2024年5月10日发(作者：vivo手机怎么关闭安全模式)

冠状病毒Coronavirusl-2021 Coronaviruses post-SARS

1、

Coronaviruses,agenusintheCoronaviridaefamily(orderNidovirales;fig.1),

arepleomorphic,virusesgainedprominenceduringth

esevereacuterespiratorysyndrome(SARS)outbreaksof2021–

2021(ref.1).Theviralmembranecontainsthetransmembrane(M)glycoprotein,t

hespike(S)glycoproteinandtheenve-lope(E)protein,

2、

andsurroundsadisorderedorflexible,probablyhelical,nucleocapsid2,

viralmembraneisunusuallythick,probablybecausethecarboxy-terminalregio

noftheMproteinformsanextrainternallayer,asrevealedbycryo-electrontomo

virusesaredividedintothreegroups,andfurthersubdividedin

tosubgroups(TABLe1),basedinitial

3、

lyonserologic,andmorerecentlyongenetic,eidentification

ofmoredistantlyrelatedviruses,thetaxonomyofthesevirusesislikelytounde

virusescontainasinglestranded,5′-capped,posi

tivestrandRNAmoleculethatrangesfrom26–

32kbandthatcontainsatleast6openreadingframes(ORFs).ThefirstORF(O

4、

RF1a/b)comprisesapproximatelytwo-thirdsofthegenomeandencodesreplicase

proteins(fig.2a).TranslationbeginsinORF1aandcontinuesinORF1baftera–

第 5 页

geORF1aandORF1abpolypeptides,commonlyreferred

toaspp1aandpp1ab,respectively,areprocessedprimarilybythevirallyencode

dchymotrypsin-likeprotease3CLpro(a

5、

lsocalledMproormainprotease)withadditionalcleavageperformedbyoneortwo

viralpapain-likeproteases(PLPs),dependingonthespeciesofcoronavirus4.T

hemajorityoftheremainingone-thirdofthegenomeencodesfourstructuralprot

eins:S,E,Mandnucleo-capsid(N)tofgroup2coronavirusesenc

odeanadditionalhaemagglutinin-es

6、

terase(HE)pro-tein(fig.2a,b).TheHEprotein,whichmaybeinvolvedinvirusen

tryoregress,isnotrequiredforreplica-tion,butappearstobeimportantforin

orsforseveralcoronaviruseshavebeeniden

-tified(TABLe1).Theprototypicalcoronavirus,mousehepatitisvirus(MHV),u

sesCEACAM1a,amemberofthemurineca

7、

rcinoembryonicantigenfamily,onofthisproteinmakesmi

lgroup1coronavirusesuseami-nopeptidaseN

toadheretohostcells,consistentwiththeirrespiratoryandenterictracttrop

isms(reviewedinref.7).SARS-CoV,agroup2coronavirus,entershostcellsthro

ughaninteractionoftheSproteinwit

8、

hhumanangiotensinconvertingenzyme2(ACE2)ngly,humancoronavirus

-NL63(HCoV-NL63),whichcausesmilddisease,alsousesACE2,althoughitbindst

oadif-ferentpartoftheproteinthandoesSARS-coronavirus(SARS-CoV)9,

E2ispostulatedtohaveaprotec-tiveroleintheinflamedlung,andSARS-CoVSpro

-teinbindingtoACE2isthoughttocon

9、

tributetodiseaseseverity11,ctionwithHCoV-NL63producesmilddis

ease,however,

eNproteinisimportantforencapsidationofviralRNAandactsasaninterferon(I

FN)antagonist(seebelow).Additionally,itcausesupregulationofFGL2,aprot

hrombinasethatcontributestofatal

10、

hepaticdiseaseinmicethatareinfectedwithMHV-3(ref.13)andthatmodifiestr

ansforminggrowthfactor-β(TGFβ)signallinginSARS-CoV-infectedcells14.

DepartmentofMicrobiologyandInterdisciplinaryPrograminImmunology,Unive

rsityofIowa,IowaCity,Iowa52242,pondencetoS.P.e-mail:[emailp

rotected]:10.1038/nrmi

11、

cro2147Publishedonline11May2021ProthrombinaseMoleculethatcleavesthrom

bin,virusespost-SARS:upd

ateonreplicationandpathogenesisStanleyPerlmanandJasonNetlandAbstract|

Althoughcoronaviruseswerefirstidentifiednearly60yearsago,theyonlyrece

第 6 页

ivednotorietyin2021whenoneofthei

12、

rmemberswasidentifiedastheaetiologicalagentofsevereacuterespiratorysy

uslytheseviruseswereknowntobeimportantagentsofrespirator

yandentericinfectionsofdomesticandcompanionanimalsandtocauseapproxima

tely15%viewfocusesonrecentadvancesino

urunderstandingofthemechanismsof

13、

coronavirusreplication,interactionswiththehostimmuneresponseanddiseas

highlightstherecentidentificationofnumerousnovelc

oronavirusesandthepropensityofthisvirusfamilytocrossspeciesbarriers.R

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