2024年3月8日发(作者：)

Artisans and Industrialization

1. 核心词汇总结

steady 稳定的，不变的

intense 强烈的，紧张的

alternate 交替，轮流

manufacturing 制造业

impart 给予， 传授

apprentice 学徒

journeyman 学徒

capitalist 资本家

give way to 让位于

credit 贷款

stimulate 刺激

shift 变化， 转变

accustomed to 习惯于

artisan 工匠

supervise 监督

finished 精湛的

elegant 高雅的

regimented 严格管制的

constant 持续的

discard 丢弃

alert 警觉的

dependable 可靠的

self-disciplined 自律的

obedience 服从

carpenter 木匠

momentum 动力

depression 萧条

collapse 衰弱

spearhead 带头

agitation 鼓动

resent 愤恨

2. 长难句总结

(1) After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery

tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers.

(2) Apprentices were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for

teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for

supervising their moral behavior.

(3) With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in the community.

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(4) Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters supervising

them, factories sharply separated workers from management.

(5) Few workers rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve

the artisan's dream of setting up one's own business.

(6) Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but they were

divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives, occupational

differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics.

P1: introduction: ways of manufacturing before 1815 & after 1815

Before 1815 manufacturing(制造业) in the United States had been done in homes or shops by

skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted(给予，传授) the knowledge of their

trades to apprentices(学徒) and journeymen(学徒). In addition, women often worked in their

homes part-time, making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists(资本家). After 1815 this older form of manufacturing began to give way to(让位于) factories with

machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled laborers. Cheap transportation networks, the rise of

cities, and the availability of capital and credit(贷款) all stimulated(刺激) the shift(变化，转变) to

factory production.

P2: ways of manufacturing before 1815

The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to(习惯于) working in factories did not occur

easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans(工匠) had worked within the home. Apprentices

were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their

apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising(监督) their

moral behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected

master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a

steady(稳定的，不变的) pace, but rather in bursts of intense(强烈的，紧张的) labor

alternating(交替，轮流) with more leisurely time.

P3: ways of manufacturing after 1815

The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished(精湛的) or elegant

(高雅的)as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase

rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of

time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented(严格管制的) schedule, where work began at

the sound of a bell and workers kept machines going at a constant(持续的) pace. At the same

time, workers were required to discard(丢弃) old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker

who was alert(警觉的), dependable(可靠地), and self-disciplined(自律的). Absenteeism and

lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized, disrupted the regular factory routine.

Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change in the way work was organized; it

transformed the very nature of work.

P4: workers were hard to accustomed to new system

The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes easily. The

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factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally quit

complained revealingly about "obedience(服从) to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we

are so many living machines." With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in

the community. Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the masters

supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers rose

through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's dream of

setting up one's own business. Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in status.

P5: workers organized to protect their rights and traditional ways of life

In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect their rights and

traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters(木匠), printers, and tailors formed

unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The labor

movement gathered some momentum(动力) in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the

depression(萧条) that followed, labor's strength collapsed(衰弱). During hard times, few workers

were willing to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who

spearheaded(带头)the union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled

factory workers and unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation(鼓动) did finally bring a

workday shortened to 10 hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized

workers' right to strike, but these gains had little immediate impact.

P6: workers were divided

Workers were united in resenting(愤恨) the industrial system and their loss of status, but they

were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms(敌意), gender, conflicting religious perspectives,

occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics. For them, the

factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of

independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more

specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new

markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by

dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops

by skilled artisans. As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to

apprentices and journeymen. In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time, making

finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. After 1815 this older form of

manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled or semiskilled

laborers (1). Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of capital and

credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

1. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about articles manufactured before

1815? 推断题

○They were primarily produced by women.

○They were generally produced in shops rather than in homes.

○They were produced with more concern for quality than for speed of production.

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○They were produced mostly in large cities with extensive transportation networks.

Paragraph 2: The creation of a labor force that was accustomed to working in factories did not

occur easily. Before the rise of the factory, artisans had worked within the home. Apprentices

were considered part of the family, and masters were responsible not only for teaching their

apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral

behavior. Journeymen knew that if they perfected their skill, they could become respected

master artisans with their own shops. Also, skilled artisans did not work by the clock, at a steady

pace, but rather in bursts of intense labor alternating with more leisurely time.

2. Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted

sentence in the passage? Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or

leave out essential information. 句子简化题

○Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.

○The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.

○Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the

younger family members.

○Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from

them.

Paragraph 3: The factory changed that. Goods produced by factories were not as finished or

elegant as those done by hand, and pride in craftsmanship gave way to the pressure to increase

rates of productivity. The new methods of doing business involved a new and stricter sense of

time. Factory life necessitated a more regimented schedule, where work began at the sound of a

bell and workers kept machines going at a constant pace. At the same time, workers were

required to discard old habits, for industrialism demanded a worker who was alert, dependable,

and self-disciplined. Absenteeism and lateness hurt productivity and, since work was specialized,

disrupted the regular factory routine. Industrialization not only produced a fundamental change

in the way work was organized; it transformed the very nature of work.

3. The word “disrupted” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题

○prolonged

○established

○followed

○upset

Paragraph 4: The first generation to experience these changes did not adopt the new attitudes

easily. The factory clock became the symbol of the new work rules. One mill worker who finally

quit complained revealingly about "obedience to the ding-dong of the bell-just as though we are

so many living machines."(4) With the loss of personal freedom also came the loss of standing in

the community(5-A&B). Unlike artisan workshops in which apprentices worked closely with the

masters supervising them, factories sharply separated workers from management. Few workers

rose through the ranks to supervisory positions, and even fewer could achieve the artisan's

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dream of setting up one's own business(5-C). Even well-paid workers sensed their decline in

status.

4. In paragraph 4, the author includes the quotation from a mill worker in order to 目的题

○support the idea that it was difficult for workers to adjust to working in factories

○to show that workers sometimes quit because of the loud noise made by factory machinery

○argue that clocks did not have a useful function in factories

○emphasize that factories were most successful when workers revealed their complaints

5. All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 4 as consequences of the new system for

workers EXCEPT a loss of 选非题

○freedom

○status in the community

○opportunities for advancement

○contact among workers who were not managers

Paragraph 5: In this newly emerging economic order, workers sometimes organized to protect

their rights and traditional ways of life. Craft workers such as carpenters, printers, and tailors

formed unions, and in 1834 individual unions came together in the National Trades' Union. The

labor movement gathered some momentum in the decade before the Panic of 1837, but in the

depression that followed, labor's strength collapsed. During hard times, few workers were willing

to strike* or engage in collective action. And skilled craft workers, who spearheaded(带头) the

union movement, did not feel a particularly strong bond with semiskilled factory workers and

unskilled laborers. More than a decade of agitation did finally bring a workday shortened to 10

hours to most industries by the 1850’s, and the courts also recognized workers' right to strike, but

these gains had little immediate impact.

means to advance with increasing speed

6. The phrase “gathered some momentum” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题

○made progress

○became active

○caused changes

○combined forces

7. The word “spearheaded” in the passage is closest in meaning to 词汇题

○led

○accepted

○changed

○resisted

8. Which of the following statements about the labor movement of the 1800's is supported by

paragraph 5? 细节题

○It was most successful during times of economic crisis.

○Its primary purpose was to benefit unskilled laborers.

○It was slow to improve conditions for workers.

○It helped workers of all skill levels form a strong bond with each other.

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Paragraph 6: Workers were united in resenting the industrial system and their loss of status, but

they were divided by ethnic and racial antagonisms, gender, conflicting religious perspectives,

occupational differences, political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics(9). For them,

the factory and industrialism were not agents of opportunity but reminders of their loss of

independence and a measure of control over their lives. As United States society became more

specialized and differentiated, greater extremes of wealth began to appear. And as the new

markets created fortunes for the few, the factory system lowered the wages of workers by

dividing labor into smaller, less skilled tasks.

9. The author identifies political party loyalties, and disagreements over tactics as two of several

factors that 目的题

○encouraged workers to demand higher wages

○created divisions among workers

○caused work to become more specialized

○increased workers' resentment of the industrial system

10. The word “them” in the passage refers to 指代题

○workers

○political patty loyalties

○disagreements over tactics

○agents of opportunity

Paragraph 1: Before 1815 manufacturing in the United States had been done in homes or shops

by skilled artisans. ■As master craft workers, they imparted the knowledge of their trades to

apprentices and journeymen. ■In addition, women often worked in their homes part-time,

making finished articles from raw material supplied by merchant capitalists. ■After 1815 this

older form of manufacturing began to give way to factories with machinery tended by unskilled

or semiskilled laborers. ■Cheap transportation networks, the rise of cities, and the availability of

capital and credit all stimulated the shift to factory production.

11. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence can be added to the

passage. 句子插入题

This new form of manufacturing depended on the movement of goods to distant locations and a

centralized source of laborers.

Where would the sentence best fit?

12. Directions: Complete the table below by indicating which of the answer choices describe

characteristics of the period before 1815 and which describe characteristics of the 1815-1850

period. This question is worth 3 points. 配对题

Before 1815 1815-1850

●

● ●

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●

●

Answer choices

○A united, highly successful labor movement took shape.

○Workers took pride in their workmanship.

○The income gap between the rich and the poor increased greatly.

○Transportation networks began to decline.

○Emphasis was placed on following schedules.

○Workers went through an extensive period of training.

○Few workers expected to own their own businesses.

Key: C B D A D A A C B A D BF CEG

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