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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语

(二)试题

Section I Use of English

Directions:

Read the following the best word(s) for each numberedblank and mark A,B, C or

D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)

Section Reading Comprehension

Part A

Directions:

Read the following four the questions below each textby choosing A, B, C, or D.

Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)

Reskilling is something that sounds like a buzzword but is actually arequirement if we plan to

have a future where a lot of would-beworkers do not get left behind.

. We know we are moving into a period where the jobs in demandwill change rapidly, as will

the requirements of the jobs that ch by the WEF detailed in the Harvard Business

Review, finds

that on average 42 per cent of the core skills " within job roles willchange by 2022. That is a

very short timeline, so we can onlyimagine what the changes will be further in the future.

The question of who should pay for reskilling is a thorny one Forindividual companies, the

temptation is always to let go of workerswhose skills are no longer demand and replace them with

thosewhose skills does not always &T is often given asthe gold standard of a

company who decided to do a massivereskilling program rather than go with a fire-and-hire

telyretraining 18,000employees. Prepandemic,othercompanies including Amazon

and Disney had also pledged to createtheir own plans. When the skills mismatch is in the broader

economythough, the focus usually turns to government to handle. Efforts inCanada and elsewhere

have been arguably languid at best, and havegiven us a situation where we frequently hear of

employers beggingfor workers even at times and In regions

where unemployment is high.

With the pandemic, unemployment is very

high indeed. In February,

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

at 3.5 per cent and 5.5 per cent respectively,unemployment rates inCanada and the United

States were at generational lows and workershortages were of May, those rates had

spiked up to

13.3 per cent and 13.7 per cent, and although many worker shortageshad disappeared, not all

had done so. In the medical field, to take anobvious example,the pandemic meant that there were

still clearshortages of doctors, nurses and other medical personnel

Of course, it is not like you can take an unemployed waiter andtrain him to be a doctor in a

few weeks, no matter who pays for n if you cannot close that gap, maybe you can close

others, anddoing so would be to the benefit of all concerned That seems to bethe case in Sweden,

where the pandemic

kick-started a retraining

program where business as well as government had a role.

Reskiling in this way would be challenging in a North Americancontext. You can easily

imagine a chorus of"you cant do that,"because teachers or nurses or whoever have special skills,

and usingany support staff who has been quickly trained is bound to end indisaster. Maybe. Or

maybe it is something that can work 'ell inSweden,with its history of co-operation between

business,labourand government, but not in North America

where our history is very

different. Then again, maybe it is akin to wa

rtime, when extraordinary

things take place, but it is business as usual

after the yet, as

in war the pandemic is teaching us that many things, including rapidreskilling, can be done if

there is a will to do them. In any case,

Swedens work force is now more skilled, in more things,and moreflexible than it was before.

Of course, reskilling programs, whether for pandemic needs or thepostpandemic world,are

expensive and at a time when everyonesbudgets are lean this may not be the time to implement

ain,extending income support programs to get us through thenext months is

expensive, too, to say nothing of the cost of having aswath of long-term unemployed in the

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

POST-COVID years Given that,perhaps we should think hard about whether the pandemic

canjump-start us to a place where reskilling becomes much more than abuzzword.

cancies for the unemplovo teau.e1C. Retrain their cabin staff for better services

e their staff' s college education

Text 2

When Microsoft bought task managen

nent app Wunderlist and

mobile calendar Sunrise in 2015, it pickec

up two newcomers that

were attracting considerable buzz in Silicon Valley. Microsoft' s ownOffice dominates the

market for"productivity"software, but thestart-ups represented a new wave of technology designed

from theground up for the smartphone world.

Both apps, however, were later scrapped, after Microsoft said it hadused their best features in

its own products

Their teams of engineers

stayed on, making them two of the many

" acqui-hires"that the

biggest companies have used to feed their insatiable hunger for techtalent.

To Microsoft’ s critics,the fates of Wunderlist and Sunrise areexamples of a remorseless drive

by Big Tech to chew up anyinnovative companies that lie in their path. " They bought theseedlings

and closed them down,"complained Paul Arnold, a partnerat San Francisco-based Switch Ventures,

putting paid to businessesthat might one day turn into competitors. Microsoft declined tccomment.

Like other start-up investors,Mr Arnold ' s own business oftendepends on selling start-ups to

larger tech companies,though headmits to mixed feelings about the result:

"I think these things are

good for me, if I put my selfish hat on. But are they good for theAmerican economy? I don' t

know.”

The US Federal Trade Commission says it wants to find the answerto that question. This

week, it asked the five most valuable US techcompanies for information about their many small

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

acquisitions ovelthe past decade. Although only a research project at this stage, therequest has

raised the prospect of regulators wading into early-stagetech markets that until now have been

beyond their reach.

Given their combined market value of more than $5.5tn,riflingthrough such small deals —

many of them much less prominent thanwunderlist and Sunrise — might seem beside the point.

Betweenthem,the five companies (Apple，Microsoft,Google，Amazon andFacebook) have spent an

average of only $3.4bn a year on sub-$1bnacquisitions over the past five years a drop in the ocean

compared with their massive financial reserves, and the more than$130bn of venture capital

that was invested in the US last year.

However, critics say that the big companies use such deals to buytheir most threatening

potential competitcrs before their businesses

have a chance to gain momentum, in some cases as part of a"buyand kill" tactic to simply

close them down

31. What is true about Wuderlist and sunrise after their market values

declined.

B. Their tech features improvedC. Their engineers were retainedD. Their products were

re-priced.

32. Microsoft's critics believe that the big tech companies tend toA. ignore public opinions

new tech talent rate their product ate their potential

competitors.

33. Paul Arnold is concerned that small acquisitions miahtA. harm the national economy

B. worsen market competitionC. discourage start-up investors

big tech companies.

34. The US Federal Trade Commission intend toA. examine small acquisitions

B. limit Big Tech'’ s expansion

C. supervise start-ups’operations

age research collaboration

35. For the five biggest tech companies, their small acquisition haveA. brought little financial

pressure

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

B. raised few management an example for future dealsD. generated

considerable profits

Text 4

we're fairly good at judging people based on first impressions,thin slices of experience

ranging from a glimpse of a photo to afive-minute interaction, and deliberation can be not only

extraneousbut intrusive. In one study of the ability she dubbed"thin slicing,"the late psychologist

Nalini Ambady asked participants to watch

silent 10-second video clips of professors and to rate the instructor's overall effectiveness.

Their ratings correlated strongly withstudents’ end-of-semester r set of

participants had tccount backward from 1,000 by nines as they watched the clips,occupying their

con

ratings were just as

accurate, demonstri

e social processing.

Critically, another

ninute writing down

reasons for their Jjudgment,betore giving the rating. Accuracydropped dramatically. Ambady

suspected that deliberation focusedthem on vivid but misleading cues,such as certain gestures

orutterances, rather than letting the complex interplay of subtle signalsform a holistic impression.

She found similar interference whenparticipants watched 15-second clips of pairs of people and

judgedwhether they were strangers, friends, or dating partners.

Other research shows we' re better at detecting deception andsexual orientation from thin

slices when we rely on intuition insteadof reflection.“It' s as if you' re driving a stick shift," says

Judith Hall,a psychologist at Northeastern University,

"and if you start thinking

about it too much, you can' t remember what you’ re doing. But if yougo on automatic pilot,

you' re fine. Much of our social life is like that."Thinking too much can also harm our ability to

form preferencesCollege students' ratings of strawberry jams and college coursesaligned better

with experts' opinions when the students weren'tasked to analyze their rationale. And people

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

madecar-buyingdecisions that were both objectively better and more personallysatisfying when

asked to focus on their feelings rather than on details,but only if the decision was complex —

when they had a lot o1information to process.

Intuition ' s special powers are unleashed only in certaincircumstances. In one study,

participants completed a battery of eighttasks, including four that tapped reflective thinking

(discerning rules,comprehending vocabulary) and four that tapped intuition andcreativity

(generating new products or figures of speech).Then theyrated the degree to which they had used

intuition ( "gut feelings,""hunches,"“my heart”). Use of their gut hurt their performance onthe first

four tasks,as expected, and helped them on the restSometimes the heart is smarter than the head.

36. Nalini Ambabys study deals with_

A. instructor student power of people's memoryC. the reliability of first

impressions

’s ability to influence others

37. In Ambaby ' s study,rating accuracydropped whenparticipants_

A. gave the rating in limited timeB. focused on specific detailsC. watched shorter video

clipsD. discussed with on another

Hall mentions driving to mention that_

A. memory can be selective

tion can be distractingC. social skills must be cultivatedD. deception is difficult to

detect

39. When you are making complex decisio

ns, it is advisable to_

A. follow your feelings

B. list your preferencesc. seek expert t enough data40.(缺)

Directions:

In the following article, some sentences have been removed. FotQuestions 41—45, choose

the most suitable one from the list A—G tcfit into each of the numbered are two

extra choiceswhich do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWERSHEET 1.(10

points)

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

A. Stay calmB. Stay humble

C. Don’t make realistic about the risksE. Decide whether to

permission to disagreeG. Identify a shared goal

How to Disagree with Someone More Powerful than You

Your boss proposes a new initiative you think won' t nior colleague outlines a

project timeline you think is do you say when you disagree with someone who

has morepower than you do? How do you decide whether it’s worth speakingup? And if you do,

what exactly should you say? Here' s how tcdisagree with someone more powerful than you.

41.

You may decide it' s best to hold off on voicing your you haven’t finished

thinking the problem through, the wholediscussion was a surprise to you, or you want to get a

clearer sense oiwhat the group thinks. If you think other people are going to disagree

too, you might want to gather your army first. People can contributeexperience or

information to your thinking—all the things that wouldmake the disagreement stronger or more

valid. It's also a good ideato delay the conversation if you' re in a meeting or other public

sing the issue in private will make the powerful person feel less

threatened.

42.

Before you share your thoughts,think about what the powerfulperson cares aboutit may be

"the credibility of their team orgetting a project done on time. You' re more likely to be heard if

youcan connect your disagreement to a higher you dospeak up, don' t assume the

link will be clear. You’ ll want to state itovertly, contextualizing your statements so that you' re

seen not as adisagreeable underling but as a colleague whos trying to advance ashared goal. The

discussion will then become more like a chess gamethan a boxing match.

43.

This step may sound overly deferential, but it' s a smart way to givethe powerful person

psychological safety and control. You can saysomething like,“I know we seem to be moving

toward a first-quartercommitment here.I have reasons to think that won' t work.T d like to

lay out my reasoning. Would that be OK?"

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2021 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(二)试题

This gives the person a

choice,allowing them to verbally opt , assuming they say willmake, you feel

more confidentabout voicing yourdisagreement.

44._

You might feel your heart racing or your face turning red, but dcwhatever you can to remain

neutral in both your words and actions,When your body language communicates reluctance or

anxiety,itundercuts the message. Itsends a mixed message, and yourcounterpart gets to choose

what to read. Deep breaths can help, ascan speaking more slowly and deliberately. When we feel

panicky wetend to talk louder and faster. Simply slowing the pace and talking inan even tone helps

the other person calm down and does the samefor you. It also makes you seem confident, even if

you aren't.

45._

Emphasize that you're offering your opinion, not gospel truth. Itmay be a well-informed,

well-researched opinion, but it' s still anopinion, my talk tentatively and slightly understate your

d of saying something like, " If we set an end-of-quarterdeadline, we'll never

make it,:" say,“This is just my opinion, but ldon't see how we will make that deadline." Having

asserted your

position(as a position，not as a fact) demonstrate equal curiosityabout other the

person that this is your point of view,and then invite critique. Be open to hearing

other opinions.

Part C

Directions:

Translate the following text into Chinese. Write your translation onthe ANSWER SHEET.

(10 points)

We tend to think that friends and family members are our biggest

source of connection, laughter and warmth . While that may well betrue, researchers have

also recently found that interacting withstrangers actually brings a boost in mood and feelings of

belongingthat we didn't expect.

In one series of studies,researchers instructed Chicago- areacommuters using public

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