2024年4月15日发(作者：cpu风扇转速设置)

2009级商务英语3班

宋慧敏

Simpliciter

When a premise is generally committed, the exception is

ignored.

Example: ①Keeping on a diet can enable people to lose

weight. Therefore, if you want to lose weight,

you should keep on a diet.

②We should discount what Premier Klein says

about taxation because he won’t be hurt by the

increase.

Generalization

The premise is obviously not adequate, the person jumps to

the conclusion.

Example:① I asked six of my friends what they thought of

the new spending restraints and they agreed it is

a good idea. The new restraints

②Everybody in a capitalist country is basically

dishonest. Look at all the politicians who are

arrested every year for taking bribes and misusing

public funds.

Hoc

There is no connection between the cause and the fact.

Example: ①Immigration to Alberta from Ontario increased.

Soon after, the welfare rolls increased. Therefore,

the increased immigration caused the increased

welfare rolls.

②Religion obviously weakens the political

strength of a country. After all, Rome fell after the

introduction of Christianity.

dictory Premises

The premise and the conclusion contradict each other, so

there can be no conclusion.

Example: A society is free if and only if liberty is maximized

and people are required to take responsibility for

their actions.

5. Ad Misericordian

When a question is posted, the answer is totally dependent

of another topic.

Example: We hope you’ll accept our recommendations. We

spent the last three months working extra time on

it

6. False Analogy

The premises committed universally are falsely used in the

conclusion, or the conclusion and the premises happen not

in the same situation.

Example: Employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit

in the head in order to make them work, so must

emplyees.

7. Hypothesis Contrary to Fact

It is falsely believed that there is only one possibility to the

state of affairs.

Example: If I had studied harder, I would definitely have

passed that test.

8. Poisoning the Well

First the listener is forced to receive the adverse information

about someone to that the teller can be easily trusted when

he plans to say anything bad about that person.

Example: You say I shouldn’t drink, but you haven’t been

sober for more than a year.