2024年3月11日发(作者：)

2017年全国硕士研究生招生考试

英语（一）试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and

mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)

Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding

"yes!" ___1__ helping you feel close and __2___to people you care about, it turns out

that hugs can bring a ___3__ of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or

not, a warm embrace might even help you __4___ getting sick this winter.

In a recent study ___5__ over 400 healthy adults,researchers from Carnegie

Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support

and the receipt of hugs ___6__ the participants' susceptibility（敏感性） to developing

the common cold after being ___7__ to the virus. People who perceived greater

social support were less likely to come ___8__ with a cold, and the researchers __9___

that the stress-reducing effects of hugging ___10__ about 32 percent of that

beneficial effect. ___11__ among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater

social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe __12___.

"Hugging protects people who are under stress from the ___13__ risk for colds

that's usually __14___ with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology

at Carnegie. Hugging "is a marker of intimacy and helps __15___ the feeling that

others are there to help ___16__difficulty."

Some experts ___17__ the stress-reducing,health-related benefits of hugging to

the release of oxytocin（后叶催产素）, often called"the bonding hormone" __18___ it

promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their

newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain,

and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it___19__ in the brain,

where it __20___ mood, behavior and physiology.

1. [A]Besides [B]Unlike [C]Throughout [D]Despite

2. [A]equal [B]restricted [C]connected [D]inferior

3. [A]view [B]host [C]lesson [D]choice

4. [A]avoid [B]forget [C]recall [D]keep

5. [A]collecting [B]affecting [C]guiding [D]involving

6. [A]on [B]in [C]at [D]of

7. [A]devoted [B]attracted [C]lost [D]exposed

8. [A]along [B]across [C]down [D]out

9. [A]imagined [B]denied [C]doubted [D]calculated

10. [A]served [B]restored [C]explained [D]required

11. [A]Thus [B]Still [C]Rather [D]Even

12. [A]defeats [B]symptoms [C]errors [D]tests

13. [A]highlighted [B]increased [C]controlled [D]minimized

14. [A]presented [B]equipped [C]associated [D]compared

15. [A]assess [B]generate [C]moderate [D]record

16. [A]in the name of [B] in the form of [C] in the face of [D] in the way of

17.[A]attribute [B]commit [C]transfer [D]return

18.[A]unless [B]because [C]though [D]until

19.[A]remains [B]emerges [C]vanishes [D]decreases

20.[A]experiences [B]combines [C]justifies [D]influences

Section II Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by

choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)

Text 1

First two hours, now three hours — this is how far in advance authorities

are recommending people show up to catch a domestic flight, at least at some

major U.S. airports with increasingly massive security lines.

Americans are willing to tolerate time-consuming security protocols in

return for increased safety. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804, which terrorists

may have downed over the Mediterranean Sea, provides another tragic

reminder of why. But demanding too much of air travelers or providing too

little security in return undermines public support for the process. And it

should: Wasted time is a drag on Americans' economic and private lives, not to

mention infuriating.

Last year, the Transportation Security Administration(TSA) found in a secret

check that undercover investigators were able to sneak weapons — both fake

and real — past airport security nearly every time they tried. Enhanced

security measures since then, combined with a rise in airline travel due to the

improving economy and low oil prices, have resulted in long waits at major

airports such as Chicago's O'Hare International. It is not yet clear how much

more effective airline security has become — but the lines are obvious.

Part of the issue is that the government did not anticipate the steep

increase in airline travel, so the TSA is now rushing to get new screeners on the

line. Part of the issue is that airports have only so much room for screening

lanes. Another factor may be that more people are trying to overpack their

carry-on bags to avoid checked-baggage fees, though the airlines strongly

dispute this.

There is one step the TSA could take that would not require remodeling

airports or rushing to hire: Enroll more people in the PreCheck program.

PreCheck is supposed to be a win-win for travelers and the TSA. Passengers

who pass a background check are eligible to use expedited screening lanes.

This allows the TSA to focus on travelers who are higher risk, saving time for

everyone involved. TSA wants to enroll 25 million people in PreCheck.

It has not gotten anywhere close to that, and one big reason is sticker

shock: Passengers must pay $85 every five years to process their background

checks. Since the beginning, this price tag has been PreCheck's fatal flaw.

Upcoming reforms might bring the price to a more reasonable level. But

Congress should look into doing so directly, by helping to finance PreCheck

enrollment or to cut costs in other ways.

The TSA cannot continue diverting resources into underused PreCheck

lanes while most of the traveling public suffers in unnecessary lines. It is long

past time to make the program work.

21. The crash of Egypt Air Flight 804 is mentioned to____

[A] explain American’s tolerance of current security checks.

[B] stress the urgency to strengthen security worldwide.

[C] highlight the necessity of upgrading major U.S. airports.

[D] emphasize the importance of privacy protection.

22. Which of the following contributes to long waits at major airports?

[A] New restrictions on carry-on bags.

[B] The declining efficiency of the TSA.

[C] An increase in the number of travellers.

[D] Frequent unexpected secret checks.

23. The word “expedited” (Liner 4, Para. 5) is closet in meaning to____

[A] quieter.

[B] cheaper.

[C] wider.

[D] faster.

24. One problem with the PreCheck program is____

[A] a dramatic reduction of its scale.

[B] its wrongly-directed implementation.

[C] the government’s reluctance to back it.

[D] an unreasonable price for enrollment.

25. Which of the following would be the best for the text?

[A] Less Screening for More Safety

[B] PreCheck – a Belated Solution

[C] Getting Stuck in Security Lines

[D] Underused PreCheck Lanes

Text 2

“The ancient Hawaiians were astronomers,” wrote Queen Liliuokalani,

Hawaii's last reigning monarch, in 1897. Star watchers were among the most

esteemed members of Hawaiian society. Sadly, all is not well with astronomy in

Hawaii today. Protests have erupted over construction of the Thirty Meter

Telescope (TMT), a giant observatory that promises to revolutionize humanity's

view of the cosmos.

At issue is the TMT's planned location on Mauna Kea, a dormant volcano

worshiped by some Hawaiians as the piko, that connects the Hawaiian Islands

to the heavens. But Mauna Kea is also home to some of the world's most

powerful telescopes. Rested in the Pacific Ocean, Mauna Kea's peak rises above

the bulk of our planet's dense atmosphere, where conditions allow telescopes

to obtain images of unsurpassed clarity.

Opposition to telescopes on Mauna Kea is nothing new. A small but vocal

group of Hawaiians and environmentalists have long viewed their presence as

disrespect far sacred land and a painful reminder of the occupation of what was

once a sovereign nation.

Some blame for the current controversy belongs to astronomers. In their

eagerness to build bigger telescopes, they forgot that science is not the only

way of understanding the world. They did not always prioritize the protection

of Mauna Kea's fragile ecosystems or its holiness to the islands' inhabitants.

Hawaiian culture is not a relic of the past； it is a living culture undergoing a

renaissance today.

Yet science has a cultural history, too, with roots going back to the dawn of

civilization. The same curiosity to find what lies beyond the horizon that first

brought early Polynesians to Hawaii's shores inspires astronomers today to

explore the heavens. Calls to disassemble all telescopes on Mauna Kea or to

ban future development there ignore the reality that astronomy and Hawaiian

culture both seek to answer big questions about who we are, where we come

from and where we are going. Perhaps that is why we explore the starry skies,

as if answering a primal calling to know ourselves and our true ancestral homes.

The astronomy community is making compromises to change its use of

Mauna Kea. The TMT site was chosen to minimize the telescope’s visibility

around the island and to avoid archaeological and environmental impact. To

limit the number of telescopes on Mauna Kea, old ones will be removed at the

end of their lifetimes and their sites returned to a natural state. There is no

reason why everyone cannot be welcomed on Mauna Kea to embrace their

cultural heritage and to study the stars.

26. Queen Liliuokalani’s remark in Paragraph 1 indicates____

[A] her conservative view on the historical role of astronomy.

[B] the importance of astronomy in ancient Hawaiian society.

[C]the regrettable decline of astronomy in ancient times.

[D] her appreciation of star watchers’ feats in her time.

27. Mauna Kea is deemed as an ideal astronomical site due to____

[A] its geographical features.

[B] its protective surroundings.

[C] its religious implications.

[D] its existing infrastructure.

28. The construction of the TMT is opposed by some locals partly

because____

[A] it may risk ruining their intellectual life.

[B] it reminds them of a humiliating history.

[C] their culture will lose a chance of revival.

[D] they fear losing control of Mauna Kea.

29. It can be inferred from Paragraph 5 that progress in today’s

astronomy____

[A] is fulfilling the dreams of ancient Hawaiians.

[B] helps spread Hawaiian culture across the world.

[C] may uncover the origin of Hawaiian culture.

[D] will eventually soften Hawaiians’ hostility.

30. The author’s attitude toward choosing Mauna Kea as the TMT site is

one of____

[A] severe criticism.

[B] passive acceptance.

[C] slight hesitancy.

[D] full approval.

Text 3

Robert F. Kennedy once said that a country’s GDP measures “everything

except that which makes life worthwhile.” With Britain voting to leave the

European Union, and GDP already predicted to slow as a result, it is now a

timely moment to assess what he was referring to.

The question of GDP and its usefulness has annoyed policymakers for over

half a century. Many argue that it is a flawed concept. It measures things that

do not matter and miss things that do. By most recent measures, the UK’s GDP

has been the envy of the Western World, with record low unemployment and

high growth figures. If everything was going so so well, then why did over

17million people vote for Brexit, despite the warnings about what it could do to

their country’s economic prospects?

A recent annual study of countries and their ability to convert growth into

well-being sheds some light on that question. Across the 163 countries

measured, the UK is one of the poorest performers in ensuring that economic

growth is translated into meaningful improvement for its citizens. Rather than

just focusing on GDR over 40 different sets of criteria from health, education

and civil society engagement have been measured to get a more

rounded assessment of how countries are performing.

While all of these countries face their own challenges, there are a number

of consistent themes. Yes, there has been a budding economic recovery since

the 2008 global crash, but in key indicators in areas such as health and

education, major economies have continued to decline. Yet this isn't the case

with all countries. Some relatively poor European countries have seen huge

improvements across measures including civil society; income equality and the

environment.

This is a lesson that rich countries can learn: When GDP is no longer

regarded as the sole measure of a country’s success, the world looks very

different.

So what Kennedy was referring to was that while GDP has been the most

common method for measuring the economic activity of nations, as a measure,

it is no longer enough. It does not include important factors such as

environmental equality or education outcomes - all things that contribute to a

person's sense of well-being.

The sharp hit to growth predicted around the world and in the UK could

lead to a decline in the everyday services we depend on for our well-being and

for growth. But policymaker who refocus efforts on improving well-being

rather than simply worrying about GDP figures could avoid the forecasted

doom and may even see progress.

31. Robert F. Kennedy is cited because he_____

[A]praised the UK for its GDP.

[B]identified GDP with happiness.

[C]misinterpreted the role of GDP.

[D]had a low opinion of GDP.

32. It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that____

[A]the UK is reluctant to remold its economic pattern.

[B]the UK will contribute less to the world economy.

[C]GDP as the measure of success is widely defied in the UK.

[D]policymakers in the UK are paying less attention to GDP.

33. Which of the following is true about the recent annual study?

[A]It excludes GDP as an indicator.

[B]It is sponsored by 163 countries.

[C]Its criteria are questionable.

[D]Its results are enlightening.

34. In the last two paragraphs, the author suggests that____

[A]the UK is preparing for an economic boom.

[B]high GDP foreshadows an economic decline.

[C]it is essential to consider factors beyond GDP.

[D]it requires caution to handle economic issues.

35. Which of the following is the best??for the text?

[A]High GDP But Inadequate Well-being, a UK lesson

[B]GDP figures, a Window on Global Economic Health

[C] Robert F. Kennedy, a Terminator of GDP

[D]Brexit, the UK’s Gateway to Well-being

Text 4

In a rare unanimous ruling, the US Supreme Court has overturned the

corruption conviction of a former Virginia governor, Robert McDonnell. But it

did so while holding its nose at the ethics of his conduct, which included

accepting gifts such as a Rolex watch and a Ferrari Automobile from a company

seeking access to government.

The high court’s decision said the judge in Mr. McDonnell’s trail failed to

tell a jury that it must look only at his “official acts,” or the former governor’

s decisions on “specific” and “unsettled” issues related to his duties.

Merely helping a gift-giver gain access to other officials, unless done with

clear intent to pressure those officials, is not corruption, the justices found.

The court did suggest that accepting favors in return for opening doors is

“distasteful” and “nasty.” But under anti-bribery laws, proof must be made

of concrete benefits, such as approval of a contract or regulation. Simply

arranging a meeting, making a phone call, or hosting an event is not an

“official act.”

The court’s ruling is legally sound in defining a kind of favoritism that is

not criminal. Elected leaders must be allowed to help supporters deal with

bureaucratic problems without fear of prosecution of bribery. “The basic

compact underlying representative government,” wrote Chief Justice John

Roberts for the court, “assumes that public officials will hear from their

constituents and act on their concerns.”

But the ruling reinforces the need for citizens and their elected

representatives, not the courts, to ensure equality of access to government.

Officials must not be allowed to play favorites in providing information or in

arranging meetings simply because an individual or group provides a

campaign donation or a personal gift. This type of integrity requires

will-enforced laws in government transparency, such as records of official

meetings, rules on lobbying, and information about each elected leader’s

source of wealth.

Favoritism in official access can fan public perceptions of corruption. But it

is not always corruption. Rather officials must avoid double standards, or

different types of access for average people and the wealthy. If connections can

be bought, a basic premise of democratic society – that all are equal in

treatment by government- is undermined. Good government rests on an

understanding of the inherent worth of each individual.

The court’s ruling is a step forward in the struggle against both corruption

and official favoritism.

36. The underlined sentence(Para.1) most probably shows that the

court____

[A] avoided defining the extent of McDonnell’s duties.

[B] made no compromise in convicting McDonnell.

[C] was contemptuous of McDonnell’s conduct.

[D] refused to comment on McDonnell’s ethics.

37. According to Paragraph 4, an official act is deemed corruptive only if it

involves____

[A] concrete returns for gift-givers.

[B] sizable gains in the form of gifts.

[C] leaking secrets intentionally.

[D] breaking contracts officially.

38. The court’s ruling is d on the assumption that public officials are__

[A] allowed to focus on the concerns of their supporters.

[B] qualified to deal independently with bureaucratic issues.

[C] justified in addressing the needs of their constituents.

[D] exempt from conviction on the charge of favoritism.