tree.

B. 表让步的连词

Although / though/ even though + 从句 （主语+动词）

Despite / in spite of + 名词 / 名词短语

 Despite / Although I have spoken through e-mail with Ms. Robinson a

couple of times, I have never seen her in person.

C. 表时间的连词

While + 从句 （主语+动词） / 分词结构

during+ 名词 / 名词短语

 People on board should remain seated during / while the bus is in

motion.

07 既可以作连词也可以作介词的词

A 作连词

After / before / since / until + 从句 （主语 + 谓语）

 A lower price will not be possible until production volumes increase

substantially.

B.作 介词

After / before / since / until + 名词（短语）/ 动名词

 Please be advised that the deadline for submission will be extend until

the end of March.

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