2024年3月8日发(作者：)

英国文学史名词解释

Ode 颂诗is adignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length,

praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature

intellectually rather than emotionally.

Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a

sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation

Anapset短短长格: a metrical foot of three syllables, the first two short, the last long

Caesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language

and sometimes enforced by punctuation.

Epic史诗:It’s a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes,

majestic in theme and style.

Romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing

adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse

romance, but its author remains unknown.

Alliteration押头韵 is the use in speech or writing of several words close together that all begin

with the same letter or sound.

Ballad民谣: It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were

passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin

Hood. Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19th century English ballad.

Heroic couplet英雄体: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry,

lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aa bb cc …..

poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or

monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton.

Renaissance文艺复兴: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world.

It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word

“Renaissance” means rebirth or revival.

Sonnet十四行诗: A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme

scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde.

Blank verse无韵诗: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.

Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: It’s a verse from that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines

followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbbccdd.

Enlightenment启蒙运动 : The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement

throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie

against feudalism.

Sentimentalism感伤主义: Sentimentalism appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a

reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism.

Pre-romanticism:前浪漫主义 The Romantic Movement was marked by a strong protest against

the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature.----representatives

---William Blake and Robert Burns

Romanticism浪漫主义 : Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against

the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.

Neo-classicism新古典主义: A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical

standards of order, balance and harmony in literature.

Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a

sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation

Realism现实主义: A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without

sentimentalizing or idealizing it.

Epigram诙谐短诗：an epigram is a brief, celver, and usually memorable statement.

Allegory寓言: A story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic

meanings.

Lake Poets湖畔诗人: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the

"Lake Poets" because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three

traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as

conservatives.

Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure,

irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar

ideas.

Humanism人文主义: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English

Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to

the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.

Mystery play神秘剧: The Mystery plays of the Middle Ages were based on the bible and were

particularly concerned with the stories of man’s creation, Fall and Redemption.

Iambic Pentameter五音步抑扬格: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, which each foot an

iamb__ that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Iambic pentameter is the most

common verse line in English poetry.

Anapaest抑抑扬格：An anapaest, or anapest, also called antidactylus, is a metrical foot used in

formal poetry. In classical quantitative meters it consists of two short syllables followed by a long

one in accentual stress meters it consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed

syllable.

Lyric 抒情诗: A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather

than narrative or dramatic movement.

Byronic hero拜伦式英雄: is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and

writings of Lord Byron.

Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions,

thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical

sequence, chronology, or syntax.

Naturalism自然主义: A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible,

without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. It asserts that human

beings exist entirely in the order of nature.

Essay小说： is a short written composition that discusses a subject or proposes an argument

without claiming to be a complete or thorough exposition.

Gothic novel 哥德式小说：a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or

monastery.

Stanza 节: a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a recurring

pattern of meter and rhyme.

legend 传奇：As a song or a narrative handed down from the past, it differs from the myth on the

basis of the elements of historical truth it contains

Critical realism批判现实主义: is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early

20th centuries.

Iamb抑扬格韵律 : a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, a short one followed by a long one

kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for

description and association.

poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most

representative of his country or era;

Symbolism (象征主义)

works under the surface to tie the story’s external action to the theme. It was often produced through allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence

The Heroic Couplet(英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means

iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.

Modernism现代主义is marked by a rejection of tradition, and an interest in new ways of doing

old things. Also, there was a belief that the application of science and technology could change

the world for the better.

8)William Blake ( 1757—1827)

1) Life

He lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now

he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father

recognized his talent and sent him to school.

His visionary梦想的 experience:

Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniques

He believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯—the

romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗，协议

2) His work

Songs of Innocence天真之歌→delight

Songs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑

They show two contrary states of human souls

London:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the ….

It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal

observations and gives a comprehensive综合的 picture of the many miseries, physical and

spiritual, in the English capital.资本家

Background: industrial revolution, the fog city

The scene was in London, in Blake’s time.

The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night…..

It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blake’s best known poems. The apparently simple

questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator

1. The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger.

Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔

The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answered

The Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring” weep, weep” in

notes of woe!

The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney

9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯：the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品：my heart’s in the highlands我的心呀在高原，John Anderson, my jo约翰。安徒生，我爱，a red, red rose一朵红红的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠

Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期

A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads

抒情歌谣集by William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯and Samul Taylor. Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1798.

Coleridge’s chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子咏

1. Historical Background

French Revolution，American Revolution，The Industrial Revolution

2. Intellectual Background

Rousseau卢梭 (1712—1778) the French philosopher, is generally regarded as the father of

romanticism.

English Romanticism: a kind of emotional outlook, an attitude towards life. Individual is the

center of all life and experience, cast its eye on human being, individual, the intense强烈的

subjectivity主观性, concerned with nature, express s strong like for nature. Interest in

supernatural; take an interest in the past—ancient civilization represented by Greece and

Rome.

1832 was the year the Romantic writer Scott dies

1836 was the year when Queen Victoria inherited the throne, the start of Victorian Age.

The older generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge

The younger generation: Byron拜伦, Shirley雪莱, and Keats济慈

Characteristic features of the romantic movement( more can be added)

(1) Subjectivism主观主义: imagination.

(2) Spontaneity自发性: A work of art must be original. The role of instinct本能, intuition直觉, and the feeling of “ the heart” is stressed.

(3) Singularity奇怪: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the

strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid壮丽的, the picturesque生动的,

and the illogical.

(4) Worship of nature:

(5) Simplicity: Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic乡村的

people. A reviva复活 of folk literature, a sense of universal brotherhood, a growing

sympathy for the suffering of the people.

(6) There is a dominating note of melancholy忧郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.

(7) The use of free verse form

The characteristics of Gothic novels( search from the Google)

Authors

William Wordsworth (1770—1850)威廉。华兹华斯

1. his life

His love for nature is boundless. To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks,

mountains and lakes. Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance. Nature is

for him the embodiment体现 of the Divine神圣的 Spirit. He believes the God and universe

are identical同一的

2,his work:大部分主题是关于nature and country life.主要有：lines composed a few miles

above tintern abbey丁登寺，the prelude序曲，the excursion漫游，miscellaneous十四行诗

课文节选：

Tintern Abbey丁登寺

It is a meditation思考 on his mental精神的 grownup成年人

Selected挑选出的 reading:

She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人际罕见的路边：悼亡露西

I travelled among unknown men我在陌生人中孤独旅行

I wondered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云：it’s about the beauty of

is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat

mystical thoughts.

The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女：在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观，具有林秀之气和音韵之美。

Soonet composed upon Westminster bridge在西敏寺桥上

Soonet :London 1802

George Gordon Byron乔治。戈登。拜伦

His major contribution of romantic literature is the creation of Byronic hero冷笑而浪漫的主角, a

mixture of good and evil.

Byron is hard to describe, moody喜怒无常, unstable, sensitive, melancholy忧郁, sad, he

deliberately故意地 exile流放himself to a foreign, dared to die.

The early death of the Romantic poets-image: the poet will never grow old. Poets die

young. They have reached their peak.

Reading

Works: Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记, Cain该隐，Done juan唐璜

课文节选：

1. She Walks in Beauty 她走在美的光彩中

This perfect beauty serves as the ideal for the poet, peace. Harmony. 和睦

2，Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记

3, when we two parted想从前我们两分手

4. The Isles of Greece颂希腊

It is taken from “ Don Juan唐璜”. It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterance on

national freedom. All the 16 stanzas节 that constituted the song are supported to have been

sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast宴会 of Don Juan and Haidee on an isle of Greece.

The past glory of the Greek people

The present state of enslavement奴役 by the Turkey土耳其

Percy Bysshe Shelley (1792-1822)珀西。比西。雪莱

He was rebellious反抗的 from a very young age. He was a person of extreme personality. He

wrote about the universe, lark宇宙 sky.

主要作品：pamphlet：the nescessity of atheism无神论的重要性

，Queen mab麦布女王，adonais阿多尼斯，ode to the west wind西风颂，to a sky lark致云雀

课文节选：

Ode to the West Wind： Ode: it is used to express the poet’s feelings and emotion. 在此诗

中，使人抒发了对大自然的热爱，歌颂了西风摧毁旧事物，孕育新事物的精神。诗歌以“如果冬天来了，春天还会远吗”结尾。

The cloud云：反映的是一个争取独立和追求幸福的人物形象。

To a sky-lark致云雀：运用云雀美妙的歌声，反映诗人向往美好未来的欢乐心情，表达他渴望自己也能用同样空灵的曲调宣扬革命理想，获得世人的倾听。是诗人追求理想主义的光辉诗篇。

John Keats约翰。济慈（1795—1821）

“ A thing of beauty is a joy for ever”.他一生崇尚美，追求美。

He was born in a lower class family. He abandoned medicine for poetry simply for its beauty. He is

physically small. His father died when he was eight. His childhood was quite miserable. His tomb

are carved:“ Here lies a one whose name is written with water.” 此地长眠者，声明水上书

课文节选：On first looking into chapman’s homer初读查普曼译荷马诗有感。 Ode to a

nightingale夜莺颂 ode on a Grecian urn希腊古翁颂，to autumn秋颂，bright star灿烂的星

Walter scott华特。司各特：欧洲历史小说之父

这个时代的不同时期：the Crusades,the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in

England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18th century.十字军时期，君主专制制度的兴起，英格兰资产阶级革命，18四级欲恢复封建主义的尝试。

His historical novel paved the path for the development of the realistic novel of the 19th century.他的历史小说为19世纪现实主义小说的发展铺平了道路。

主要作品介绍：Waverley威弗利：establish its author as a novelist奠定了作者的小说家帝王

，

St. Ronan's well圣罗南之泉

：is the only contemporary novel among the works of scott Count

robert巴黎的罗伯特伯爵： the last of scott's novels

课文节选：ivanhoe艾凡赫主要地点：cedric's ball大厅，ashby de la zouche阿什贝.德.拉.左克，isaac of york约克城，knights templar吞不拉司陀圣殿骑士院

重点词汇: pilgrim朝圣者

Rob roy罗布罗伊

重点句子： in the first selection francis’meeting with robroy is described.

The second selection vividly depicts a skirmish战斗 between the highlanders高地居民 and the

english

Jane Austin

Literature：乡村生活是她小说的主要题材。全部作品：northanger abbey诺桑觉寺，persuasion劝导，sense and sensibility理智与情感，pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见，mansfield park曼斯菲尔德花园and emma艾玛

课文节选 ：Pride and Prejudice

This book mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful

and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet. Mr. Bennet, a clergyman牧师 who has married young and

rashly轻率地, is skeptical怀疑的 of conventional常规的 marriage and has no good words for

his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth. Mrs. Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish粗俗的 and vulgar庸俗的 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich,

handsome young men.

Charles lamb查尔斯。兰姆:最大成就在散文，其随笔与蒙田名声并列

课文节选：Dream-children, a reverie梦中的孩子们，poor relations穷亲戚

Part VIII The Victorian Age维多利亚时期

Critical Realism in England英国的批判主义

1. Historical Background

Industrial Revolution, railways, novels provide a means to kill the time. The rising of middle class.

Reading novels is becoming a sign of statues and a way of living.

A typical Victorian novel is usually 400-5oo pages, lengthy长的, thick厚的.

The values of Victorian Age

The middle class, the core of the values: to be a gentleman, the pursuit of wealth achieved by

self-reliance倚靠自己 through hard work.

The Victorian Age (1832-1901)

1. Historical background

The Queen came to the throne in 1837

The two Queens that the English people were proud of: Queen Elizabeth (1533-1603)

Queen Victoria. The similarities between the two queens:

First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the

throne for over forty years and Queen Victoria more than sixty years.

Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.

During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country

defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588. During the long reign统治 of Queen Victoria.,

England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop工场 of the world as well as its financial and political center.

Thirdly, during their reign, literature flourished. 繁荣In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama

flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare whereas但是 in the

age of Queen Victoria., novel flourished and with it a galaxy一群 of brilliant novelists appeared

in the literary scene.

The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods: the early period 1832-1848, a time

of social unrest;( child labor, women workers, long working hours, miserable working conditions)

the middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy论战;( social reforms , in 1851 a gigantic greenhouse of glass and iron铁 was built in Hyde Park. It

was called the Crystal Palace where the Great exhibition was held. It was a display of the nation’s

advanced technology and industry, as well as its prosperity.) The last period 1870, a period of

decay of Victorian values .England continued to grow in strength in this period. “the empire帝国

on which the sun never sets”. To many Victorians this was a period of serenity安详 and security,

the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.

Rival竞争对手s: Germany, the United States, Japan and Russia

The Charitist Movement宪章运动 appeared in the thirties of the 19th century.导致其的主要矛盾是工人阶级与此本家的矛盾。此运动最后以工人在议会中取得相应席位而告终。

2. The Victorian novelists

The rise of the novels as a dominant突出的 literary genre类型 during the Victorian age

First, the growth of urban城市的 population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public

Second, with the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books

dropped, and the serial publication, the libraries

Third, writing had become a profession

Fourth, there was a large idle空闲的 class who needed recreation and entertainment

Fifth, the conditions of the time and the dire可怕的 poverty贫穷 in the one hand and the

enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular世俗的 form to explore human relations

rather than sermons 说教given in the church. the novels were used as a tool to

Finally, the feminist男女平等主义 movement had much to do with the growth of the novel. The

struggle for women’s rights was a recurring循环的 theme in the novels of the 19th century.

The common features of the Victorian novels

1. The plot is unfolded 展现against a social background. The Victorian novels reflect the

complexity 复杂性of human relations in a capitalist society and reveal the writer’s attitude

towards the society.

2. the cause –effect sequence is much more striking突出的 than in previous novels, the

central character,

3. Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment安装,

before they were fully published in a single book.

4. the Victorian novels were tainted 污染的by the spirit of Puritanism清教徒 of the Victorian

age

5. The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose. Many writers wrote with a

purpose to edify开到 readers and to bring about reforms.

In economics, capital, capital goods, or real capital are factors of production used to create

goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed (though they may

depreciate) in the production process. Capital goods may be acquired with money or

financial lism is an economic system in which the means of production are

privately owned; supply, demand and price are mostly set by market forces rather than

economic planning; and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses. Capitalism

also refers to the process of capital accumulation

the 19th-century english literature, a new literary trend critical realism appeared.

Charles Dickens (1812-1870)：he was the greatest representative of English critical realism. And

William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷

Dickens and Thackeray were rities:Both humorists and they criticized the

Victorian society satirically嘲讽的。在使小说回返自然和真实这一点上，萨克雷是英国小说家中影响最大的一位。Different life

Differences in writings

1. Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats贵族 and rich businessmen, that is,

people of the upper and middles classes, whereas Dickens’s chief contribution was his

description o the underdogs受压迫者 and unprivileged平穷的.

2. Dickens was a sentimentalist.多愁善感者 He likes to avail有益于 himself of every

opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers. Thackeray was a cynic愤世嫉俗者 who

saw no good in anything and doubted the goodness of human nature. On the whole he

preserved detachmen分离t, and he always held himself under control.

3. Whereas Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination. Thackeray

was against affectation假装. His cynical attitude towards life explains the fact that most of

his clever people are rogues流氓 and most of his virtuous善良的 people are fools.

3．The Victorian poets

The Novel was the predominating占支配优势 genre类型 of literature in the Victorian age.

There are prominent突出的 poets after the death of major romantic poets.

Alfred Tennyson (1809-1892) Robert Browning (1812-1889)他们两个最具代表性Elizabeth

Barrett Browning (1806-1861) ，Matthew Arnold (1822-1888)

They not only wrote highly lyrical poems as the romantists did, but also they in their poetry

reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age.

The conflicts at that time:

The class struggle between the wealthy and the poor

The rapid progress of science and technology, and the discovery of new theories of social science.

All these greatly shook the religious faith that had been the mainstay支柱 of people’s spiritual

life for centuries. Hence所以 the Victorian age was marked through by the prominence of the

spirit of inquiry探究 and criticism by skepticism and religious uncertainty, and spiritual struggle

and unrest. .

s

Charles Dickens 1812-1870

He was the most important novelist in the Victorian age, and he was extremely popular, best

seller, most of his characters in his early work are cartoon characters, most complex in his late

work Initiation novel. His artistic techniques:

1. Dickens has a tendency to depict描绘 the grotesque荒唐的 (very odd奇怪的 or unusual,

fantastically奇异的 ugly or absurd荒谬的) characters or events. Most of Dickens’s

characters have peculiar奇怪的 habit, manner, behavior, dress, and catch phrase of his or

her own.

2. Dickens loves to instil灌输l life into inanimate无生气的 things and to compare animate

beings to inanimate things, engines—the head of an elephant, the smoke in the air to snakes

3.

4.

5.

trailing 蔓延themselves for ever and ever.

Dickens is noted for his description of pathetic凄惨的 scenes that aim to arouse people’s

sympathy. Pathos哀婉 is a distinctive与众不同的 quality in Dickens’s writings.

Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.

主要作品：Pickwick Papers匹克威克传，Oliver Twist雾都孤儿， The old curiosity shop老古玩店, a christmas carol圣诞欢歌，Dombey and son董贝父子，david copperfield大卫科波菲尔，hard times艰难时世，a tale of two cities双城记，great expectation远大前程。In

双城记，the two cities are london and paris in the time of revolution.艰难时运makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and the bourgeois philosophy人生观

课文节选

Posthumous Papers of the pickwick club匹克威克传

Oliver twist

雾都孤儿：this passage tells us the terrible conditions in the english workhouse

of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by the so-called “Philanthropists”慈善事业。

William makepeace thackeray威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷

课文节选：

The vanity fair名利场：its sub-title is a novel without a hero. the writer’s intention was not

to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole. The main plot of

6.

Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women: Amelia Sedlley 阿美利亚。赛迪尼And

Rebecca Sharp瑞比卡。夏普。

George eliot乔治。艾略特

Life: 原名Mary Ann Evans玛丽。安埃。文斯。主要作品：Adam Bede亚当比德，The mill on

the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊，silas marner织工马南。

作品特色：1，her novels ,for the most part, describe rural life,deal with moral problems and

contain psychological studies of the characters.2,she has rich humor and keen observation, and

her characters are real men and women of her time.3,her novels are very philosophical.4,with

her the transition from critical realism to naturalism began in english literature.

课文节选：Adam bede亚当比德：主要人物：Adam, heety sorrel:海蒂苏洛：adam最初喜欢的人，arthur donnithorne亚瑟。唐尼桑恩：海蒂喜欢的人，Seth赛斯: adam’s brother, Dinah

Morris:戴娜。莫里斯：seth喜欢的人，同时也是adam 最后喜欢的人。

Charlotte bronte(1816—1855) and emily bronte(1818—1848)

夏洛蒂。勃朗特和艾米丽。勃朗特

Charlotte bronte:主要作品：the professor, jane eyre, shirley雪莉, villette维莱特.

emily bronte主要作品：wuthering heights呼啸山庄：it is influenced both by the Romantic

Movement as well as Gothic writing.

The novel deals with a kind of raw天然的 passion. It is not to be judged by its moral context背景. Her novel has nothing to do with moral issue. How passion works in human beings.

Wuthering Heights: the place stands for storm, violence

Thrush画眉鸟: civilization文明, very gentle, mild.

Her mentality心态 is much in line with what Wuthering Height stands for.

Complex structure, layers层面板 of narration叙述

Wuthering Height:

Class distinction: emphasis decency庄重, respect

课文节选：jane eyre., wuthering heights主要人物：lockwood洛兹伍德，Heathcliff西斯克里夫，catherine，Hindley辛迪尼。

Thomas hood（1799—1845）托马斯。胡德

Most of his works were humorous poems, containing topical comments on contemporary events

and manners.主要作品：the princess, in memorian悼念：是为了悼念朋友hallam而写 ,Idylls

of the king国王叙述诗

课文节选：the song of the shirt衬衫之歌：this poem presents a vivid picture of the miserable life

of the british seamstresses.女裁缝。The bridge of sighs叹息桥

Alfred， Lord Tennyson艾尔弗雷德.丁尼生（1809—1892）

He is the representative of Victorianism. His poem has an exquisite 精致的sense of music.

课文节选：Ulysses尤利西斯：A Greek hero

If life is not without experience, struggle. It is not life at all. A typical ambition of Victorian age, a

confidence. The age is full of ambition, desire to explore the world. The poet expresses this

through the image of Ulysses.

Break ,break ,break

碎了，碎了，碎了：把自己痛失密友的悲伤之情同渔家子女的嬉戏和少年水手的歌唱等天真快乐对比，并同撞击海岸那无情的海浪以及驶入港湾那冷漠的航船进行对照，书法自己的悲痛心情。crossing the bar过沙洲：注重本能和自然

Robert Browning 1812-1889

代表作：the ring and the book指环与书

Dramatic monologue独白poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an

imaginary audience. In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to depth the psychology of his

characters and through their won speeches, he analyses and dissects分析is characters and

reveals the innermost secret of their lives

dramatic monologue

. It has a single person who is not the poet himself as the speaker. He utters at the critic moment.

--The person addresses and interacts with one or more people. We can feel the presence of the

auditor. We can infer what they say and they do from the clues in the course of the speaker.

--The principle to select a piece of poem: it should reveal temperament and character of the

speaker.

课文节选：My last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人 Ferrara费拉拉

An image of a lively young lady. Dramatic situation which reveal the psychology of the character.

It paved铺 the way for the upcoming即将到来的 of the 20th century poetry.

Critical moment, single speaker, and interaction合作: the speaker is talking to a specified auditor旁听者 or speaker.

Elizabeth barrett browning伊丽莎白。巴雷特。布朗宁

代表作：casa guidi windowsk卡萨。吉迪的窗子，aurora leigh奥罗拉。利， poems before

congress议会前的诗

课文节选：from sonnets from the portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗：表达诗人对爱情的赞美和对幸福的追求。

Part IX Twentieth century literature20世纪文学

The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatue

Historical background:对文学产生影响的两个因素：1，imperialism帝国主义：统治世界的精神的觉醒。相继爆发了第一，二次世界大战。2，widespread demand for social reform of every

kind.

Thomas Hardy 托马斯。哈代（1840—1928）

1. His life

He was born in Dorset多赛特, an agricultural district in the south of England. His father was

an architect. After studying in Dorset and in London, he returned to settle down in his native

place. While he worked as an architect, he began to write novels and stories. Later he became

a full—time writer.

His principal主要的 works are the Wessex伟克塞斯 novels, novels describing the characters

and environment of native countryside.

He was a writer who sees the turn of the century. He witnessed the change of the society, the

fashion; he was the last of the Victorian novelist and one of the forerunners of the modern

writing.

代表作：Tess of the d’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝，jude the obscure无名的裘得，epic drama：the dynasts统治者

课文节选:Tess of the D’urbevilles：是哈代“性格和环境小说”中一部分量颇重的长篇小说，导致苔丝悲剧的不是盲目的无从追究责任的命运，而是环境和社会的力量。

Setting环境: the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.

The impoverishment使贫穷 and decay腐烂 of small farmers who became hired field hands

and roamed漫步 the country in search of seasonal jobs. His tone is pessimistic悲观的

Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune

to human life.

The double moral standard for men and women exposes曝光 the hypocritical虚伪的

morality in bourgeois society.

Why does Hardy call her a pure woman?

According to the values of that age, Tess is a stained 玷污的woman, she gave birth to a child

outside marriage, and she became the mistress情妇 of Alec艾立可 later.

The son’s veto儿子的否决权：小说反映了生活的多层面，还对受挫以后的幸福提出了重建。女主人公名叫Sophy.

John Galsworthy约翰。高尔斯华朔

他是20世纪英国杰出的批判现实主义小说家和剧作家。

代表作：the man of property有产业的人：was the highest point of social criticism ever attained

by Galsworthy,它是福赛特世家中的第一部， the forsyte saga福赛特世家，the sivler box银匣

课文节选： 有产业的人中 chapter X diagnose of a forsyte福尔赛的诊断, conscience良心

Oscar wilde奥斯卡。王尔德

出生于Dublin，have a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred douglas和艾尔弗雷德。道格拉斯有同性恋关系

代表作：长篇小说：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像，Salome莎乐美：唯美主义的代表作，是戏剧，喜剧：Lady windermere’s fan温得梅尔夫人的扇子, a woman of no

importance无足轻重的女人, an ideal husband理想丈夫, and the importance of being earnest认真的重要.

课文节选：The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像

George Bernard Shaw（1856—1950）乔治。萧伯纳

George Bernard Shaw was dramatist, essayist随笔作家, and critic. He was born of Irish

Protestant新教徒 parents in Dublin. In 1876 Shaw left Ireland for good. During his life time he

wrote lots of dramas. He is considered to be the best –known English dramatist since

Shakespeare. His works are the best example of all the plays that are inspired by social criticism.

In most of his plays, he expressed a strong indignation against political and economic exploitation开发, against hypocrisy虚伪 and corruption腐败, against prostitution作践自己 and slavery奴隶制度, and against poverty and dirt.

His style:

1.

2.

3.

4.

didactic教导的，学究式的

Made his lessons “palatable”可口的 through comedy.

Use his wit to ridicule嘲笑 the things he attacked—witty rather than humorous.

Inversion倒装 of ideas—made things usually considered good and just to appear absurd荒谬的 and ridiculous.

5. Exaggerated, sometimes grossly很，非常, in order to achieve comedy.

6. Plays made up-to-date references and used modern stage props小道具.

7. Destructive破坏性的 in his criticism, but constructive建设性 in his analysis and

interpretation 解释of life.

Features of his plays:

1. His plays witty rather than humorous—avoidance of emotion and sympathy.

2. Improved upon play craftsmanship of his predecessors—increased stage directions.

3. Frequently subordinates下级得 dramatic interest to expounding论述 his ideas. His

characters are his mouthpieces代言人.

4. characters lack true life

5. His plays vehicles to express his many ideas.

6. Shocks his audience into attention—paradoxical矛盾的, personal, and outspoken直言的.

7. Powerful, logical, satirical style. Dialogue has vitality精神, clearness, directness.

课文节选：Mrs. Warren’s profession华伦夫人的职业：华伦夫人的职业是豢养妓女，Mr. Crofts是她的帮凶，女儿Vivie是一所传统寄宿学校毕业的学生。此书深刻揭露了“体面的”资本者不体面的财富来源：残酷的剥削和肮脏的交易。It deals with the theme of prostitution卖淫

as big business in the bourgeois society.

David .ce(1885—1930)戴维。赫伯特。劳伦斯

He is often criticized for the didactic 说教的elements and looseness in structure.

代表作：the white peacock白孔雀: his first novel， sons and lovers儿子与情人，the rainbow虹，Lady Chatterlay’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人：his most controversial争议的 novels

课文节选：sons and lovers儿子与情人主要人物：paul保罗，Mrs morel莫瑞尔：it’s a

semi-autobiographical nove.

Viginia Woolf弗吉尼亚。沃尔夫（1882—1941）

她是20世纪欧洲最重要的女性作家，著名的文学批评家和文艺理论家。

她是“意识流”stream of consciousness小说的代表人物.代表作：Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人，to the lighthouse到灯塔去， the waves海浪。

课文节选：Mrs. Dalloway达洛维夫人

James Joyce詹姆斯。乔伊斯（1882—1941）

He was born in Dublin.是“意识流小说之父”。代表作：Dubliners都柏林人，a portrait of the

artist as a young man一个青年艺术家的肖像。Ulysses尤利西斯：in the book, the writer

intends to present a microcosm小规模地 of the whole human life by providing an instance of

how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated总结 in the

happenings of one day.。