2024年4月21日发(作者：c盘有空间但压缩不了)

Practical Problems and Coping Strategies of Wind

Power Industry in China

Chuanglin Fang

Institute of Geographical Sciences and Natural Resource Research

Chinese Academy of Sciences

Beijing, China 100101

fangcl@

Abstract—China has the richest wind power resource and a great

potential for exploitation and utilization. But there are several

practical problems need to be solved promptly. They are: (1)

lack of accurate distribution atlas and master plan for the

national wind power resources, and thus, market disorder

generated, (2) planning target of exploitation is low because of the

low level of utilization, (3) low level of localization of large wind

turbines results in the loss of large number of foreign exchange,

(4) weak technological innovative capability is the biggest

bottleneck of wind power industrial development, and (5)

unreasonable price of wind power on-grid leads to unreasonable

profit margin of enterprises. To solve the problems mentioned

above, the following measures should be taken: (1) The atlas of

wind power resources should be made as soon as possible, and

the master plan of national wind power industry should be

prepared from the strategic perspective of our country. (2) Execute

“Ҏ” style development model of wind power and construct seven

bases of wind power industry which are high-energy and low-coal.

Transfer the high energy-consumption industries to coastal

regions and the Three-North regions (regions of Northeast,

Northwest and Northern China) which are rich in wind power, (3)

Execute the strategy of “developing the wind power industry by

science and technology” to improve the localization of wind

power equipment and build wind power equipment

manufacturing bases which have international competitiveness.

(4) Adjust the prices of electricity on-grid and take the minimum

protective price of 0.5 Yuan / kWh to protect wind power

enterprises, and (5) Adjust the wind power goal in the

“Development Planning for National Renewable Energy” to

improve the national and international status of wind power

development, and to accomplish the transformation from great

nation of wind energy resources to great nation of wind power

industry.

Keywords—Wind power industry; non-grid wind power; problems;

low-coal; high-energy; coping strategies; China

taken wind energy development and its utilization as their

most important tasks in 21st century, and the wind power

generation as measures of emission reduction of CO2 and

other greenhouse gas which they have promised. Based on the

situation mentioned above, Chinese government has attached

great importance to the development of wind power industry,

and has enacted “Medium and Long-term Development Plan

for National Renewable Energy Source”; promulgated and

implemented “Renewable Energy Law”; released related

preferential policy one after another; and the Key Project of

Chinese National Programs for FundamentalResearch and

Development (973 Program) carried out special projects of

“ fundamental research on large-scale non-grid wind power

systems " (No. 2007CB210306) in 2007. Research indicates

that that there are some practical problems which need to be

solved urgently, and it’s urgently necessary to put forward

response measures to solve those problems from the national

strategic perspective.

II.P

RACTICAL PROBLEMS OF THE EXPLOITATION OF WIND

POWER RESOURCES AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF WIND POWER

INDUSTRY THAT NEED TO BE SOLVED

By the end of 2007, the built and building wind plants have

added up to 159, the installed wind turbines have reached

4871, and the installed capacities have come to 1034.51h

104kW in China ever since the first wind plant being built in

1986. Since the early 21st century, the average increase rate of

installed capacity is 65.69% in China which is far more than

25.8% of the average value of the whole world. This fact

indicates that wind power industry in China has entered a

stage of accelerated development. However, several practical

problems emerge at the same time.

’s Lack Of Accurate National Wind Power - Atlas and

Wind Power Development Master Plan, and The Wind

Power Market is Disordered.

Most foreign countries have completed wind energy

resources atlas based on the accurate assessment of wind

power resources with the precision of 1×1 km, including

information of electrical network, geology, environment and

so on. According to the atlas, they enact the development

planning of wind power. While, in our country, we still lack

the accurate assessment data of wind resources, therefore, the

property of wind energy resources is unclear, and result in

I.I

NTRODUCTION

China is the country of which wind power resource is the

richest of all the world, and the potential for exploitation and

utilization is great

[1]

. China is also the second largest country

in energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions and CO2

emissions. China is now in the stage of the heavy chemical

industry facing growing international pressure on the issue of

climate changes and greenhouse gas emissions, therefore, we

must strive to speed up the development of wind energy

resources from the strategic perspective of national energy

security. Currently almost all the developed countries have

978-1-4244-4702-2/09/$25.00 ©2009 IEEE

1

related appraisal lag. The third national wind resource

assessment carried out at the end of 2003 mainly relies on the

work of more than 2000 nationwide weather stations. The

precision is 30~100 kilometer of grid interval, and the margin

for error is sizeable; therefore, it is difficult to carry out

scientific planning and exploitation according to it. Although

the State has promulgated “the Renewable Energy Law’’, and

the “Medium and Long-term Development Plan of National

Renewable Energy Source ", it still lacks corresponding

executive regulation. As a result, phenomena of blind-building,

goal comparison, vicious competition and blind thermal

generate. Moreover, the development condition of wind plants

is disordered. Major power generation groups, local

mainstream model is still in development stage in China. Since

we haven’t grasped core technology, the foreign capital enters

in this market in large scale, and 6 manufacturers of the

world's top 10 have founded factories in China. Most domestic

enterprises rely on the purchase of permits, and this leads to

the soaring price of permits, which is from 100~200 million

euros in the initial to 800~900 million euros, that is, we should

pay technical royalty fees of 50,000 euros for each foreign

wind generator. One type of model is sold to a number of

domestic enterprises, which results in the great loss of foreign

exchange. In addition, China's north-south differences in

climate are significant, and the wind turbines produced by

foreign countries may not be entirely suited to the condition of

enterprises and private enterprises enter the wind power

market, and "siege" wind energy-rich region. They have

occupied a large area of fertile farmland or high-quality

coastline. Consequently, adjustments and norms are needed in

the market.

Levels of Development and Utilization of Wind

Energy Resources Lead To Low Levels of National

Planning Target of Wind Power Development

The development volume of China's wind energy only

occupies 0.5% of available volume of wind energy resources.

In 2006, the installed equipment of the national wind

electricity is less than 0.7% of the installed equipment of the

national electric power, which accounts for less than 1.6% of

the world wind electricity installed capacity

[2].

While in

Germany, Spain, the United States, Denmark and Japan, this

proportion is as high as 34.7%, 17.3%, 14.1%, 6.44% and

2.1% respectively. It is far from the great goal proposed by

European Wind Energy Association and Greenpeace, which

put forth that the wind power should achieve 12% of the total

electricity in the world by 2020. Low levels of development

and utilization of wind energy resources lead to low levels of

national planning target of wind power development. We put

forward that the installed capacity of wind power will reach 5

million kilowatts by 2010 and 30 million kilowatts by 2020 in

the " Medium and long-term Development plan of National

Renewable energy source ", but in fact, the installed capacity

of wind power by 2007 has doubled to the national planning

objectives of 2010. According to this growth rate, the installed

capacity of China's wind power will quadruple the national

planning objectives by 2020

[3]

. Excessively low wind power

planning objectives go against the sound development of wind

power industry, and they are not conducive to the

accomplishment of the target of energy substitutes strategies

and energy saving and emission reduction.

Level of Large-Scale Wind Generator Domestic

Production Resulting In The Loss of a Large Number of

Foreign Exchange in Vain

At the present time, the market share of China's domestic

wind turbines is less than 30%, while India has reached 63.1

%. About 72% of the key technology and equipment are

dependent on import or supplied by wholly foreign-owned

enterprises. The MW-class unit which is the international

our country; therefore, the failure rate of wind power is

relatively high.

Technological Innovative Capacity of Wind Power

Has Become the Biggest Bottleneck of Industrial

Development

The competition of global wind power market lies on the

competition of wind power development in technological

innovation, and the great nations of wind power usually have

strong manufacturing powers of wind turbine. In China, wind

turbine manufacturing is short of long-term investment in

research and development, the basis of wind turbine

manufacturing is weak. There are no national R&D

institutions, public testing platform and systems of standards,

testing, and certification. Moreover, we haven’t grasped the

design and integration technology of large-scale wind turbine,

and the capabilities to provide the auxiliary items for key parts

is relatively weak. On the one hand, it is difficult to grasp the

key technology of wind turbine because of the strict protection

of manufacturing technologies of foreign wind power

equipment; On the other hand, by the constraints of talents,

technology, processes and materials, the digestion and

absorption capacity of domestic enterprises on introduced

technology is weak, especially the involvement of the key

equipment manufacturing companies in wind power

equipment manufacturers is slow. In this case, the

transnational corporations are very positive about China's

wind power market. They blockade the technique, meanwhile,

they use their advantages on capital and brand to grab the

domestic resources and talents, suppress domestic enterprises,

which result in the difficult situation of home-made wind

turbines and the cultivation of independent brands.

of Wind Power Ongrid is Unreasonable, and

Enterprises Lack a Reasonable Profit Margin

Surveys show that the price of wind power in China's

eastern coastal areas is 0.43-0.48 Yuan/kWh, while the

generation cost of wind power is about 0.4-0.5 Yuan/kWh, so

there is no profit for enterprises. Because of the lack of

resources and low price resulted from business competition,

there is no profit of wind power enterprises, and the national

electricity systems of tender can not serve the purpose of

stimulating industrial development. The implementation of the

wind power system of value-added tax by half with no offset

to wind power projects, therefore, the tax burden is still heavy.

Although the establishment of special funds to support

renewable energy development is proposed in the "Renewable

Energy Law," the related policies have not been fully

implemented.

III.

MEASURES TO PROMOTE THE HEALTHY DEVELOPMENT

OF WIND POWER INDUSTRY IN CHINA

of National Wind Energy Resources Should Be

Drawn as Soon as Possible, and the Master Development

Plan of National Wind Power Industry Should Be

Prepared Accordingly

It is suggested that the followings should be done first based

on the third wind power evaluation in China and the common

international norms in recent years: (1) investigate and evaluate

both onshore and offshore wind power resources; (2) classify

the areas of different wind power resources by using GIS

(Geographic Information System); (3) complete the detailed

evaluation of wind power resources which with the accuracy of

5×5 km; (4) propose the list of development sequence of wind

power in China, and then, produce high-resolution atlas of

wind power resources by using numerical simulation technique,

and after which to evaluate the technological development

reserves. Try to realize what the real situation of wind energy

by means of evaluation, and then to construct standardized

database of wind power industry in China which can be used

by the relevant departments and the wind power investors and

can also be used as the foundation to prepare the master plan

of wind power industry development in China. Based on the

master plan we can make clear the following contents: the

overall guiding ideology, the overall position, development

goals, spatial layout, the site selection of large-scale wind farm,

the construction of wind industry base, the atlas of wind

industry, the technology innovation system of wind power, the

incubator construction of wind power industry, the

development policy and security measures of wind power

industry development. The above will lead to the result that

ensure the wind power industry sustained and steady

development in China and prompt the steps of connecting with

the international wind power industry.

e “

Ҏ

” Style Development Model, Construct Seven

National Low-Carbon High-Energy-Consumption Wind

Power Industrial Bases, Guide the High-Energy-

Consumption Industry to Wind Power Enrichment Areas of

Coastal and Three-Northern Areas

Under the situation that energy shortage and energy-saving

emission reduction becomes increasingly serious, some

industry styles which develop depending on fossil fuel energy

will meet lots of constraints. These high-energy-consumption

Figure 1. Distribution sketch map of "Ҏ" style development model and low-carbon high-energy-consumption wind power industrial bases in China

industry styles consist of electrolytic aluminium industry

(electricity costs account for approximately 40%), chloral-

alkali industry (electricity costs account for about 40-45%)

and seawater desalination and Hydrogen production industry

(electricity costs account for about 80%) and so on. National

Development and Reform Commission promulgated “Notice

related to further implementation of differential pricing policy

issues” in 2007, which eliminated the high-energy-consuming

industries preferential tariffs in order to promote its energy

saving. In this case, fully use of wind power resources and

establish low-carbon high-energy-consumption industry bases

in wind power enrichment areas is a very realistic choice. So

the paper suggests that: implement the "Ҏ" style development

model

[4]

which constituted by eastern coastal areas wind

power industry belt and along "Three-North" regions wind

power industry belt according to the economic development

spatial distribution pattern (Fig. 1); implement seven the 10

million kW grade large-scale wind power bases integrate with

electrolytic aluminum bases

[5]

[6]

, chloral-alkali chemical industry

bases

and seawater desalination system Hydrogen bases (Fig.

1); concentrate to built seven low-carbon high-energy-

consumption industry bases such as including Northeast base

[7]

,

Bohai Rim Region base

[8]

, Yangtze River Delta base

[9]

, Pearl

River Delta base

[10]

[11]

, Eastern Inner Mongolia base, Jiuquan

base

and Northern Xinjiang base. The overall capacity of

the seven wind power bases mentioned above will reach 193.9

billion kWh which is 92.16% of the total national amount of

wind power. If it’s 0.5 Yuan on average each kWh, the

production value of wind power industry should reach 105.2

billion Yuan until 2020 in China, and at the same time it will

mean savings 107 million tons of coal every year, reducing

201 million tons of CO

2

emissions, 1.61 million tons of SO

2

,

1.05 million tons of nitrogen oxides and 10.05 million tons of

dust. If it comes true the wind power development will make a

significant contribution to the targets of energy conservation

and emission reduction in China.

e the Ratio of Localization of Wind Power

Equipment, and Build Wind Power Equipment

Manufacturing Bases With International Competitiveness

In order to achieve the goal that ratio of localization of

large-scale wind power equipments will not less than 70%, we

must implement the “science and technology support wind

power industry” strategy. First, establish national wind energy

R&D institutions, strengthen the construction of public

technology platform for wind turbine manufacture, input

special fund to carry out basic research (for example, the

annual investment in research and development remained in

10~20 million dollars since 1980 in German, the United States

maintain about 40 million dollars). Second, suggest the

Chinese government to build China Wind Power Research

Center co-operation with Denmark which provides the world

50% wind power generators. Third, encourage the enterprises

which manufacture the whole wind turbine or the key parts of

the wind turbines to take measures of combined with

innovation and introduction of innovative to construct the

incubator of wind power industry, to establish the industry

pioneer park of wind power, and at last strive to achieve the

aim that cultivate 3~5 wind turbine manufacturers which

master the core technology and with independent brands and

international competitiveness within 3~5 years. Fourth,

establish the national wind turbine standards and system of

testing and certification, under which all wind turbines enter

into China must go through the mandatory testing and

certification. Fifth, according to the actual conditions of China,

develop low-temperature-type wind turbine which can endure

the temperature -30ć in Northern China, and the coastal-

high- temperature-type wind turbine which with anti-salt spray,

anti-heat, anti-fungal attributes. Research and produce wind

power generation equipment with independent intellectual

property rights, and form the capability of independent

innovation gradually.

the Wind Power Goal in the “Development

Planning for National Renewable Energy” and Change

Our Country from Rich of Wind Power Resources Nation

to Powerful of Wind Power Industry Nation

Suggest to amend the wind power goal in the “Development

Planning for National Renewable Energy ", specifically

heighten the planning goal 5 million kW to 15 million kW by

2010 and 30 million kW to 100 million kW by 2020, in which

non-grid wind power proportion will account for 30.9% of

wind power installed capacity. Improve the proportion of wind

power installed capacity account for the world from 1.6% in

2007 to 8% by 2020, and enhance the proportion of wind

power installed capacity accounting for total installed capacity

in China from 0.7% in 2007 to 8% by 2020. Raise the status of

China in the world for wind power generation and the strategic

status of wind power in the national energy security gradually.

Finally to achieve the aim that changing our country from

wind energy resources powers to wind industry powers.

Electricity Price on-Grid and Take the Minimum

Protective Price of 0.5 Yuan / kWh to Protect Wind Power

Enterprises

At present, the average level of desulphurization coal-

burned electricity is 0.37 Yuan/degree in China. It is 0.24

Yuan/kWh in Inner Mongolia and Xinjiang, and 0.40 Yuan/

degree in some provinces in southeast coast. If consider the

cost of environmental and carbon emissions, the full-cost of

coal is close to the wind power. Under the same generating

cost, suggest that its priority is to develop wind power, and

implement minimum protective price 0.5 Yuan/ kWh for wind

power. Considering the fact that the wind power industry has

come to the large-scale development phase, we suggest to

learn from the experience of European countries and

implement the fixed electricity price system which will be

determined by the conditions of wind power resource, the

power load demand and the power grid construction. And then

based on the economic value to divide the fixed electricity

price district into three classes: the fixed electricity price in

Northeast, Northern and Northwest region will better be 0.5

Yuan/ kWh, 0.6 Yuan/ kWh in coastal regions such as Jiangsu,

Shanghai, Zhejiang and Guangdong and so on, and 0.55 Yuan/

kWh in other regions. This may enable the actual wind

electricity price to be 0.5-0.6 Yuan/ kWh so that not only can

shorten the payback period greatly, but also can get reasonable

economic benefits.

A

CKNOWLEDGMENT

This work was supported by National Basic Research Program of China

(973 Program)

(grant no. 2007CB210306), major project of 11

th

Five Year

Scientific and Technological Support Plan of China (NO. 2006BAJ14B03-01ˈ

2006BAJ05A06˅

R

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