2024年5月1日发(作者：oracle官网下载jdk)
Chapter 1：Introduction
1、Linguistics（语言学） is generally defined as the
scientific study of language.(☆to observe and collect
language facts☆formulates some hypotheses about
the language structure☆fully prove their validity)
2、Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for
human communication(语言是一套用于人类交流的任意的口
语系统).
3、General linguistics（通用语言学）：the study of
language as a whole is often called general linguistics.
4、Phonetics（语言学），morphology（音位），syntax（形态）
，semantics（句法），pragmatics（语用），
sociolinguistics（社会语言学），psycholinguistics（心理语言
学），applied linguistics（应用语言学）
5、Prescriptive（规定的）vs. Descriptive（描写的）
Prescriptive and descriptive represent two different types
linguistic study. If a linguistic study aims to describe and
analyze the language people actually use, it is said to be
descriptive. If the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for
“correct and standard” behavior in using language, i.e. to tell
people what they should say and what they should not say, it is
said to be prescriptive.
6、Synchronic（共时的） vs. Diachronic（历时的）
Language exists in time and changes through time. The
description of a language at some point of time in history is a
synchronic study. The description of a language as it changes
through time is a diachronic. A diachronic study of language is
a historical study; it studies the historical development of
language over a period of time.
7、Langue（语言）vs. Parole（言语）
The distinction between langue and parole was made by
Swiss linguist F. de Saussure in the early 20
th
century. Langue
and parole are French words. Langue refers to the abstract
linguistic system (抽象的语言系统)shared by all the members
of a speech community（言语社区）, and parole refers to the
realization of langue in actual use.
8、Competence（语言能力） vs. Performance（言语行为）
It was proposed by the American linguist N. CHOMSKY in
the late 1950s. Chomsky（乔姆斯基） defines competence as
the ideal user’s knowledge of the rules of his language, and
performance the actual realization of this knowledge in
linguistic communication.
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