2024年3月10日发(作者：)

不过事实是 在一些不同情况下

But it is true that in somewhat different contexts

里根总统与撒切尔夫人都曾鼓动人们拥有房♥产

both Mr Reagan and Mrs Thatcher pushed for more people to own housing,

事实上这正是问题的一部分

and actually this is part of the problem

因为你鼓吹买♥♥♥房♥♥时 人们尚未准备好

because if you push people to buy housing before they are ready,

如果你将非常可疑的贷款推给他们

if you push very dubious loans on them,

并且他们并不清楚自己的处境

and they don't understand what they're getting themselves into,

就会带来非常不利的影响

you can have huge adverse repercussions.

准确地说 某种程度上

Exactly what led to, in part,

这导致了美国的次贷危机

the subprime housing crisis in the United States.

这跟民♥主♥没有关系 只是糟糕的经济决策

That's not anything to do with democracy; that's just a bad economic idea.

2000年左右 美国出现了一个突破点

The breakthrough that occurred around the year 2000 in the U.S.

迈可·哈德森教授

政♥府♥政策顾问

当银行家发现穷♥人♥是很诚实的

was when bankers found out that the poor are honest.

他们意识到如果你很穷 并不富有

and they realised that if you're poor, if you're not rich,

你会有不同的价值观

you have a different set of values

你会认为债务就是债务

and you think that a debt is a debt

所以需要偿还欠款

and it's something that has to be paid.

人们会尝试偿还他们无法支付的欠款

And the people will try to pay the debts that they are stuck with,

即使债务是无效的

even if the debts are not valid.

即使债务比他们预想的还要更多

Even if the debts are much more than they expected,

即使他们真的无法还清债务

even if they really can't pay the debts.

贷款和银行机构

The lending and banking institutions,

凯文·格雷厄姆

他们在起草契约时 使用了弹性利率

when they drew up contracts with interest rates, with flexible interest rates,

我认为他们从一开始就知道

I think they knew in the beginning

当人们无法支付抵押贷款时

that these problems were going to come back later on

这些问题稍后都会再次登门

when folks weren't going to be able to afford the mortgages.

上调利率 让很多人陷入了恶劣的处境

As the interest rates increased, they put a lot of people in situations where

人们的冰箱里食物不足

they were taking food out of refrigerators,

不再让孩子接受高等教育

taking kids out of higher education,

因为无法再负担大学的学费

they're not able to afford college anymore,

这些都让情况雪上加霜

and it is making a really, really bad situation worse.

银行参与到犯罪性的阴谋中

The banks engaged in what was a criminal conspiracy,

向黑人和西班牙裔人索取更多的费用

to charge more to the Blacks and Hispanics.

银行一起联合支持布♥什♥政♥府♥

The banks got together, backed the Bush administration,

阻止国家起诉针对借贷中的种族歧视

to block the state prosecutions of racial lending

只为了继续剥削少数民族 索取更多费用

in order to exploit and charge more to the minorities.

这些贷款是由

These were loans which were made by

乔治·尼尔森

巴尔的摩市议会律师

本市也是本国一位主要的债权人贷出

one of the major lenders in the city and in this country,

即美国富国银行

Wells Fargo,

美国富国银行针对市内的少数民族社区

in which Wells Fargo targeted minority communities in the city;

使借款人承担他们无法支付的贷款

put borrowers into loans that they could not afford,

使借款人承担次级抵押贷款的品种

put borrowers into loans that were of the subprime variety,

因此对借款人来说更昂贵且好处更少

therefore more expensive and less advantageous to the borrowers.

在复杂的金融产品中以小字体

Hiding predatory lending practices

隐藏掠夺性借贷行为

in the small print of complex financial products

将只能使一类人获益

was only ever going to enrich one set of interests.

在城市中有很多非裔美国人聚居的社区

Many of the communities in which African-Americans live in the city,

正在凝聚动力 有开♥发♥活动正在发生

were establishing momentum, there was development activity that was

occurring,

在很多这样的社区 我们也正看到了活力

we were seeing signs of vitality in many of these communities,

美国富国银行取消了抵押品赎回权

the results of the Wells Fargo foreclosures

与贷出人的次级贷款及其它措施的结果

and the subprime lending practices of that lender, and others,

极大伤害了社区发展 使其停滞

has significantly impaired that progress and brought it to a halt.

他们不担心

They are not

尼基塔·约翰逊

丧失抵押品赎回权的受害者

他们没有进来 到社区中心来

They don't come into the heart of it.

像你在这里就能看到

Like you in the heart of it so you see,

如果不进来 他们就看不到真正的问题

they don't really see the trouble if they don't come into the heart of it,

他们只是置身事外

they stay on the outside of it.

这就像看着一本书的封面

That's like looking at the cover of a book

只看到了书的外在 但如果你不翻开书

and seeing the outside of a book but if you don't go inside the book,

你就永远不知道它是在讲什么

then you will never know what the book is about.

所以他们只担心自己 而不考虑别人

So they're not worrying about nobody else but themselves.

我认为这是不正确的

And I think it's wrong,

因为如果他们在这里并看到了问题

because if they come in the heart of it and they see,

他们会乐意伸出援手

they'd be willing to help.

在巴尔的摩发生的事情

What happened in Baltimore

只是正发生在全世界的事件其中一个例子

is just one example of what is happening all around the world.

制裁这种不公义的一种方法

One way to frame this injustice

就是打上种族议题的烙印

is by branding it a race issue.

但当我们真的仔细观察时

But when we look really closely

我们能发现有某些东西在搞鬼

we can see that there is something at play here

超越了种族的概念

that transcends race.

即利润

Profit.

例如金融产业的管制放松

Not an accident for instance, that we had the deregulation

约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨教授

前世界银行首席经济学家

不出意外的是一个灾难

of our financial industry that was such a disaster.

金融产业的说客人数

The lobbyists of the finance industry

竟达到每一位国会议员就有五位说客

amount to five per congress person.

换句话说 金融业付给五位说客钱

In other words, they pay five people for every congressman

只为了解释并说服一位国会议员

to explain to them, persuade them,

要求国会议员通过对金融产业有利的立法

that they should pass legislation that is favorable to the financial industry.

但经济上遭受到毁灭的穷♥人♥

The poor people who are devastated

他们没有钱

don't have the money.

他们雇不起五位说客去说服一位国会议员

They couldn't hire five per congressman.

所以我们的民♥主♥是在不平等的环境下运行

So the way our democracy works - it's an unlevel playing field.

金融产业已获得巨大的权力

The financial sector has acquired enormous power,

西蒙·约翰逊教授

前国际货币基金组织首席经济学家

一部分通过政♥治♥捐献 买♥♥通关系

partly through political contributions, so buying favours,

但大部分是通过意识形态控制

but mostly through ideological control,

说服人们相信借贷是好的 越多越好

convincing people that finance is good, more finance is better

而不受监管且无限制的借贷是最好的

and unregulated finance without limit is best.

这才是一切问题的基石

And that is really the cornerstone of this,

在美国 我们称其为华尔街-华盛顿走廊

what we call in the U.S., the Wall Street-Washington corridor.

人们若需要任何关于谁控制华盛顿的证据

I mean if people need any proof as to who is controlling Washington,

詹姆斯·图克

金币基金会

从雷曼兄弟破产后的紧急财政援助开始

when the bailout came after Lehman Brothers collapsed,

80%的人反对紧急财政援助

80% of the population were against the bailout.

尽管如此 国会仍允许了紧急财政援助

Notwithstanding that, the Congress passed the bailout

至少在我的观点里 这体现了

just showing, in my view anyway,

政♥府♥实际上是由银行掌控着

that it's really under the control of banking interests.

这不是良好民♥主♥的体现

It's not a reflection of good democracy

当一间或一系列公♥司♥或一个产业表示

when a company, a group of companies, an industry, says:

我们的利益比国家利益更重要

"Our interests are more important than the national interest."

这怎么会发生 很简单

How can that happen? Very easy:

这就是政♥治♥的宣传赞助 游说

That's the role of campaign contributions, lobbying

在美国政♥治♥结构中的作用

in America's political structure.

我们的民♥主♥有缺陷

We have a flawed democracy.

某种意义上这是先进的寡头政♥治♥

This is an advanced oligarchy, in the sense that

它的主要控制机制

its main mechanism of control, if you like,

是通过说服人们 比如说

is through convincing people that you really need,

你们确实需要美国的六个最大银行

for example, the 6 biggest banks in the United States,

以它们目前的特殊模式继续存在

in the particular form they exist today,

监管水平非常宽松

with the very light level of regulation.

若不是这样 或是想要尝试改变

And if you don't have them, if you try to change that,

就会有各种糟糕的事发生

all kinds of awful things will happen.

这不能说是敲诈 听起来像是敲诈

And this is not really blackmail. It sounds like blackmail,

但他们让你相信这不是敲诈 而是常态

but they convince you it's not blackmail, it's just the way the world is,

你没办法改变

there's nothing you can do about it.

天哪 你只能与他们合作

Oh my goodness, you just have to cooperate with them.

没错 这招很聪明

Yeah, it's very clever.

联邦储备局本质上

The Fed is essentially

就是商业银行体系的说客

the lobbyist for the commercial banking system.

当你说想要将监管权力交给联邦储备局

When you say you want to turn regulation over to the Fed,

你就是在说金融业和华尔街

you are saying the financial sector and Wall Street

应该进行自我管制

should be self-regulated.

而且华尔街

And Wall Street has veto power

对于美联储主席的任命有否决权

over whoever is going to be the Head of the Federal Reserve.

只要华尔街有这种否决监管者的权力

As long as you give veto power over the regulators to Wall Street,

只要你仍从银行业内部挑选监管者

as long as you pick the bank regulators from the banking industry itself,

那就不能称之为监管了

you can forget any thought of calling it "Regulation".

那是放松管制 但他们反而称其为监管

It's "Deregulation". And to call it "Regulation" Instead of "Deregulation"

这简直就是奥威尔书中所写的双重标准

is using Orwellian double-think.

民♥主♥是人♥民♥的政♥府♥

Democracy is government by the people.

金权政♥治♥则是富豪的政♥府♥

Plutocracy is government by the rich.

在典型的金权政♥治♥国家里经济不平等很严重

In a typical plutocratic state economic inequality is high,

社会流动性差

social mobility low,

而且因为大众受到持续的压搾

and, because of continuous exploitation of the masses,

工人几乎不可能摆脱贫穷

workers find it nearly impossible to climb out of poverty.

20世纪初的平等选举权运动

The Equal Voting Rights movement in the early 20th century

废除了富人有更多选票的选举制度

abolished a system where rich people had more votes than poor people,

但今天游说集团又使之化为乌有

but today lobbying has put pay to that

使美国的政♥治♥制度沦为

and reduced the American political system

富人扫清其利益道路上绊脚石的工具

to a mere clearing house for the concerns of the rich.

以高盛投资公♥司♥为例

The Goldman Sachs machine is one of

马克斯·凯泽

前华尔街交易员

它用钱购买♥♥在华盛顿的影响力

using profits to buy influence in Washington,

改变法律 使自己在华尔街更容易赚钱

to change laws to make it easier to make money on Wall Street,

然后再用赚到的钱购买♥♥影响力

to be used to buy influence in Washington.

这是不断恶性循环的渎职行为

So it's a self-reinforcing malfeasance machine

它们是经济的寄生虫

that is continuing to grow

不断蚕食壮大

as a parasite in the economy

慢慢会杀死寄宿主

and continuing to kill the host.

高盛公♥司♥自称做的是上帝的工作

Famous for claiming it did 'God's work', Goldman Sachs

是全球最有影响力的投资银行之一

is one of the most influential investment banks in the world.

高盛的前高层往往在政♥府♥或中♥央♥银行中

Its alumni often occupy positions of great influence

占据了极有影响力的位置

in governments and central banks.

2008年9月

In September 2008,

股市崩♥盘♥前不到一个月

barely a month before the stock market crash,

高盛这间本应是自♥由♥市场顶梁柱的公♥司♥

Goldman - supposedly a pillar of the free market -

把自己的性质从投资银行改成了商业银行

changed its banking status from investment to commercial.

也就意味着它现在受到政♥府♥的合法保护

This meant it was now eligible for state protection.

这 就是富人的社♥会♥主♥义♥

Socialism for the rich, right there.

高盛集团对自己的业务非常熟练

Goldman Sachs are extremely efficient at what they do.

诺姆·乔姆斯基教授

麻省理工学院 语言学教授

他们的任务就是赚钱

Their task is to make money,

他们使银行抢匪们 例如威利·萨顿

they make bank robbers like Willie Sutton

相形见绌

look like modest amateurs.

他们是大规模银行抢匪 却为法律所容

They're huge bank robbers, but it's legal.

量身定制的体系让他们可以这么做

The system is set up so that they can do it.

近些年 他们把一些他们早就知道

In the recent years they have been selling securities

没什么价值的抵押贷款证券

put together from mortgages that they knew were worthless,

卖♥♥给不知情的投资者

so they are selling these things to unwitting consumers,

从中赚取巨额利润

making a ton of money out of it.

与此同时 因为知道抛售的都是垃圾

Meanwhile, they are betting that they're going to fail

所以他们赌这些东西的价值会下跌

because they know that what they are peddling is rotten.

所以他们在信贷违约及许多其它东西上下注

So they placed bets with credit defaults, and lots of other things

与大型的美国国际集团保险公♥司♥搞在一起

with the huge insurance company AIG,

该公♥司♥替高盛公♥司♥保险

and that was insuring Goldman Sachs

以对付万一抛售失败时的后果

against the failure of the stuff they are peddling.

参议院政♥府♥事务调查小组委员会

美国次贷危机期间

During America's subprime collapse

高盛交易员迈克·斯文森和乔什·宾堡

Goldman traders Michael Swenson and Josh Birnbaum

乔什·宾堡 高盛前总经理

做空垃圾抵押证券 净赚40亿利润

made a $4 billion profit by short selling junk mortgages.

国会山 德克森参议院办公大楼

受到丹·斯帕克斯的支持

Backed by Dan Sparks,

高盛内部称他们的工作为大做空

internally Goldman Sachs called their position the Big Short

参议院政♥府♥事务调查小组委员会

并且对赌他们自己的客户

and bet against their own clients.

议员卡尔·莱文

Senator Carl Levin

让高盛首席执行长罗伊德·布兰克芬

called Goldman Sachs Chief Executive Lloyd Blankfein

在参议院小组委员会上 宣誓作证

to a Senate subcommittee to testify under oath.

席间说了很多关于

Much has been said about the supposedly massive short

我公♥司♥做空美国房♥市的事情

Goldman Sachs had on the U.S. Housing market.

事实是 在2007-08年

The fact is, we were not

在与住房♥抵押贷款相关的产品上

consistently or significantly net short the market

我们并未获得持续或可观的净空头头寸

in residential mortgage-related products in 2007 and 2008.

我们没有大量做空房♥地♥产♥市场

We didn't have a massive short against the housing market,

罗伊德·布兰克芬 高盛CEO

我们也绝没有对赌自己的客户

and we certainly did not bet against our clients.

凭藉2007年这场大做空的赌注

Riding the Big Short in 2007 made

高盛赚了几十亿的利润

billions of dollars for Goldman.

而至今为止

And so far,

他们大规模地掠夺 却免于处罚

they've got away scot free with this massive heist.

所以他们现在比以前规模更大 更有钱

So they're now back, bigger than before, richer than before,

拿着有史以来最大的利润与红利

biggest profits they've had in history,

状态非常好

They're doing great!

他们所做的许多事

A lot of what they are doing has,

事实上 可能是全部

in fact, maybe all of it,

都无法使现有的经济受益

has almost nothing to do with the benefit of the economy.

如果有天赋的人在赚大钱同时

Can there be any objection

能带给这个世界一些新的切实的东西

to genuinely talented people earning big money

或者他以自己的资金冒风险

if they bring something new and tangible to the world,

并给世界带来巨大的繁荣

if they take great personal risks with their own money,

那么还会有人反对他们赚大钱吗

and actually bring greater prosperity for all?

在自♥由♥市场 如果我有个绝妙的想法

In a free market, if I have a brilliant idea

大卫·摩根

白银投资人

比如说 以草屑为燃料的汽车

that I can run an automobile on grass clippings, as an example,

我制♥造♥这种汽车

and I produce that car,

我的动机可能是赚钱

my motivation might be to make money.

但是如果市场说 天哪

But if the market says: "My goodness,

这是人类发明史上最伟大的汽车

this is the greatest automobile ever invented by mankind",

我赚了十亿 不仅服务了自己

and I make a billion dollars, I've not only served myself

而且也服务了其它需要这种交通工具的人

but I have served everyone else that needs transportation.

自♥由♥市场的绝妙之处 就在于这种悖论

And that is the brilliance of our free market, is that paradox

你可以在服务自己的同时 也服务其他人

that you can serve yourself and simultaneously serve others.

这就是自♥由♥市场的本质

And that's what it's all about.

但是有多少一般大众

But how many of the general public

透过银行家们的红利奖金取得了更大的成功

have achieved greater prosperity through a banker's bonus?

高盛副♥主♥席♥兼发言人格里菲斯勋爵

It was against the holy backdrop of St Paul's Cathedral in London

在伦敦圣保罗教堂下发表的如下言论

that Goldman Sachs Vice-Chairman and mouthpiece Lord Griffiths,

让我们能深入解某些银行家真正的想法

gave insight into how certain bankers really think.

这位忠实的基♥督♥徒维护高得离谱的红利

The devoted Christian defended extortionate bonuses:

我不是一个绝望的人

"I am not a person of despair,

我的内心充满希望

I am a person of hope.

我认为我们需要忍♥受不平等

And I think that we have to tolerate the inequality

作为一种

as a way

取得更大的成就与机会的方式

to achieving greater prosperity and opportunity for all."

基♥督♥教中有一种基本的观点

A fundamental Christian view,

我想穆♥斯♥林♥也有

and I would say of Islam as well,

牧师 唐纳德·李维斯

当然犹太教中也有

and certainly of Judaism,

即财富是用来分享的

is that wealth is to be shared.

钱是无法带走的 应该用于分享

Money has to be shared. You can't take it with you.

这一观点衍生出所有其它

And from that develops a whole lot of stuff

关于公平和经济等等的观点

about justice and the economy and so on.

我们忘记了这一点 相反地

And we've lost that, and instead

人们在积聚越来越多的钱

we've got people accumulating more and more.

我只是认为

And I just think

我只是认为现在这个社会非常令人厌恶

I just think it's disgusting that

人们失去家 失去工作

lost their homes, they've lost their jobs,

无力向银行家们支付贷款

they can't pay their mortgages,

这些人犯了大错

from bankers who made a big mistake

但我们还要支付其钜额红利奖金

and then paid enormous bonuses.

不好意思 这绝对是错的

I am sorry, that is simply wrong,

我无法理解

and I can't understand

我们为何不对这种事感到更愤怒

why we are vociferous about that.

当有钱人告诉你 他们不得不

When rich people tell you that they specifically have to be rich

西蒙·约翰逊教授

前国际货币基金组织首席经济学家

借由这些恶劣的诈欺机制变得更有钱

through these egregious rip-off mechanisms,

这完全就是服务于其自身的洗♥脑♥宣传

that's just self-serving propaganda

完全不必理会

and it should be disregarded.

确实 如果

It is true that

组织人类社会时 有些人会先成功

when you organise human society, some people get ahead

有些人会在生活中挣扎 这是自然法则

and some people struggle. That's a natural mechanism.

但是说 我们应该拥有不平等

But saying: "Oh, we've got to have inequality

所以高盛一定要按如下的法则组织设置

therefore Goldman Sachs must be organised along the following lines",

这个结论完全不成立

that's a complete non-sequitur.

什么时候道德能融入经济运算之中

At what juncture, what point, does morality enter into economic calculus?

约瑟夫·斯蒂格利茨教授

前世界银行首席经济学家

某种程度上 很多人认为

In a way, many people think that

亚当·斯密给了我们不去考虑道德问题的

Adam Smith gave us a free pass;

一个正当理由

a way not to think about morality,

因为他曾说

because what Adam Smith said was

人在追寻个人利益的时候

that individuals in the pursuit of their self-interest

仿佛由一只看不见的手引导

are led, as if by an invisible hand,

最终会促进社会利益

to the general well being of society.

我要明确一点 亚当·斯密并未这样说过

Now let me make it clear, Adam Smith didn't really say that.

也就是说 他非常清楚

That is, Adam Smith was very much aware

一旦企业财团聚集在一起

that businesses when they got together

就会联合起来攫取公共利益 哄抬物价

conspired against the public interest, raised prices,

他知道垄断

he was aware of monopoly,

他知道私营部门提供不了的教育的重要性

he was aware of the importance of education that the private sector couldn't

provide,

他自己充分认识到各种局限

so he himself is aware of all of the limitations,

但是他的追随者们 后来者们

but his latter day descendents

却忘记了这些警告

have forgotten all those caveats.

亚当·斯密是古典经济学之父

Adam Smith was the godfather of classical economics.

但自从其研究出版以来

But since its publication,

却被当成政♥治♥足球

his work has been used as a political football-

金融学家曲解他的话来支持自己的说法

financiers twisting his words to suit them.

格里菲斯勋爵主张无情的个人主义

Lord Griffiths advocates ruthless individualism

潜移默化如下观点

to push this idea

银行家若变富有 其他人也会变富有

that if bankers get rich then we get rich too

他用涓滴经济学 又称马与麻雀理论

through a process known as Trickledown economics

进行了解释

or Horse-and-Sparrow theory.

即若给马喂了足够多的燕麦

If you feed the horse enough oats

其中一些经过消化会成为麻雀的食物

some will pass through to the road for the sparrows.

同样地 高度集中在少数人手中的庞大财富

The idea is that extreme wealth concentrated on small minority

最终也会流到其他人的手中

will eventually trickle down to everyone else.

但这理论并不科学

But it doesn't work.

因为当钱到达

Because by the time the money reaches

史上最大谎言

处于财富金字塔最底层的人们手中时

the people at the bottom of our money pyramid,

早就已经丧失了其购买♥♥力

it has lost its purchasing power.

但眼下公众很困惑

But the public are now confused

为何政党领袖允许这样的事情发生

as to why our political leaders have allowed this to happen

因此自然想讨个说法

and quite naturally, now ask: Why?

因为我们的政♥治♥进程存在严重的缺陷

Because our political processes are badly flawed.

出现严重缺陷是因为

They are badly flawed

依赖说客们 依赖竞选活动的捐献

because of the dependence on lobbyists and campaign contributions.

这就是为什么

So that's why

我的观点 依我看也是很多人的观点

my view, and a view of I think a lot of people,

就是我们必须重新调整政♥治♥进程

is that we have to restructure our political processes

把发言权多留给普通民众

to give more voice to the ordinary citizen

而不是留给利益集团或财团

and less voice to the interest group, to money groups,

或者那些现在制定税法

to those who have taken such a large role

与管理办法的大人物等等

in shaping our tax code and our regulations and so forth.

我站在科林·鲍威尔家门前的台阶上

I stood on the front step of Colin Powell's house.

我看着他并问道 老大 下一步是什么

And I look at him and I say "What next, Boss?"

陆军上校 劳伦斯·威尔克森

前国务卿鲍威尔办公室主任

他反问我 什么意思

And he says "What do you mean?"

我说 你下一步有什么打算

And I said " where are you going next?"

我在写一本书

"I am writing a book."

我说 我知道你要写书

I said "I know you are going to write your book,

但你的余生不能只写书

but you are not going to do that for the rest of your life,

你今后有什么打算

where are you going next?"

他回答 也许在内阁谋个职位 但首先

He said "Maybe a Cabinet position,

首先 要有钱

money."

我问道 钱 他说 是的 几百万

I said "Money?" He said "Yeah, millions.

那是你成为美国政♥府♥内阁官员的唯一办法

That's the only way you can be a Cabinet officer

government"

竞选活动最大贡献者

[来源:联邦选举委员会]

加利福尼亚大学

高盛投资公♥司♥

in the American

哈佛大学

微软公♥司♥

谷歌♥公♥司♥

花旗集团

摩根大通公♥司♥

民♥主♥党与共和党受制于企业财团的利益

The Democrats and the Republicans are beholden to corporate interests,

时代华纳公♥司♥

盛德国际律师事务所

斯坦福大学

全美娱乐公♥司♥

瑞士联合银行股份有限公♥司♥

威尔默·黑尔律师事务所

世达律师事务所

IBM公♥司♥

只有当两党不再与企业财团的利益有所瓜葛

and until they become un-beholden to those corporate interests

我们的共和国才能得到良好的治理

we will never have a well-governed republic.

恐♥怖♥主♥义♥

政♥治♥语言

使谎言听起来像真理

使谋杀听起来值得尊敬

并给予虚无缥缈之物以实感

乔治·奥威尔

货币 银行业与政♥治♥系统中固有的罪恶

The inherent iniquity in our system of money, banking and politics

不仅影响了国内

has not just had consequences domestically,

也在很大程度上影响了全世界

but also on a massive scale globally.

西方领导者将其在

Western leaders have presented their military campaign

伊♥拉♥克♥ 阿富汗和巴基斯坦的军事行动

in Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan

视为道德上的义务

as a moral obligation.

但还有其它原因吗

But are there other reasons for it?

美国外交政策的最大金钱受益者

The first financial beneficiary of America's foreign policy

就是军队

is the military.

尤其是那些提供武器装备的军♥火♥商

In particular, those who supply it with arms and equipment.

军队打了胜仗

The military has won wars,

但在其更大的目标上 根除恐♥怖♥主♥义♥

but how successful has it been in its bigger aim

取得了多大的成功呢

to eradicate terrorism?

无人机的攻击不仅失败了

The drone attacks not only failed

还创造了额外的极端主义

but they've created extra extremism.

它们促使年轻人更激进

They've helped in radicalisation of youth

罗瑟勒姆勋爵 艾哈迈德

英国首位穆♥斯♥林♥终身贵族

不光是西北边境的年轻人

in the North West Frontier and

还有旁遮普与巴基斯坦某些地方的人

also in certain parts of Punjab and Pakistan.

因为一次又一次地 有时候

And because time And sometimes,

会觉得美国故意这样做

There's a feeling that America does this deliberately,

使得巴基斯坦局势不安定

to de-stabilise Pakistan.

对于这点我不太确定 但我敢肯定

I am not so sure about that, but I certainly think

真正支持这项政策的那些人

those people who actually support this policy,

你每杀10个 所谓的恐♥怖♥分♥子♥

every time you kill ten, the so called 'terrorist',

就又创造了500个

you create 500 more,

因为他们将无人机攻击

because they see the drone attacks

视作对巴基斯坦主♥权♥的攻击

as an attack on the sovereign state of Pakistan.

凯萨·本佳利

经济学家

如果真的想把他们赶走

If they really wanted to flush them out,

其实没必要在斯瓦特地区发动大规模军事行动

there was no need for a huge military operation in Swat,

使整个地区的人们流离失所

causing the entire district to become internally displaced persons.

斯瓦特地区的人口是180万

The population of Swat is 1.8 million,

这个国家有230万难民

there are 2.3 million refugees in the country,

整个地区被清空了

the whole district has been emptied.

这些都是不必要的 美军只需要

This wouldn't have been necessary if they had

进行一次精准的突击行动

carried out a surgical commando operation

便能抓到激进分子的领导者

to get the militant leaders.

但美军却让他们跑了 全都跑了

But they allowed them to escape, all of them.

排在军队下一位的金钱受益者

After the military, the next financial beneficiary

是那些获得实施重建工作的承包商

are those who win the contracts to conduct the rebuilding process.

在西方

In the West,

当他们听说美国正在将数百亿新发行的美元

people might even feel optimistic when they hear that

投入到发展中国家以建设其基础设施

the U.S. Is pumping tens of billions of newly-created dollars

人们也许会感到乐观

into developing nations to build infrastructure.

但这似乎往往也达不到其公开宣称的目的

But often this too doesn't seem to achieve the publicized goals.

我们给予这些国家援助是否还有其它原因呢

Is there another reason we give these countries aid?

我们经济杀手创建了

We economic hit men have created

约翰·珀金斯

前经济杀手

首个真正意义上的全球帝国

the world's first truly global empire.

而我们最主要依靠的不是军队

And we've done it primarily without the military.

我们有很多种方法

We work many different ways,

但也许最常见的方法是

but perhaps the most common

为了企业觊觎的资源 比方说石油

is that we'll take a Third World country

我们先占领一个第三世界国家

that has resources our corporations covet, like oil,

再从世界银行或其兄弟机构

and then arrange a huge loan to that country

为这个国家安排一笔巨额贷款

from the World Bank or one of its sister organisations.

然而 这笔钱将永远到不了他们的手中

However, the money never actually goes to the country.

而是到了我们公♥司♥手中

Instead it goes to our own corporations

用来建设基础设施

to build infrastructure projects in that country,

如发电厂 高速公路 工业园区等

power plants, highways, industrial parks,

只能为该国家少数富有的家族与我们公♥司♥

things that benefit a few wealthy families in that country,

带来利益的工程

as well as our corporations,

根本不是为了帮助大多数人

but don't help the majority of the people at all.

大多数人太穷用不起电

They are too poor to buy electricity

没有车用不上高速公路

or drive cars on the highways,

也没有在工业园区工作所需的相应技能

and don't have the skills to get jobs in industrial parks.

但他们的国家却欠下了一大笔债务

But they are left holding a huge debt.

基础设施

耗费了从世界银行和国际货币基金组织

which has used heavy loans

借来的巨额贷款

from the World Bank and IMF,

纳杰玛·萨迪基

研究员 记者

但这些基础设施只适应西方社会

and made from grounds from Western countries,

因此只会让精英和封建阶级受益

they've all gone into benefitting the elite and the feudal classes,

对人♥民♥没有任何益处

and they have not benefitted the people.

大量资金流到了这些西方顾问和公♥司♥手中

A lot of money goes to these consultants and companies from the West,

这些人索取到巨额薪资

who charge huge amounts of money

但真正需用在工程项目和普通人身上的资金

and actually the real money on projects and on ordinary people

却少之又少

is very limited.

老百姓已经很穷了

The masses have very little already,

只有拥有基础设施的地主

so those landlords who have the infrastructure and who are going to make

money

与那些因为基础设施修建在其土地上的人

because of the infrastructure that is built through their roads,

他们才会发财

they will prosper.

但对那些没有资源 没有工作的人来说

But the ones who don't have any resources, they've not had jobs,

没有任何制♥造♥商品方面的经济活动

there isn't an economic activity for them in terms of manufacturing goods,

也就不能透过交易获得成功与财富

so they can sell and they can also prosper.

这种情况下 他们怎么办

When you don't have that, what do they do?

他们会加入塔♥利♥班♥组织

They resort to joining the Taliban,

因为他们看到敌人来了

because they see the enemy coming in

夺走了他们仅有的资源

and taking away what little bit they have.

我知道奥巴马总统打算投资75亿美元

President Obama, I understand, wants to invest $7.5 billion

投入巴基斯坦的基础设施中

in Pakistan's infrastructure

以减缓贫困 并消灭所有反抗军

to alleviate poverty and, you know, take away all the divisions,

消解反美情绪

and all the anti-American sentiment over here.

但不管他有什么理由 我们都不需要

But whatever his reasons are, we can do without it.

实际上 那是他能做出的最糟糕决定

In fact it's the worst possible thing he can do.

这种援助必将成为一种阻碍

This kind of help is actually going to be a hindrance;

它只会使情况越来越糟

it is just going to make matters worse,

它把这场虚构的对抗恐♥怖♥主♥义♥的战争

it will bring this contrived war on terror

带到我们的乡村区域中

into our rural areas.

美国的外交政策到底有多无私

How much of U.S. Foreign policy is genuinely altruistic?

又在多大程度上受到了

And how much is it influenced by the banks and corporations

从中获利的银行和公♥司♥的影响

that profit so tremendously from it?

美国民♥主♥的福音传播

America's evangelism of democracy

吉莲•邰蒂

金融时报 助理编辑

充满了矛盾

is riddled with contradictions,

比如 用武力宣传民♥主♥的这种想法

not least of which this idea of promoting democracy at the point of a gun,

或者 反对那些虽然是民♥主♥

or opposing regimes which are democratic,

但却不合美国人意的政♥权♥

but not in the way that America wants.

美国一直在推动的自♥由♥市场资本主义的想法

So too this idea that America has been promoting free market capitalism

也同样充满了矛盾

has also been riddled with contradictions.

因为现实是当一些国家即将发生变革时

Because the reality is that American firms tend to make most money

美国的公♥司♥往往能赚到最多的钱

when countries are at the cusp of change,

当然 这是指美国的金融企业

certainly American financial firms,

从某种意义上说 金融企业需要

and in a sense, they want markets

结构发生改变的市场

that are changing structurally

而不是高度自♥由♥高度透明的市场

but not too free and too transparent

因为只有不那么透明的市场明才有利可图

because they make money when markets are a bit opaque.

最令人感到惊奇的是

Is it any wonder

发达国家在欠发达国家领土上开战

developed nations are fighting in underdeveloped countries

从中获取大量财富的同时

when so many are making so much money out of it,

却不用面对

without ever really having to face up to

甚至不用目睹他们亲手造成的后果

or even witness the consequences of their actions?

就算500万非洲儿童

"So what if 5 million kids died in Africa

塔里克·艾尔·迪瓦尼

前金融衍生商品交易员

因为去年的债务而死

because of debt last year.

我拿到了百万奖金

You know I got a bonus of a million pounds, "

如果我跟谁谈起这些

If I have that conversation, I have had it

我跟许多业界很有经验的银行家谈过

bankers who've been in the business a long time,

他们会很有礼貌地听你说

they listen politely,

他们确实很有礼貌 很有风度

they are very polite, very charming,

但最后他们只会说

and at the end they say:

塔里克 很高兴再次见到你

"Well, Tarek it's very lovely meeting you again",

然后便转身回办公室

and they go back to the office

给坦桑尼亚或别的国家发放另一笔贷款

and do another loan deal for Tanzania or something.

我认识很多所谓的恐♥怖♥分♥子♥

I've known a lot of terrorists', quote-unquote.

我见过他们 为了写书我采访过他们

I've met them, I've interviewed them for books,

我还是个经济杀手时就认识他们了

I've known them since I was an economic hit man,

但我从没见过想成为恐♥怖♥分♥子♥的人

I've never met one who wanted to be a terrorist.

他们都想与家人在一起 想回去种地

They all wanted to be with their families, back on the farm.

可由于失去了田地

They're driven to terrorism

他们走投无路做了恐♥怖♥分♥子♥

because they've lost the farm.

农田因为建水电站而被淹没

It's been inundated with water from a hydro-electric project,

或是因为建油田受到污染

or with oil from oil derricks.

土地遭到破坏

Their farm has been destroyed.

他们无法养活自己的孩子

They can't make a living for their kids.

至于索马里海盗

Or in the case of the Somali pirates,

则是由于捕鱼海域遭到破坏

their fishing waters have been destroyed.

他们之所以变成这样

And that's why they've turned to this,

并非因为他们想当海盗或恐♥怖♥分♥子♥

it isn't because they want to be pirates or terrorists.

也许是有一小部分疯狂的人

Now there may be a few crazy people,

一小部分疯狂的人 脑子不正常的人

there are a few crazy people, people with their nuts loose.

所以永远会有连环杀手

There'll always be serial killers,

也永远会有疯狂的人

there'll always be crazy people,

奥萨马·本·拉♥登♥就是其中一个

maybe Osama bin Laden is one of them.

可是这些人一般不会有追随者

But they do not get a following

除非有极度不公平的事情发生

unless there's a terrible injustice going on,

当人们饥饿 穷困的时候

and people are starving and they're deprived,

就会追随那些疯狂的人

and then they will follow these crazy people

因为他们似乎提供了另一条出路

because they seem to offer an alternative.

如果我们想杜绝恐♥怖♥主♥义♥

If we want to do away with terrorism,

如果想实现我们美国所谓的国♥家♥安♥全♥

if we want to have what we in the U.S. Call 'Homeland Security',

我们必须先意识到

we've got to recognize

地球才是我们共同的家园

that the whole planet is our homeland.

恐♥怖♥分♥子♥到底指什么

What does the word 'terrorist' actually mean?

很多恐♥怖♥分♥子♥可能更愿意称自己为自♥

由♥战士

Many "terrorists" would sooner describe themselves as 'freedom fighters'.

对恐♥怖♥主♥义♥的控诉是否应该是

Could it be that the charge of "terrorism" could just as easily be made

对西方企业 投机商人及政♥治♥家的控诉

against western corporations, speculators and policy-makers?

谈到恐♥怖♥主♥义♥时 指他们对我们的所作所为

When we talk about terrorism it means what they do to us.

而非我们对他们的所作所为

Not what we do to them.

他们对我们做的事可能很可怕

And what they do to us can be pretty ugly,

可那远不及我们对他们所做的

it's not even a fraction of what we do to them.

拿911事件来说

I mean, take, say, 9/11.

那是一场非常可怕的恐怖袭击

That was a pretty serious act of terrorism.

说不定是历史上最严重的一起恐♥怖♥主♥义♥活动

Maybe the worst single act of terrorism in history.

但是情况可能更糟糕

But it could have been worse.

例如假设基♥地♥组♥织♥轰炸了华盛顿

Suppose for example that Al Qaeda had bombed Washington,

炸毁了白宫 刺杀了总统

bombed the White House, they killed the President,

建立起残酷的军事独♥裁♥政♥权♥

installed a harsh military dictatorship,

找来一群经济学家

and brought in a bunch of economists

把国家经济弄得一塌煳涂

who drove the economy into its worst disaster in history.

这应该比911事件更严重吧

That would have been worse than 9/11.

这不是我编的 这是真实事件

And I am not making it up, it happened.

在南美被称为 第一次911事件

It's called the first 9/11 in South America,

发生在智利

namely in Chile.

1973年9月11日

On 11th September 1973

民♥主♥选举的智利总统萨尔瓦多·阿连德

the democratically elected Chilean President Salvador Allende

被一场政♥变♥推♥翻♥

was overthrown in a coup.

之后成立的皮诺切特独♥裁♥政♥权♥

A dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet was established

对智利的统治直到1990年才结束

that ruled Chile until 1990.

所有不同政见者都受到系统性的镇♥压♥

There was the systematic suppression of all political dissidence.

上千人被监禁或谋杀

Thousands were imprisoned and murdered.

那一次911事件被牵连的都有谁

Who was involved in that first 9/11?

一点都不难找

It's not hard to find them.

他们就在华盛顿和伦敦这类地方

They were right in Washington and London, and so on.

但这些都不会被承认 都不算数

But that's off the agenda, that doesn't count.

意识形态的一条准则就是

There is a principle of ideology

我们决不会承认自己犯下的罪行

that we must never look at our own crimes.

相反我们会强调他人的罪行

We should on the other hand exalt in the crimes of others,

通过批判他们来占领道德制高点

and in our own nobility in opposing them.

继续增加经济上的不平等

The root causes of so-called "terrorism"

无法解决所谓恐♥怖♥主♥义♥的根源

will not be solved by increasing economic inequality.

如果政♥府♥真的决心打击恐♥怖♥主♥义

♥

If governments really are serious about combating terrorism

那么他们必须自己先进行真正的体制改革

then they must start with real structural reform back home.

只要大银行集团还在为了利益

As long as banking empires

而抢夺基础设施建设合同和债权交易

chase infrastructure and debt deals in pursuit of profit,

西方国家就无法停止通过金融输出不平等

the West will continue to export injustice through finance.

数百万人将流离失所

Millions more will be displaced,

恐♥怖♥主♥义♥会愈加猖獗

terrorism will thrive,

新殖民♥主♥义

and neocolonialism

将会继续夺取世上更多人的生命

will continue to end more and more lives around the world.

资源

你最终会被你拥有的东西所支配

泰勒·德登

出自电影《搏击俱乐部》

现实是 我们已从一个相对空旷的世界

What's happened is that we have moved

进入了一个相对饱和的世界

from a relatively empty world to a relatively full world

赫尔曼·戴利教授

前世界银行高级经济学家

这个世界从少有人烟

that is empty of us and all of our stuff,

到熙熙攘攘

to now full of us and all of our stuff.

我这一生里世界人口增长至三倍

In my lifetime the world population has tripled.

而其它东西的数量

And the populations of other things,

汽车 房♥屋 船

of cars, houses,

还有其他许多东西 跟人类一样

all these other things that put a load on the environment too,

增加环境负担的东西

just like human bodies,

增加了远不止三倍

those have vastly more than tripled.

所以整个世界现在充斥着我们所说的人造资本

So the world is very, very full of what we might call man-made capital

而那些我们所说的自然资本

And it's becoming more and more empty of what used to be there,

曾经丰饶 现在越来越少

what we might call natural capital.

我们是第一代人

We are the first generation;

理查德·威尔金森教授

社会流行病学教授

富裕的发达国家中 我们是第一代人

we in the rich developed world are the first generation to have got to the end

of

不能再享受经济增长的益处

the real benefits of economic growth.

几百年来 提高人类生活品质的最佳途径

For hundreds of years the best way of raising the real quality of human life

就是提高物质生活标准

has been to raise material living standards.

这同时也使人类平均寿命大幅增长

And that's what's driven the huge rises in life expectancy

幸福感增加 生活安康

and increases in happiness and other measures of well being.

可是这些现在都与经济增长脱节了

But all those have now become detached from economic growth.

尽管平均寿命在发达国家仍在增长

And although life expectancy continues to rise in the rich world,

但已经完全不再取决于一个国家的经济增长

it's no longer related to the amount of economic growth a country has at all.

幸福感的强弱

And the same is true for measures of happiness

也同样如此

and measures of well-being.

这样就出现了一个悖论

The paradox is the more we grow,

越发展 带来越多贫困

the more poverty we create.

我们自私的经济体系

Our self-interested economic system

似乎始终缺了点什么

seems to be continually missing a trick.

所以在我们不断掠夺地球自然资源的同时

So as we keep plundering the Earth's natural capital

是否应该重新定位西方世界所谓的进步

is it time to rethink our Western definition of progress?

我看世界的方法

When I look at the world, I look at it

陆军上校 劳伦斯·威尔克森

前国务卿鲍威尔办公室主任

跟荷兰皇家壳牌公♥司♥是一样的

much the way Royal Dutch Shell looks at it.

于公于私 我都认为他们是

They have one of the best strategic entities in the world,

世界上最具有战略眼光的集团之一

private or public,

荷兰皇家壳牌公♥司♥提出了两种能源远景

and Royal Dutch Shell has posited two scenarios.

一种叫作 有序世界

One is called Blueprint, and is obviously

通过建立国际框架联盟

a planned corporate structure

汇聚全球领袖

where world leaders get together

共同思考能源转换

and they think about things like energy transformation,

全球气候变暖 矿物燃料减少等问题

planetary warming, and dwindling fossil fuels, and so forth.

另一种叫做 无序世界